Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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台灣荔枝之生產與改進
No full text台灣自中國大陸引入荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn)雖已有2百多年的歷史，但早年多為零星栽培，俟1950年代後始成為國內之重要園藝作物。歷年來各試驗場所雖已蒐集超過30個以上的品種，惟主要栽培品種只有3個。‘黑葉’('Haak Yip')因其目前適應性廣、豐產、中熟等特性，成為全台最主要的栽培品種，佔總種植面積的86%，其次分別是焦核、質優、高價的‘玉荷包’('Yu Her Pau')及‘73-S-20'【‘糯米粒’('No Mai Tsz')之一種】，此外嘉義農業試驗分所甫於2004年育成父、母本分別為‘玉荷包’及‘黑葉’之雜交新品種‘台農1號’('Tainung No.1')。雖然荔枝的栽培技術早已建立，然近年來產業因遭受品種單一化（‘黑葉’）所衍生的產期過短、優良品種‘玉荷包’和‘73-S-20’著果不良與發生果實生理障害（如裂果與焦核率變異）以及缺乏穩產、質優之新品種等問題之影響，因而進入盤整階段。‘適地適種’俾分散、延長產期、平衡市場供需、改善若干品種之結實及開發新品種為其發展方向。目前台灣之研究人員正持續進行育種，並研發栽培技術以改善‘玉荷包’和'73-S-20'之生產，俾利產業之永續發展。
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) was introduced into Taiwan more than 200 years ago. Since the 1950s, it has become an economically important horticultural crop. There are three major cultivars among the 30 varieties found in Taiwan. The most popular cultivar is 'Haak Yip', a middle maturing cultivar that is widely adaptable to different growing conditions and produces abundant yields. 'Haak Yip' is cultivated on about 86% of all area in Taiwan under litchi production. It is followed in popularity by the shriveled-seeded, superior quality and high-priced cultivar 'Yu Her Pau' and '73-S-20', a line of 'No Mai Tsz'. 'Tainung No.1', a progeny of hybridization seedlings from 'Haak Yip' (as the mother plant) and 'Yu Her Pau', was developed for commercial use and released by the Chia-Yi Agricultural Experiment Station, TARI in 2004. Although commercial cultural trails have been well established for litchi, the short production season of the dominant cultivar 'Haak Yip', the poor/irregular productivity and fruit physiological disorders such as fruit cracking and variation in shriveledseed ratio in 'Yu Her Pau' and '73-S-20' are constraints to the industry. Based on the policy of the 'appropriate cultivar at appropriate region', attempts are being made that will diversify/extend the production period of litchi into certain geographical regions by matching ecological environments with market demands. Nowadays, researchers in Taiwan are involved in an intensive litchi breeding program and in the development of novel cultural techniques to enhance commercial fruit production of 'Yu Her Pau' and '73-S-20'
Using the Gaussian Plume Model to Simulate the Pollen Dispersal of GM Maize
No full text隨著GM作物栽培的迅速增加，世界各國紛紛探討在傳統、有機或GM作物間共存所衍生的問題。由於花粉飄散造成的基因流動會汙染相鄰田間之非基改作物；本研究於2009年於台灣台中霧峰農業試驗所進行春、秋兩期作（2009－1及2009－2）之田間玉米花粉飄散試驗，模擬當地基改玉米花粉飄散與隔離距離及風向之關係，並以修改後的高斯煙羽模式預測種植不同玉米品種所需之最大隔離距離。2009－1模擬花粉貢獻親造成接受親之異交率顯示，於近距離（1 m）下時高達29.3%；隨著距離的增加，異交率迅速下降，當距離為8 m時，異交率已降至4% 以下。而2009－2之模擬結果則顯示距離花粉貢獻親1 m處之接受親受到異交的比率高達32.2%；隨距離增加，異交率也迅速下降，當距離達10 m時，模擬所得之異交率降至4.7%左右。研究發現：不論是那一期作，實際測得之異交率皆介於模擬而得之花粉散佈率及預測異交率之間，例如在2009－1的試驗中，在1.5 m下實際測得之平均異交率為2.52%，而經模擬而得距離花粉貢獻親2 m的花粉散佈率及異交率分別為2.31%及12.44%，此模擬而得之異交率較其他常用經驗模式所預測而得的異交率更為保守，這些資訊將能提供有關單位在未來如開放種植基改玉米時，建立共存栽培措施的參考。
The increasing of commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops throughout the world encourages the establishment of a coexistence strategy for GM, conventional and organic cultures. The pollen-mediated gene flow from GM crops can result in the adventitious presence of GM material in conventional crop products. This study conducted field experiments in central Taiwan for two crop seasons to detect the effect of the cross-pollination (CP) rate of maize at various distances. A modified Gaussian plume model was applied to establish the relationship between the CP rate of the recipient field and distance from the pollen source. In the first crop season, the CP rate was 29.3% at a distance of 1 m and there was a rapid decrease in the CP rate when increasing the distance from the source. The CP rate was ＜ 4% at a distance of 8 m. In the second crop season, the CP rate was 32.2% at a distance of 1 m and decreased to 4.7% at 10 m. Regardless of the crop seasons, the actual CP rate was between the simulated pollen dispersal frequency (PDF) and simulated CP rate. Taking the first crop season as an example, the actual average CP rate was 2.52%, and 2.31% and 12.44% for the simulated PDF and simulated CP rates, respectively. The simulated CP rate obtained by the modified Gaussian plume model is more conservative than those derived by commonly used empirical models. The findings of this study can provide a reference to relevant administrative units for establishing coexistence measures for GM and non-GM crops and for deciding where to allocate fields for growing GM maize in the future
Effect of Plant Population Density on Yield and Fruit Quality of 'TN17' Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill) Cultivated by Organic Methods
No full text為探討國內採用有機栽培模式經營的‘臺農17號’金鑽鳳梨（'Tainung No. 17', GoldenDiamond;'TN17'）果園，能在兼顧生產符合市場需求之果實大小，尋找具實用價值的建議種植密度。本研究自2010年至2011年在雲林縣古坑鄉福智麻園農場，於通過有機農糧產品驗證機構驗證之農戶，同時在其租用之3個位於農場不同位置之果園中，以‘臺農17號’鳳梨進行每公頃35,715株、38,960株到44,345株（每株占地分別為0.252 m2、0.231 m2 及0.205m2）等3個種植密度之試驗。研究顯示，種植密度不影響果實遭受鼠害之比率、果實之冠芽重、果實外觀缺陷及可溶性固形物含量等。採用密植4行或2行稍密植者，在催花前之株高及葉片數均較對照區高。密植4行區之結果率及果園產量總損耗率，均顯著低於2行稍密植區；故其單位面積可採收果實數高於2行稍密植區；然以密植4行種植會減輕平均果實重量且固酸比較低。綜合本研究結果，建議國內有機鳳梨農場種植時，可考慮採用株／行／畦距為33cm×50 cm×206 cm（密植4行），以每公頃種植44,345株為理想種植密度。
To explore the planting density for produce that complied with market demands fruit of the pineapple cultivation by organic methods, the pineapple cultivar 'Golden Diamond' (Tainung No. 17, 'TN17') was carried out between 2010 to 2011, which was to determine the optimum plant spacing of planting the 'TN17' pineapple cultivar, consisting of 3 plant spacings. The plant populations ranged from 35,715 to 44,345 plants per hectare (0.252 m2, 0.231 m2 and 0.205 m2 per plant), at Fugi Mayuan organic farm, Gukeng township, Yunlin county, Taiwan. This experiment revealed that planting density did not affect the losing ratio of fruits intruded by rats, crown weight of fruits, defects in appearance of fruits and total soluble solids content. Plants with higher planting density (both 4-row or 2-row) had higher leaf number and plant height than that of the control treatment. The ratio of bearing fruits and total losing percentage of fruits from 4-row planting system were lower than that of 2-row planting system, so the 4-row planting system got higher number of fruits per area. However, the 4-row planting density simultaneously had lower average fruit weight and TSS/TA ratio. Overall, the spacing of 33 cm × 50 cm × 206 cm between plants is recommended for organic pineapple orchards (4-row planting system), and the plant density of 44,345 Plant/ha is ideal planting population for pineapple in Taiwan
Migration analyses and predictions for migratory insect pests toward Japan
No full textThe oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), complex was eradicated in 1986 in Japan, and the state of eradication has been maintained until present. However, male adults of B. dorsalis complex were occasionally caught in the surveillance network in southwestern islands of Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefectures. Assuming if these catches were wind-borne migrations, possible source could be estimated with trajectory analysis. The results indicated one third of all the catches from 1986 to 2012 in Okinawa were found to be due to possible wind-borne migration. In 72 percent of those cases, Taiwan was estimated as possible source. In Taiwan, southeastern part was often estimated as source area. On the other hand, several catch cases occurred in 2015, 2017 and 2018 in Kagoshima Prefecture, northwestern part of Taiwan was estimated as source area. Southwesterly winds in the Bai-u rainy season were key factor for these estimated migrations. The migration prediction model for the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), was modified by both fining horizontal resolution and implementing assumed landing processes. The prediction was evaluated with net trap data at five sites in three years in Miyazaki Prefecture. The results indicated the prediction hitting ratio has been improved to be 83.8%, demonstrating that the simulation method is one possible approach to unknown landing process. The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura, is highly dispersible insect pest and attacks soybean leaves in summer in western Japan. Its dispersion was monitored with searchlight trap and entomological radar. At the same time, soybean leaf damages were investigated. The two-year survey results indicated that the catch peak of the searchlight trap preceded the leaf damage caused by S. litura larvae by 3-7 days, potentially suggesting that a short-term forecasting of soybean damage based on the monitoring with the searchlight trap might be feasible. To get firm conclusions, repetition of the survey for one more year will be necessary
(農業試驗所特刊第215號)Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Proactive Technologies for Enhancement of Integrated Pest Management of Key Crops
No full text為因應全球區域經濟整合的趨勢、氣候暖化與極端氣候及關鍵病蟲害對農業的影響日益加劇，農業試驗所歷年來一直與國內外農業研究機關，就不同主題共同合作，期能降低病蟲害問題對農業生產所造成的影響。
In order to respond to the impacts of climate change that has been intensifying the extreme climate, as well as serious ongoing pest and disease problems on agricultural production system, the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute has been working with domestic and foreign agricultural research institutions on different themes over the years to reduce the impacts of such problems on the agricultural economies
