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Effect of Storage Temperature on the Storage Life and Quality of 'Tainung No.1' and 'Hak Ip' Litchi (Litchi chinensis) Fruits
No full text‘台農1號’與‘黑葉’荔枝果實分別貯藏在2℃、4℃、6℃和25℃（室溫）經28天後調查果實失重率、褐化率、腐爛率與可溶性固形物含量。果實失重率達2.0%以上及果皮褐化率超過51%皆判斷為無商品價值。結果顯示在25℃、2℃與6℃貯藏28天後，兩品種荔枝果實隨貯藏天數增加而失重率、褐化面積與腐爛率亦相對增加，且失重率達2.0%以上、褐化率超過51%、果實發生腐爛，故皆無商品價值，且可溶性固形物含量亦隨貯藏天數增加而下降。而貯藏在4℃，兩品種荔枝果實失重率下降緩慢，皆在2.0%以下，亦無腐爛發生，可溶性固形物含量隨貯藏天數增加而緩慢遞減，故4℃為此二品種荔枝果實最適貯藏溫度。‘台農1號’與‘黑葉’荔枝果實貯藏在4℃褐化率分別為48.9%±2.4%、77.3%±3.2%，顯示‘台農1號’耐貯性較‘黑葉’荔枝果實佳。將‘台農1號’與‘黑葉’荔枝果實分別放在2℃、4℃、5℃與25℃貯藏下，觀察果實呼吸率及乙烯產生量之情形。結果顯示兩品種之呼吸率在25℃貯藏者較高。在低溫下，‘台農1號’與‘黑葉’荔枝果實呼吸率隨著貯藏天數緩慢下降，‘台農1號’與‘黑葉’荔枝果實呼吸率並無明顯差異。‘台農1號’與‘黑葉’荔枝貯藏在2℃、4℃、5℃下之乙烯產生量非常低，而貯藏在25℃下由於病害發生嚴重導致乙烯量增加。
Fruits of litchi 'Tainung No.1' and 'Hak Ip' were stored at 2, 4, 6, and 25℃ for 28 days. Poststorage quality was evaluated and measured as changes in weight loss, peel browning area, decay, and total soluble solids (TSS) during storage. Fruits were considered unsalable when fresh weight loss exceeded 2% or browning area exceeded 51% after storage. Results showed that fruit weight loss, peel browning area, and decay percentage increased, and TSS decreased with time in both cultivars when stored at 25, 2, and 6℃, and all these stored fruits were unsalable. In contrast, fruit weight loss did not exceed 2%, fruit TSS decreased more slowly, and no decay were recorded in fruits of both cultivars stored at 4℃. Peel browning area were 48.9%±2.4% and 77.3%±3.2%, respectively for 'Tainung No.1' and 'Hak Ip' fruits stored at 4℃for 28 days, indicating that fruits of 'Tainung No.1' were more tolerant to 4℃ storage than 'Hak Ip'. Respiration and ethylene production were measured in fruits of 'Tainung No.1' and 'Hak Ip' stored at 2, 4, 5, and 25℃. Results showed that CO2 evolution was highest in fruits stored at 25℃. When stored at low temperatures of 2-5℃, fruit CO2 evolution of both cultivars decreased with time, and the respiration rate did not differ between two cultivars. Fruits stored at 2-5℃ had low ethylene production for both cultivars, and those stored at 25℃ had significant higher ethylene production due to disease infection
Current Developments in Genetically Modified Bananas
No full text基因改造科技對於作物產量提升、成本降低以及縮短育種時間上具有顯著的效益，惟基改作物在食品與生態安全方面仍面臨許多爭議。目前基因改造科技在植物生理、生化與基因功能驗證等基礎研究方面，已成為不可或缺的一個環節。香蕉是熱帶地區重要的經濟產業，三倍體香蕉新品種之育成，常因無子、雄不稔及生育力退化等因素，使雜交育種難以進行，或需要耗費更多的時間，基因改造技術對香蕉品種改進不失為一快速而有效的方式。在‘Lady Finger ’香蕉品種中穩定表現抑制細胞凋亡相關基因，包括Bcl-x_L，Ced-9或Bcl-2 3'UTR，轉殖株抗黃葉病能力可達5個月以上。利用RNA干擾技術降低ACC合成酶或ACC氧化酶的表現，對香蕉果實後熟過程之調控有顯著影響，與未轉殖的對照組相比較，Mh-ACO2默化轉殖株於果實後熟時期，具有降低乙烯生成，減少呼吸速率以及延緩果皮轉色等現象。利用基因轉殖技術開發提升營養價值的香蕉，以解決營養缺乏問題，轉殖鐵蛋白的香蕉可提升鐵離子含量達6.32倍，並增加鋅離子含量達4.58倍。基因改造香蕉生產口服疫苗已廣受注目，將表現GP5重組蛋白的基改香蕉餵食豬隻，可誘發免疫反應有效抵抗豬生殖與呼吸道綜合症病毒。
Genetically modified (GM) techniques have made important contributions to increasing global crops production, lowering farm-level production costs, and shortening crop breeding progressions. However, the role of GM crops for food security and environmental impacts is still the subject of public controversy. GM technology is essential to basic plant science, such as plant physiology, biochemistry, and validation of gene function. Banana industry is important in tropical area. Triploid banana breeding is rather difficult and time consuming due to seedless, male-sterility, and highly reduced female fertility. GM techniques can serve as an alternative way for banana improvement. The constitutive expression of apoptosis-inhibition-related genes, including ”Bcl-x_L”, ”Ced-9”, or ”Bcl-2” 3'UTR, in transgenic banana 'Lady Finger' showed high levels of resistance to ”Fusarium” wilt for at least 5 months. Downregulated ACC synthase or ACC oxidase by using RNA-interference strategy could change banana fruit ripening process significantly. When compared with the non-transgenic counterpart, the Mh-ACO2 silenced transgenic banana fruit exhibited reduced ethylene production, decreased respiration rate, and delayed the change of peel color in the ripening stage. Biofortified transgenic banana provided an effective means of controlling the iron deficiency. A 6.32-fold increase in iron accumulation and a 4.58-fold increase in the zinc levels were showed in transgenic banana expressing ferritin constitutively. The use of transgenic banana for oral vaccine production has attracted worldwide attention. Pigs orally immunized with transgenic banana showed a specific anti-GP5 response for against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Production and Genetic Improvement of Cashew
No full text印度是世界腰果(＂Anacardium occidentale＂ L., cashew)種仁(kernel)外銷第一大國，自1950年代即開始進行研究發展，產業初起是從種原實生選育高產單株為新品種，但忽略種仁的質與量，繼而加強種仁大小等級超過W320（W320為腰果種仁重量分級在1.42-1.88g之間，每英鎊含種仁數320粒）與較高出仁率(shelling percentage)等特性的選拔，創造質、量兼顧的新品種。在澳大利亞鄉村產業研究與發展部(Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation)，其推動腰果品種改良的策略是利用樹冠生產力並導入種仁市場價值，再以實生苗的經濟價值高低當作選拔的參考依據，並將此一概念量化為評估育種值(estimates breeding values, EVB)，以此數據決定第二世代(next generation)雜交親本性狀的選拔，不但提升育種效率且達成育種目標。本論述並導入影響波斯核桃(＂Juglans regia＂ L., Persianwalnut)與長山核桃﹝＂Carya illinoinensis＂(Wangenh.)K. Koch, pecan﹞產量高低與樹形結構的關聯性，來提升腰果育種效率。亦即腰果實生後代於開花時期有較多的側枝發生數目與較高比率的側枝結實性為選拔指標，以此育種策略改進腰果產量因素的合理遺傳獲得量。臺灣開發理想的腰果新品種，應具備耐寒性強、高產、高出仁率、高單價種仁等級、營養價值高、抗生物與非生物逆境等特性的新品種，以加速產業發展。此外，持續從國外各研究所收集、評估與利用腰果種原；加強矮生與緊密型的種原研究，創新腰果高密度種植栽培系統，提升單位面積產值；建立優良品種或單株的種苗繁殖技術，大量供應名符其實的優良種苗木等；將是未來研究的重點。
India is the leading producing country in the world to export the kernel of cashew (＂Anacardium occidentale＂ L.) for international trade. Cashew research in India started way back in the 1950s. The initiation of the India nut industry was to select cultivars by yield realized per tree from germplasm materials. This has resulted in the release of cultivars with kernel grades of less than W320 (kernel grades 1.42-1.88 g, 320 kernels per pound), so that the characteristics of kernel weight, grade, and shelling percentage received much more attention for crop improvement. The Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation of Australia has developed a breeding strategy for selection of new cashew hybrids by evaluating canopy productivity and its derivative trait value. Hybrids were selected as potential new parents based on estimated breeding values (EVB) to improve the value trait in the next generation. The author showed that the most important reason for low yield in pecan [＂Carya illinoinensis＂ (Wangenh.) K. Koch] as compared with high yield in Persian walnuts (＂Juglans regia＂ L.) is the comparatively fewer lateral shoots. Rapid genetic gain for yield potential could be achieved in cashew breeding by selecting for much more lateral shoots and higher percentage of shoots fruitfulness during flowering period. The cashew cultivar improvement in Taiwan should focus mainly on chilling tolerance, high nut yield, high shelling percentage, high value of kernel grade, fixing nutrient requirement, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Meanwhile, our aims in the future will be to collect germplasm materials from foreign cashew research centers, to concentrate on dwarfing and compact plant types for high density planting, and to standardize vegetative propagation techniques for producing quality seedlings
Studies on the Stage of Maturity and Storage Temperature in Relation to the Quality of Pineapple Fruits
No full text1.本試驗係明瞭外銷鮮鳳梨之成熟度與船運溫度間之關係，以爲決定船運溫度之依據而舉行，故模仿外銷鮮鳳梨船運及抵達日本銷售市場之全殷過程而設計者，三種果實之成熟度爲：綠熟、半熟與成熟。四種船運溫度爲：5℃、10℃、15℃及室溫(23-38℃)，冷藏時間爲5天，而後全部搬回室溫貯藏，自此後每隔2天予以調查一次。
2.綠熟及半熟果，在搬回室溫以後均能成熟，但其成熟速率，則受冷藏溫度高低之影響以15℃冷藏之果實，較之5℃與10℃冷藏之果實，其成熟期約早1~2天。
3.經5℃處理之三種成熟度，其果實於搬回室溫時之可供出售全部日數，較其他三種冷藏溫度爲多。但自果實成熟後之可供出售日數，則5℃、10℃及15℃三種冷藏溫度之間無甚差異。
4.綠熟果之全部可供出售日數，在各種成熟度中可算爲最長者，但自果實成熟後可供出售日數，反較半熟與成熟果爲短。
5.綠熟果不適於供作外銷，因其於室溫時之進行後熟作用並不正常，僅皮色與肉色變黃，只是形色上之成熟，而實際關係品質之糖度與酸分早在採果時便已確定，無法轉變，致使果肉品質無法變好。
6.半熟果之品質，雖亦不及成熟果，但較綠熟果爲佳，且其保持可供出售之日數較成熟果爲多，故可謂最理想之外銷成熟度，其船運溫度則以5℃到10℃爲宜。
7.成熟果之品質雖最佳，但其維持可供出售之日數較短，故除非於銷售地有把握到達8~10天內售完，否則不宜供作外銷，如須採用成熟果，則其船運冷藏溫度應降低爲5℃爲宜。
To improve the shipping condition and fruit keeping qualities of pine-apples for the fresh fruit market in Japan, an experiment of different picking stages and temperatures during shipping on the shelf life of the fruits was carried out. There were three stages of maturity and four storage temperatures using for this experiment. After 5 days, all the storaged fruits were removed to room temperature as a simulated market in Japan. The fruits were examined immediately upon removal and s-day intervals thereafter.
Results of this experiment may be summarized as follows:
1. All the mature green and 1/2 rips fruits ripened after being removed to room temperature, but the rate of ripening was depending on the storage temperature. Fruits stored at 15℃ ripened 1 to 2 days, earlier than those stored at 5℃ and 10℃.
2. In the storage of 5℃, the duration of fruit shelf life was more longer than those of other three temperatures but the number of days of fruit remained salable after they ripened, were almost same among the three storage temperatures.
3. The total shelf life of mature green fruit was the longest at all stage of ripeness of fruits, but the number of days fruit remained salable after they ripened, 1/2 ripe and ripe fruit was longer than that of the mature green fruit.
4 Mature green stage fruit should not be shipped, because they might not normally ripened even at room temperature.
5. Although the quality of 1/2 ripe fruit was not superior to the ripe fruits, the 1/2 ripeness of fruit was the most suitable maturity for export due to their longer salable days. The best temperature for this picking stage fruits should be kept at 5℃ to 10℃ during shipping.
6. Owing to the beat quality and shorter shelf life, the ripe fruits should be shipped and sold out within 8-10 days, under the most optimum temperature of 5℃ curing shipping
Studies on the Growth and Yield at Various Times of Sucker Emergence of Banana
No full text每年三月至八高溫多雨，香蕉生長旺盛，九月至翌年二月氣候乾燥，溫度降低，香蕉生長低弱，不同時期萌芽的香蕉，所經歷的生長旺盛期與低弱期不同，形成植株生長的差異。不同時期萌芽芽香蕉片每月變化情形，大致相同，高溫多雨的夏季，每月可生長四枚以上的新葉，似是但在乾燥低溫的冬季，則每月平均僅抽展0.8枚。葉斑病爲害以每年的六月至十月最嚴重，每年九月的平均枯死葉數最多。全生育期生長總葉數差異不大，平均約有25~28枚。抽穗時植株上的綠葉數，亦無顯著的差異，但以七月至九月萌芽者葉數較少。收穫時的綠葉數差異較大，九月至十二月萌芽者，平均都在4枚以上；五月至七月萌芽者，則僅有0.75~1.6枚。四月至六月萌芽者，生育期最短，從萌芽至收穫平均需16.3~16.8個月，八月至十二月萌芽者，生育期最長，從萌芽至收穫平均需19.8~20.8個月。果真成熟所需日數，亦有顯著的差異，以七月至十月者較長，從開花至收穫平均100天以上，其他各月份萌芽者，均在100天以下。果實大小品質，以九月至十二月萌芽者爲優，五月至七月萌芽者較差．每株平均產量，亦以九月至十二月萌芽者最高，果房平均重量達17.29~17.92公斤，其次爲一月與二月萌芽者，再次爲三月、四月與八月萌芽者。産量最低爲五月至七月萌芽者，每株平均果重槿有13.70~13.99公斤。每年留一月至四月萌芽的香蕉，可生産夏蕉與秋蕉；留五月至八月萌芽的香蕉，可生産秋蕉與冬蕉；留九月至十二月萌芽的香蕉，可生産春蕉與夏蕉。
Studies in detail of plant growth growing period, the development and grade of fruit as well a6 bunch yield of banana at various times of sucker emergence were conducted at the plantation of the Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station from October, 1966 to August, 1969. Suckers emerged at different months in a year round were set up and the growth of plant height, pseudostem diameter and leaf development were measured once a month through the whole growing period. The fruit grade and yield were also recorded individually at harvesting. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
(1) As the influence of seasonal variation on the growth of banana plant, there had two distinct periods: (a) from March to August when weather was warm and rainy, the growth of banana plant was very vigorous; (b) from September to the next year of February, it was a cold-dry season, thus the banana plants grew very slowly, and they showed semi-dormant status particularly on the young suckers (Fig. 1,2). Therefore, the growing curves and fluctuation of growth rates during the whole growing period of banana among the various times of sucker emergence were very significantly different (Fig. 1-4).
(2) The loaf developments of banana were very closely related to the climatic condition and the outbreak of leaf spot disease. The number of new unfurling and green leaves of a plant varied with the changes meats temperature and rainfall. In warm-rainy season, more then 4 leaves unfurled every month but only 0.8 leaves unfurled monthly during the cold-dry season (Table 4 & Fig. 5). On the other hand, there was a very close relationship between the monthly number of dried leaves and infection degree of leaf spot disease. Since leaf spot took place in April but attacked seriously in June through October, thue, it was very apparent that the number of dried leaves increased accumulatively reaching a peak in September of the year (Fig. 11).
(3) The total number of leaves formed by a plant at various of sucker emergence of banana were not significantly different However, it had about 25 28 leaves without counting those with leaf width of less than 15cm. before floweriug. Besides, the suckers emerged from July to September were found to have a less number of green leaves at shooting stage but without significant differences as compared with others. At harvesting time, there were more than 4 green foliages on the plant whose sucker emerged from September to December but only 0.75-1.60 green leaves were obtained on those from May to July. The differences among various times of sucker emergence were very significant (Fig. 6).
(4) A very marked difference was found with growth period of banana between various times of sucker emergence. The suckers emerged from April to June had a short growth period at the average of 16.3-16.8 months, but a longest period was found on the suckers emerged from August to December that took at the mean of 19.8-20.8 months from emerging to harvesting. The differences of fruit maturing period at various times of sucker emergence were also statistically significant. Among the different times of the year, the fruits of the suckers emerged from July to October needed a longer period more than 100 days for maturing (Table 7).
(5) It was evident that the suckers emerged from September to December produced vigorous plant, big finger and high quality of fruit (Table 6, 8). For the bunch weight per plant, the seekers emerged from September to December gave the highest yield with the mean of 17.29-17.92 kgs., while those from May to July showed the lowest yield at th average of only 13.70-13.99 kgs, per bunch (Fig. 9).
(6) Based on the results obtained from the distribution of flowering and harvesting dates, the suckers emerged from January to April may produce for the most part of summer and fall banana, and those from May to August may yield mostly of fall and winter banana, while those from September to December may bear chiefly of spring and summer banana, respectively (Fig. 7,8). Therefore, the production of banana could be regulated by means of controlling the times of setting followers and with other plantation managements to produce banana at most favorable time with suitable quantity for exporting in the year round
Study on the Effectness of Fertilizer Applications to the Yield of Spring Fruits of Pineapple
No full text鳳梨春果在電石處理前後，分七種不同時期施用第三、四次追肥試驗，發現對於春果實大小，産量和果肉顔色有影響，均以電石處理前10天將第三次及第四次肥料一併施用者成果最佳，可達增産及提高品質之目的，但電石處理前後施肥，對抽穗率並無影響。
In this experiment pineapple seedlings were planted in September 1971 and each plant was treated with 50 cc. of 1% CaC2 solution when the pineapples were one year old on September 1, 1972 in order to promote flowering and fruiting. Seven treatments of fertilizer application were used before or after CaC2 treatment.
The results showed no effect on fruiting of pineapple among treatments. The fruiting rate was from 98.33% to 99.58% Fertilizer applied before CaC2 treatment showed higher percentage of first and second grade of, pineapple Top dressing on 10 days before CaC2 treatment showed best result and all the top dressing applied after CaC2 treatment showed tower grade of fruit except the treatment F.
The results also showed that the fertilizer applied before CaC2 had higher yield of pineapple. Top dressing on 10 days before CaC2 treatment showed 11% higher yield than the ordinary method Ck.
The deeper yellowish flesh color of fruit was found in the treatments of the fertilizer applied before CaC2 treatment and the tre8tment with Anaton. But the treatment with Anaton showed lowest sugar content ad the ordinary treatment cit showed highest acid content
In conclusion the best method of top dressing on pineapple for spring fruits production is appling the 3rd and 4th top dressing together on 10 days before CaC2 treatmen
The Effect of Various Comdinations of Sisal Tows on the Growth and Development of Chinese Mushroom
No full text按容量比例以1/3晒乾瓊麻渣混合2/3新鮮瓊麻渣露天造床栽培草菇較純用新鮮瓊麻渣或乾瓊麻渣與鮮瓊麻渣以其他混合比例造床栽培者為理想; 下種後第10~12 日出現小菇體，16~18 日關始採收，採收期持續19 日， 每百平方公尺產量為373公斤，可得純益新臺幣3,230元。全部以晒乾瓊麻渣造床栽培結果採收期僅11 日，產量僅為99.5公斤。乾瓊麻渣造床加用碳酸鈣和硫酸鉀補充營養並無益處。
Seven treatment s with different combination ratio of fresh and dry-sisal tows for cultivation of Chinese mush room under outdoor condition were compared. The highest yield was accounted for the treatment when 1/3 dry- and 2/3 fresh-sisal tows by volume were mixed together. In this treatment, pinehead appered 10~12 days after spawning, harvest began at 16~18 days, and last ed f or 19 days after wards making a net profit of NT$ 3.230.00 for every 373 kg Chinese mushroom produced on 100 m2 of growing area. While in dry-sisal tow treatment, the harvesting period only had 11 days and gave only 99.5 kg yield per 100 m2. Result also indicated that dry-sisal tow plus Calcium carbonate and Potassium suliateas supplemental nutritions gave no significant improved effect
The Influence of the Concentration of SNA and Time of Application on Yield, Quality and Storage of Pineapple
No full text在鳳梨菓實發育期中進行植物生長素SNA處理時，如處理時期太早，易使果皮粗糙或發生畸型果，處理時期太晚，又對於增大果實提高産量之效果不顯著，SNA處理之時期以謝花後卅天至成熟前四十天之間爲適，亦卽在果實之發育中期處理最爲理想。在鳳梨果實發育中期處理SNA時，果形增大，果重增加，肉色也較佳，但果心橫徑稍粗，果肉纖維變粗及糖度減低，尤以濃度愈大時愈甚，故製罐用鳳梨爲兼顧産量與品質，濃度以100ppm爲適。SNA在鳳梨果實發育中期處理時，採果後果實之貯藏力減低且易腐爛，尤以處理之濃度愈高者愈甚，故爲提高鮮鳳梨之品質及貯藏力，應禁止用植物生長素處理爲原則，但50ppm低濃度處理有增加果皮色之效果，且對品質及貯藏力之影響亦小，爲提高鳳梨春果之外觀，勉強可使用。在鳳梨菓實接近成熟前使用SNA，可增加鳳梨之貯藏力，其濃度以100ppm爲宜。
The optimum stage of fruit development of pineapple for SNA treatment in during the period from 30 days after flowering to 40 days before fruit ripening, i. e. during the middle stage of fruit development. If applied SNA too early will cause rough skin and abnormal fruit, and if too late will result no increase in fruit size and yield. The size, weight and flesh color of pineapple fruit can be increased or improved by SNA spray applied at right stage of fruit development. However, supra-optimal concentration of SNA will cause larger core in tile fruit, more fiber in the flesh and lower sugar content. The proper concentration of SNA for canning pine-apple in 100ppm. High concentration of SNA also decrease the storage life of fruit and cause rot. Therefore, it is not recommended for fresh pine-apple for export, except in case of spring fruit, 50 ppm of SNA will improve the peel color and with no adverse effect on storage of fruit. SNA spray applied in approaching mature stage can increase the storage life of pine-apple and 100ppm SNA is suggested