Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Evaluation of Phosphate-solubilizing Efficiency Characters of Phosphate-solubilizing Bacteria
No full text磷肥常為影響作物產量的重要因子之一，作物接種溶磷菌常作為提高作物磷吸收的策略，故商品化的溶磷菌肥料已因應市場而產生。本研究計畫目的在於評估本研究主要探討培養基種類對溶磷菌溶磷活性和有機酸分泌的影響，並評估4 種市售溶磷菌肥料對促進莧菜生長和磷吸收的效應。本研究使用12 株菌株和4 種溶磷培養基，培養基包含AFS3183-1 培養基 (蔗糖或葡萄糖)、NBRIP 及Pikovskaya’s medium (PVK)，以評估培養基對溶磷活性、培養基pH、菌數落和有機酸分泌量的影響。盆栽試驗使用鹼性和酸性土壤，鹼性土壤施用之商品化溶磷菌肥料為PSB2 和PSB3，酸性土壤施用之溶磷菌肥料為PSB1 和PSB4，分別探討溶磷菌肥料對莧菜生長和磷吸收的影響。結果顯示，培養基種類顯著影響溶磷菌之溶磷活性，供試菌株中以Pseudomonas grimontii CHB 1107 之溶磷活性為最高，其培養於AFS3183-1 以葡萄糖為碳源之溶磷活性達 7946 g/mL/day。整體而言，溶磷菌培養於PVK 培養基之溶磷活性顯著高於培養於其他培養基者，其可能由於PVK 培養基所含的養分較高有關，且僅此培養基含酵母抽出物。培養基之pH 與溶磷活性呈顯著負相關 (r = -0.75, P < 0.0001)，顯示酸性環境有助於培養基中磷酸三鈣之溶解。培養基種類顯著影響溶磷菌菌株分泌有機酸的種類和濃度，供試菌株分泌之有機酸濃度以2-ketogluconic acid、gluconic acid 及pyruvic acid 為較高，且溶磷菌分泌此三種酸的濃度與溶磷活性呈顯著負相關，其中2-ketogluconic acid 有最高之相關係數達 0.66。盆栽試驗顯示，半量化學肥料+PSB3 和半量化學肥料+ 滅菌PSB3 之莧菜植株乾重顯著高於半量化學肥料者達125-140%。然而，等量PSB3 化學肥料處理之植株乾重顯著高於半量化學肥料者達83.6%，顯示該溶磷菌肥料中所含養分的效應遠大於溶磷菌本身促進植株生長之效應。相反的，半量化學肥料 +PSB2和半量化學肥料+滅菌之PSB2並未顯著促進植株生長。半量化學肥料+PSB3 處理和半量化學肥料+滅菌PSB3 處理之植株磷吸收量顯著高於半量化學肥料者達 54.8-73.9%，但等量PSB3 化學肥料處理之植株磷吸收量亦顯著高於半量化學肥料者達 41.0%，顯示該溶磷菌肥料中所含的磷肥可能為顯著增加植株磷吸收量之主要原因。然而，半量化學肥料+PSB2 處理之植株磷吸收量顯著高於半量化學肥料+ 滅菌之PSB2 達 38.0%，顯示此溶磷菌肥料可顯著增加植株磷吸收量。與半量化學肥料相較，酸性土壤施用半量化學肥料+PSB1 或半量化學肥料+PSB4 皆顯著降低莧菜植株乾重。此外，酸性土壤施用半量化學肥料+PSB1 或半量化學肥料+PSB4 皆未能顯著增加磷吸收量，顯示酸性土壤施用溶磷菌肥料促進莧菜生長和磷吸收之效益較低。培養基種類影響溶磷菌之溶磷活性分析，商品化溶磷菌功效不ㄧ，而原料中養分含量可能顯著影響其肥功效。
Phosphate fertilization is an important factor to influence crop yields. It has been suggested that inoculation of crops with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can enhance phosphate uptake, and thus commercialized products of PSB are increasingly available for growers. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effects of culture media on phosphate-solubilizing activity and organic acids produced and to determine the efficiency of four commercial phosphate-solubilizing (PS) biofertilziers. Twelve PSB strains and four culture media including AFS3183-1 (glucose or sucrose as sole carbon source), NBRIP, and Pikovskaya’s medium (PVK) were used to evaluate their effects on PS activity, medium pH, PSB colonies, and organic acids secreted by PSB. In order to evaluate the effect of four commercial PS biofertilizers on the growth and P uptake of amaranth plants (Amaranthus mangostanus L.), commercial PSB2 and PSB3 were applied into an alkaline soil and the other two commercial PSB1 and PSB1 were used in an acid soil. Culture media significantly affected phosphate-solubilizing activities of PSB, and Pseudomonas grimontii CHB 1107 showed a significantly high level of PS activity up to 7946 µg/mL/day. In general, PSB cultured in PVK resulted in a higher level of PS activity partly because of this medium containing yeast extract. There was a significantly negative correlation between medium pH and PS activity (r =-0.75, P < 0.0001), suggesting acidic conditions helpful for solubilizing tricalcium phosphate. In addition, culture media significantly affected the concentration of organic acids secreted by PSB. Of these organic acids, the concentration of 2-ketogluconic acid, gluconic acid, and pyruvic acid were the highest. PS activity was significantly correlated with the concentration of these three organic acids, with the highest Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.66 for 2-ketogluconic acid. Compared with half the recommended rate of chemical fertilizers, the alkaline soil applied with half the recommended rate of chemical fertilizers with non-sterilized or sterilized PSB3 resulted in a significant increase in dry weight by 125-140%. However, the chemical fertilizer treatment equal to the nutrient content in PSB3 also significantly increased dry weight by 83.6%, suggesting that the nutrients rather than PSB in PSB3 might significantly improve amaranth growth. In contrast, half the recommended rate of chemical fertilizers with non-sterilized or sterilized PSB2 did not significantly improve amaranth growth. The alkaline soil applied with half the recommended rate of chemical fertilizers with non-sterilized or sterilized PSB3 significantly increased P uptake of amaranth by 54.8-73.9% in comparison with half the recommended rate alone. However, the chemical fertilizer treatment equal to the nutrient content in PSB3 also significantly increased P uptake of amaranth up to 41.0%, suggesting that phosphate fertilization rather than PSB in PSB3 might significantly increase P uptake of amaranth. Conversely, half the recommended rate of chemical fertilizers with non-sterilized PSB2 significantly increased P uptake of amaranth by 38.0% compared to half the recommended rate with sterilized PSB2, suggesting that PSB in PSB2 could improve P uptake by amaranth roots. Compared with half the recommended rate of chemical fertilizers alone, the acid soil applied with half the recommended rate of chemical fertilizers with non-sterilized PSB1 or PSB4 significantly reduced dry weight of amaranth and did not increase P uptake of amaranth, suggesting a low efficiency of PSB in the acid soil. In conclusion, media used for culturing PSB affect PS activity, and commercial PSB vary in improving P uptake and plant growth. Moreover, the nutrients in these commercial biofertilizers may considerably affect nutrient uptake and growth of plants
An improved core-shell microcapsule diet for rearing larvae of Mallada basalis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
No full textGreen lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) are important beneficial insects that can be raised on artificial diets for culturing experimental lines. An encapsulation method for embedding a core material within a sealed shell to prevent evaporation and biological contamination is crucial for providing food to these predatory insects
(69(1): 90-100)Quality Analysis of Commercial Phosphate-Solubilizing Bio-Fertilizer Products
No full text高品質的微生物肥料才能在田間提高植物營養元素的吸收及促進植物生長，而政府的品質管控有助於微生物肥料產品在田間獲得更好及更一致的結果，而且還可以從市場上去除品質差的產品，進而提高農民使用的信心。本文闡述行政院農業委員會農業試驗所於2017 年及2018 年購買市面上販售溶磷菌肥料產品的檢測結果，包括溶磷菌有效活菌數、雜菌率、溶磷環、溶磷活性及菌種鑑定，其檢測方法參考行政院農業委員會農糧署公告的「肥料檢驗項目之檢驗方法」。由2017 年檢測結果可知，農業試驗所由市面上購得的14 個溶磷菌肥料產品，僅有5 個皆符合農糧署微生物肥料規定，合格率為36%。由2018 年檢測結果可知，16 個市售溶磷菌肥料產品只有8 個皆符合規定，合格率為50%。上述檢測結果，乃國內微生物肥料產品上市以來第一次全面性的品質分析，該分析資料可提供農糧署在微生物肥料產品品質管控及未來微生物肥料法規修改之參考。
Only bio-fertilizers with good quality can assure their promotion in plant nutrients absorption and growth in the field, and the supervision of product quality from government side could play a key role not only in helping bio-fertilizers providing a better and consistent results in the field, but also in eliminating products with bad quality. Both efforts could enhance the farmers’ confidence in these microbial products. In this report, all of the analysis results of commercial phosphate-solubilizing bio-fertilizers, purchased from markets from 2017 to 2018, were documented. The scope of product analysis included total plate count of viable microbes, contamination rate, phosphate-solubilizing halo zone, phosphate-solubilizing activity, and target species identification. All of methodologies followed the publications by Agriculture and Food Agency (AFA). In 2017, only 5 out of 14 commercial products (36%) met the requirements by AFA. In 2018, only 8 out of 16 commercial products (50%) met the requirements by AFA. This is the first product quality report about commercial phosphate-solubilizing bio-fertilizers in Taiwan. This results will be submitted to AFA and be contributed to the revision of the management regulations of bio-fertilizers in the future
Seed Transmissibility of Viruses in Cucurbits
No full text台灣瓜類種類多且栽培面積大，病毒病害發生嚴重，目前本國瓜類作物上發生的病毒種類有記錄的至少有八種，各種病毒感染或複合感染，造成植株不同程度的病徵，不但影響品質也影響產量。其中胡瓜綠斑嵌紋病毒(CGMMV)及矮南瓜黃化嵌紋病毒(ZYMV)有經種傳播的能力，此外，北美報告的南瓜嵌紋病毒(SqMV)，歐洲及日本發生的甜瓜壞疽斑點病毒(MNSV)，非洲出現的甜瓜皺葉嵌紋病毒(MRMV)都可經種子傳播至瓜類幼苗。CGMMV、MNSV及ZYMV 的種媒現象都是病毒污染到種子外部種皮，因為病毒無法在成熟的種皮上繁殖，所以不易由種子上直接檢測出病毒，且以乾熱處理，即可去除病毒。SqMV及MRMV病毒入侵至種胚，因此可直接檢測出種皮、胚乳層與胚中的病毒，乾熱或藥劑處理，無法降低病毒種媒傳播率。目前MNSV、MRMV、SqMV及ZYMV都被國內檢疫單位列為適用“有條件輸入植物或植物產品之檢疫條件”的有害生物，進口瓜類種子應避免這類病害的發生，或需經適當之檢疫處理。而CGMMV的發生僅限於歐洲與亞洲，因此其檢疫問題也被其他非疫區國家所關切。
Various kinds of cucurbits are widely cultivated in Taiwan and that result in serious viral diseases. Up to now, at least eight viruses including Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Melon vein-banding mosaic virus (MVbMV), Watermelon type of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W),Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) have been reported to infect cucurbits in Taiwan. The infection or mixed infection of these viruses caused symptoms to some degrees in the cucurbit plants and that affected the quality and quantity of yields. Among these indigenous viruses, only CGMMV and ZYMV were proven to be seed-transmissible. Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) mainly occurred in the Northern America, Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) in the Europe and Japan and Melon rugose mosaic virus (MRMV) in the Africa were reported respectively to be transmitted by seeds of cucurbits. Seed transmissions of CGMMV, ZYMV and MNSV were the results of virus infection or contamination on the seed coats. The inability of these viruses to replicate in the matured seed coats makes the difficulties to detect the viruses directly from the seeds, but they were readily eliminated by dry heat treatment. Embryo infection by SqMV or MRMV was observed and these viruses could be directly detected in the seed coat, papery layer and embryo. Seed disinfections by heat or chemical treatment did not reduce the seed transmission rates of SqMV and MRMV. MNSV, MRMV, SqMV, and ZYMV are enlisted as the quarantine pests by the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, COA, Taiwan. The imported cucurbit seeds are subjected to quarantine requirements to avoid any phytosanitary risks. Conversely, CGMMV is drawn the quarantine attentions by the countries outside the Europe and Asia
(農業試驗所特刊第223號)作物土壤管理與施肥技術 水稻篇(電子書)
No full text作物施肥手冊自1972年編印出版，歷經1975，1983、1987、2005等年度修訂再版，已10餘年。近年推動合理化施肥與田間調查過程，發現推薦施肥量與農友實際施肥量產生差距，且與品質密切相關之次要與微量要素之土壤管理，很少著墨，以至於農友參考使用與閱讀率低
(農業試驗所特刊第224號)咖啡果小蠹防治研究暨田間綜合管理研討會專刊
No full text臺灣中部北回歸線通過，剛好位於咖啡帶範圍內，風土環境適合咖啡生長。1999年921大地震後，正逢各地傳統產業結合觀光休閒事業，使得臺灣咖啡又再度蓬勃發展，栽培面積已超過1千公頃，朝向精品咖啡目標邁進，不僅品質大幅提升，也屢次於世界評比大賽大放異彩