Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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咖啡果小蠹之生態及物理防治之應用
No full text咖啡果小蠹為咖啡產業上最具威脅性的害蟲，幾乎分布於全世界的咖啡產區，臺灣於2007年開始遭受到此蟲為害國內的咖啡的生產。雄蟲的翅退化，僅雌蟲具飛行能力，雌蟲自咖啡果實臍部鑽入取食及產卵，孵化的幼蟲於果實內部鑽食，造成果實呈現許多孔洞喪失商品價值。此蟲幼蟲具2個齡期，蛹與雄蟲終身均存在於果實內部。在誘殺防治部份，多數均以紅色的誘殺器，內含甲醇+乙醇1：1進行誘殺。此誘殺器可視為監測或誘殺的器具，於咖啡園進行懸掛定期添加誘引劑可進行持續的誘殺，有效達到降低咖啡園族群的密度
Morphological and genetic characteristics of F-1 hybrids introgressed from Brassica napus to B. rapa in Taiwan
No full textBackground Unintentional introgression from genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape (Brassica napus) to a relative is inevitable in the open field. A feasible and practical strategy for restricting the spread of GM offspring is to set a reasonable isolated distance between GM B. napus and the relatives. To define the isolated distance, a pollen donor/recipient pair is a prerequisite to conducting the field trial of pollen flow. However, because the cultivation of GM B. napus is prohibited in Taiwan, it is difficult to obtain relevant information. Thus, this study explored the morphological and genetic characteristics of five varieties of B. napus (donor), three varieties of B. rapa (recipient), and the 15 corresponding F-1 hybrids, aiming to construct phenotypic data and genetic variation data and to select the most appropriate pollen donor/recipient for future field trials of pollen flow. Results The genome size of all F-1 hybrids estimated using flow cytometry showed intermediate DNA content between B. napus and B. rapa varieties. Most of the F-1 hybrids had intermediate plant height and blooming period, and the rosette leaves type and colors resembled those of B. napus varieties. The results of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) showed an average of 9.52 bands per primer combination and 67.87 polymorphic bands among the F-1 hybrid population. Similarity and cluster analyses revealed higher similarity between F-1 hybrids and B. napus varieties than between F-1 hybrids and B. rapa varieties. Furthermore, we identified a specific 1100-bp band (LOC106302894) in F-1 hybrids and B. napus varieties but not in B. rapa varieties. Conclusions The rosette leaves and the DNA marker LOC106302894 observed in F-1 hybrids are consistent phenotypic and genetic characteristics that can be used to identify the presence of unintentional hybridization from B. napus to B. rapa in Taiwan. Due to the prohibition of GM crop cultivation, the hybridization system of non-GM Brassica species in this study can be utilized as a mimic scheme to conduct pollen flow trials, thus facilitating the determination of the proper isolated distance
Revision of the Theopea genus group (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae), part III: Descriptions of two new genera and nine new species
No full textThis publication treats species within Theopea and closely allied genera that were not covered in the previous two revisions. Three species of Theopea Baly, 1864 are treated herein, with T. bicolor Kimoto, 1989 and T. mouhoti Baly, 1864 redescribed, and T. bicoloroides sp. nov. described. A new genus that we consider closely related to Theopea, Pseudotheopea gen. nov., is described. This new genus can be recognized with the presence of reticulate microsculpture on the vertex of the head and pronotum and presence of an apical spine on each metatibia. The following species are transferred to Pseudotheopea as new combinations: Theopea aeneipennis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963, T. azurea Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963, T. clypealis Medvedev, 2015, T. nigrita Medvedev, 2007, T. smaragdina Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963, T. similis Kimoto, 1989, and T. subviridis Medvedev, 2012. Theopea subviridis Medvedev, 2012 is regarded as new synonym of Pseudotheopea similis (Kimoto, 1989). In addition, six new species of Pseudotheopea are described: P. boreri sp. nov. from India, P. gressitti sp. nov. from Philippines, P. hsingtzungi sp. nov. from Laos, P. kimotoi sp. nov. from Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, P. leehsuehae sp. nov. from Laos, and P. sufangae sp. nov. from Taiwan. A second new genus regarded as closely related to Pseudotheopea, Borneotheopea gen. nov., can be recognized by possessing uniform antennae in both sexes and lacking an apical spine on each metatibia. Two new species of Borneotheopea are described from Borneo: B. jakli sp. nov. and B. kalimantanensis sp. nov
(69(1): 25-45)Rice Lodging Detection Using the Photography from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
No full text無人載具 (unmanned aerial vehicle; UAV) 航拍能提供大範圍且高解析度之多光譜或高光譜影像，包含：可見光 (red-green-blue; RGB)、近紅外光 (near-infrared; NIR) 與3D 點雲等影像資訊。本研究透過光譜分類技術與數值地表模型 (digital surface model; DSM)，評估不同影像分類技術對於水稻倒伏災損判釋的準確度，以期提出具有快速、簡易及準確性高的影像災損判釋方法，提供農業災害勘查與鑑定之空間輔助工具。本研究應用UAV 航拍影像，首先透過UAV 專業影像處理軟體Pix4D Mapper，產生DSM 與正射影像，透接著依據影像監督分類、標準差植生指數 (normalized difference vegetation index; NDVI) 分類及DSM 分類，針對2017年6 月分連續超大豪雨對台中市霧峰地區水稻所造成之災損倒伏情形，進行水稻倒伏災損影像判釋技術之發展。結果顯示，UAV 航拍所得之可見光RGB 正射影像，能清楚觀測水稻災損範圍與相對的災損情形，針對大範圍之災區勘災作業，本研究推薦應用影像監督分類技術進行災損判釋，其水稻災損倒伏率比對申請救助之災損率的正確率約為92% (以符合農業天然災害救助辦法中倒伏率20% 為評估基準需求)。另外，再輔以現地災損查核，以加強災損判釋的正確性。因此，本研究建議，現今農業災害的勘災與災損救助作業，應透過階層分工的概念，發揮各類技術的最大功效，運用最精簡的時間與人力，以提供最快速與最高品質的災損評估成果。
The photography from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) provides multispectral images (i.e., red, green, blue, and near-infrared bands) and 3-dimensional points cloud with high-spatial-resolution and covering wide-region. In order to provide the maps for geographic information system (GIS) in assisting the agricultural post-disaster investigation, the goal of this study is to discover the most effective agriculture damage interpretation by using image discrimination technology with the characteristics of vehicle speed, convenience, and accuracy. In this study, image interpretation technologies, including image classification and digital surface model (DSM) classification, will be evaluated on the accuracy of rice lodging detection. Firstly, Pix4D Mapper, the professional photogrammetry and drone mapping software, is used to produce DSM and orthophotographs from the photography of UAV. Secondly, the image supervised classification, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) classification, and DSM classification are applied for detection of rice lodging in Wufeng District, Taichung City. The study area was damaged by the extremely torrential rain in a few days during the beginning of June, 2017. As a result, the damage region and the situation of rice lodging can be delineated by UAV orthophotographs. This study, especially on wide-region post-disaster investigation, recommends adoption of the image supervised classification on rice lodging detection, because the rate of accuracy between the disaster rate of estimation by image interpretation and the disaster rate of ground-based surveillance system reached 92.54% (under the baseline of 20% of disaster rate in accordance with the Implementation Rules of Agricultural Natural Disaster Relief). In addition, the accuracy of disaster interpretation can be improved by cooperating with the ground-based surveillance system. In conclusion, the agricultural post-disaster detection and rescue operations will be improved by the cooperation between new technologies and traditional labor-force. The capabilities and potentials from both sides need to be brought in to compensate one’s shortcomings by using the individual strengths. With that, the efficiency and high-quality of damage detection can be achieved at least cost
(69(1): 101-112)Assessment Study on Indigenous Farmers Training Needs at Guangfu Township in Hualien County
No full text本研究利用訓練需求評估的方法，以花蓮縣光復鄉原住民農民為對象進行本文研究。由於光復鄉是少數幾個以水稻栽培為主且面積較大的原住民鄉鎮，亦有全台唯一紅糯米具有產業規模的產業規模，據此藉以探討從事農業經營者的訓練發展需求。同時，就不同屬性經營者 (如作物類別、農民專兼業程度、年齡等) 進行研析，以呈現地區農業訓練需求的現況。研究於2018 年1–3 月在光復鄉地區進行問卷調查，並利用召開農民會議時進行發放，最後回收有效問卷323 份，整體回收率84%。研究工具為「農民訓練需求評估」問卷，以次分配、百分率、樣本平均數及標準差進行描述性統計；再以交叉分析瞭解兩個變數之間的關連性，又用卡方檢定兩種特性間相依或獨立，且做單因子變異數分析等。經分析調查資料後，獲得重要研究結論，包含：(1) 光復鄉地區從事農業受訪者中，性別以女性占59.2% (184 人) 較多；年齡以51–60 歲為主，占26.0%；耕地面積以1 ha 內占多數，為64.3%，土地以自有土地為主，占83.9%。本區以栽培水稻為主，占40.2%，其次為果樹占31.5%。水稻銷售以糧商含農會銷售體系較多，占51.2%，果樹與蔬菜在自行銷售占有較高比例，分別為43.9% 及54.1%。(2) 訓練天數以農民專兼業程度愈高，傾向訓練時間較短 (3 d) 占82.2%，最適當的訓練方式則以專業農民、兼業農民對於演講法有較高支持度，分占54.5% 及38.2%。另外，副業農民對於學徒訓練有較高支持度 (37.2%)。可看出專業程度越低，愈傾向學徒式訓練。(3) 男性受訪者相較於女性受訪者對於訓練時間、訓練天數及訓練方法等3 項訓練方式，有更高程度的訓練發展需求。由本研究結果可知，受訪的原住民地區農業經營者對於農業技能，均呈現顯著的發展需求。再深入探究，亦可發現農業經營者會依據主要種植作物類別、專兼業程度等，呈現出不同的訓練方式需求。因此，未來進行訓練規劃時，應符合於地區產業項目進行課程設計。
This study adopted the training needs assessment method to study the training and development needs for agricultural operators at Guangfu Township in Hualien County. The different attribute of operators, such as crop categories, special experiences and ages, are analyzed to present regional agricultural characteristics. A questionnaire survey regarding the current situation of training needs was conducted at Guangfu Township from January to March in 2018, and was distributed during the farmers’ meeting. A total of 323 valid questionnaires were collected with the overall recovery rate of 84%. Research tool “Farmer Training Needs Assessment” questionnaire was applied, including descriptive statistics for sub-allocation, percentage, sample mean and standard deviation. By using cross-analysis, the correlation between 2 variables was evaluated. The Chi-Square test was used to determine the dependence or independence of the 2 characteristics. The summaries from data analyses include: (1) About 83.9% of area is cultivated land, of which 64.3% of farmers had 1 ha of cultivated land at Guangfu Township. 40.2% is mainly rice cultivation, followed by fruit trees accounting for 31.5%. The farmer’s joint marketing and sales accounted for 51.2%; the fruit trees accounted for a high proportion of 43.9%. (2) The most appropriate training method for the first-time interviews in the Guangfu Township area is that the speech method has a high degree of support of 38.3%, the case study is 23.1%, and the apprenticeship training is 20.8%. The future curriculum planning can be based on the course. The content adopts a mixed curriculum design, which uses teaching and implementation methods to improve training effectiveness. According to the results of this study, the agricultural operators surveyed in the aboriginal areas showed significant development needs for agricultural skills. In-depth exploration found that agricultural operators presented different training methods according to the main types of crops, the degree of professionalism, and the training methods. It should be designed in accordance with regional industrial projects
The Assessment of Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbial Fertilizer by Periwinkle and Cucumber
No full text國內目前微生物肥料尚無肥料效果及活性指標規範。以盆栽日日春為指標作物之肥效試驗，結果顯示二種市售溶磷菌皆無促進植物磷肥吸收之淨效益。無論有無滅菌之菌劑，皆會降低土壤之pH 值，並同時稍降低土壤磷濃度。日日春是否能真實反應微生物之肥效仍待觀察。小胡瓜之肥效田間試驗，結果顯示商品A 溶磷菌無促進植物磷肥吸收之淨效益，其中滅菌處理，甚至對植株有顯著負面影響，推測或許與其成分中含尿素較高，經加熱產生縮二脲酸對植株造成的毒害。商品Ｂ處理之小胡瓜產量與全量化肥處理之相當，經滅菌處理則與對照相當，顯示此商品確有肥效。
In Taiwan, it is not necessary to submit an experiment report of fertilizer effect whenever application for registration of microbial fertilizer is needed. Furthermore, there is no regulation for the quantitative test of viable indicators. The result of periwinkle pot test showed that the treatments of these two commercial PSM (phosphate-solubilizing microbial) present non positive effects to the plant growth and phosphate uptake. Whatever sterilized or not, two goods could reduce the pH and Bray I phosphate concentration of the test soil. was completed. The result of the cucumber field trials showed that PSA treatment present non positive effects to the plant growth and yields. In addition to, PSA fertilizer present minus effects significantly, caused by the toxicity from biuret, generated from heating, speculatively. On the other hand, PSB present positive effect to the plant growth and yield, showed that PSB is a effective product
