Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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BIONOMICS OF TAMARIXIA RADIATA (WATERSTON):AN ECTOPARASITOIDOF DIAPHORINA CITRI KUWAYAMA IN TAIWAN
No full textFIELD EXPERIMENT WITH DI-SYSTON ON CONTROLLING COTTON INSECT PESTS (2)
No full text本試驗棉田施用5% Di-Syston (0,0-diethy1 S-2-ethylthio) ethyl Phosphorodithiotaeioate)粒劑，分播種同時施用與播種後二個月施用等二種方式，每次每英畝用有效成份1或1. 5, 2, 3,磅等。結果以與棉播種同時每英畝施用有效成份一磅，即可有效防治棉浮塵子）Chlorita biguttula Ishida)與棉蚜蟲(Aphis gossypii G.)，並可促進棉株高度之生長。對籽棉之產量
亦種顯著地增加。但Di-Syston對棉鈴害蟲（棉鈴蟲，金鋼鑽及紅鈴蟲）則無效果。如能配合地上部噴藥，保護棉鈴，減少棉鈴害蟲之驅除，本劑在棉作治蟲上仍有使用價值。
In this experiment, 5% Di-Syston (0,0-diethyl S-2-(ethylthio) ethyl phosphorodithioate) granular was used for determining the effect of controlling cotton insects. One, 1.5, 2 and 3 pounds per acre of Di-Syston were applied into the soil by side dressing in one-and two-application treatments.
According to the results, one pound per acre of Di-Syston applied at the time of sowing was sufficient to give very effective control of the cotton leafhopper (Chiorita biguttula Ishida) and the cotton aphis (Aphis gosypii G.). Vigorous growth of cotton plants and significient yield increase were also observed.
On the other hand, the application of Di-Syston had only poor effect for controlling the cotton boll insects, including the cotton pink boliworm, boliworm, and the spiny boliworm. If several sprays of insecticides for boll insects could be followed with Di-Syston application, might have practical value of controlling various kinds of cotton leaf insects
Effect of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide on Symptoms and Products of Agronomic Crops
No full text分別放置盆栽農作物（水稻、玉米、落花生及番石榴）於作物同化箱內，控制氣溫、相對濕度、風速及二氧化碳濃度，並於自然陽光下（時間為10:00至14:00）使植物進行飽和光合率條件下，利用密閉循環方式，分別燻蒸SO2,NOx及HF等空氣污染氣體，五天後，作物未呈現症狀。燻氣二週後，葉片呈現各現病徵：如水稻呈現褐色條斑，玉米灰白色條斑，落花生褐斑，番石榴紅褐斑等。較後期病徵則：玉米矮小，水稻葉片枯萎多抽穗少，落花生花器凋萎，番石榴葉片嚴重捲曲等生長及發育遭受破壞，導致產量減少。按氣體影響之大小程度，係依5 SO2(O.5 ppm)+NO2(O.1 ppm)、SO2(O.5 ppm)、SO2(O.1 ppm)+NO2(O.1 ppm)+HF(0.01 ppm)、SO2(O.1 ppm)+(NO2(O.1 ppm)、SO2(O.1 ppm)及NO2(0.01 ppm)順序而遞減。同時燻氣SO2，收穫作物葉片含硫量增加。可能由於SO2經葉片氣孔進入細胞內，造成生理代謝方面之不平衡，而使植物細胞組織受損，若嚴重時，呈現特別病徵。
The potted agronomic crops rice, corn, peanut and guava in assimilation chamber under the saturated photosynthetic condition were fumigated with SO2, NO and HF gases. The fumigating period was from 10:00 to 14:00. After two weeks, the fumigated crops appeared symptoms such as brown mottlings of rice leaf, grey-white mottlings of corn leaf, brown spots of peanu leaf, and red brown mottlings of guava leaf. The more severe damage for the later stage of growth and development were the shorter stem of corn, small tillers of rice, premature fade of peant flower, and the curved leaf of guava. All of the morphological symptoms resulted in the yield reduction. The damage degree of the fumigating gases were according to the following order to be reduced : SO2(0.5 ppm) + NO2(0.1 ppm), SO2(0.5 ppm), SO2(0.1ppm) + NO2(0.1 ppm) + HF(0.01 ppm), SO2(0.1 ppm) + NO2(O.1 ppm), SO2(0.1 ppm) and NO2(0.1ppm). In addition, the leaf sulfur content of the S02-fumigated crops was increased
Flowering regulation of Cymbidium ensifolium
No full text蕙蘭屬（Cymbidium spp.）為臺灣蘭花產業上六大作物之一，在2014年的出口值為940萬美元，佔臺灣外銷蘭花的第三位，其中以四季蘭［Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) SW.］為最大宗。四季蘭因四季皆可閉花而得名，其優美的葉子和清香的花 朵，皆是受人們喜愛之原因。但其花季主要集中在7至10月，若能調節花期， 將可提升其市場價值。但花期調節常不是單一方法所能順利達成，故本研究綜合園藝操作、化學藥劑使用以及環境調控來進行四季蘭的產期調節，研究出具最大催花效益的組合及施用順序。利用本套裝技術可調控四季蘭花期，促使植株在非開花季節開花，增加抽梗數，提升商品價值，使台灣小花蕙蘭更具國際競爭力
World Pitaya Production
No full text紅龍果原產熱帶美洲，為中美洲市場常見水果，當地有種植及外銷，尼加拉瓜以紅龍果(紅肉)為主，外銷北美及歐洲，哥倫比亞以黃龍為主，厄瓜多爾兩者均有。經數百年之擴展，全世界熱帶與亞熱帶地區均有栽培，尤其在近20年已成為發展迅速且重要的新興果樹。除原產地外，以色列在不利的氣候環境下，在Mizrahi教授團隊之領導研究下，無論在品種蒐集、育種、研究及產業化均領先世界，主要外銷歐洲。台灣雖然起步較晚，且發展初期大多為民間之蒐集，政府機關研究不受重視且乏經費支持，但在多年努力栽培面積下已近1千公頃，且品種及栽培技術擴展至中國大陸及東南亞，甚至越南。越南紅龍果栽培已有百年以上歷史，為法國殖民期自中美洲引進，近10年來快速發展，2012年之栽培面積為2.48萬公頃，產量為48.66萬公噸，為全世界最大生產國，也是最重要外銷國(佔蔬果外銷之20%)，產品80%以上外銷，已取得國際驗證(Global GAP)，2013年外銷產值2.03億美元，71.5%出口至中國大陸。主要產區在東南之Binh Thuan及湄公河三角洲之Tien Giang。主要品種為白肉種，1997年南方果樹研究所(SOFRI)自台灣引進紅肉種進行育種，2005年Long Dinh 1命名。栽培上利用燈照(15-25天)已可全年生產。中國大陸為紅龍果生產第二大國，2012年栽培面積約1.09萬公頃，以廣西及廣東最多，但貴州在石漠大力推廣，增加迅速。大陸之品種及技術多自台灣，近年來也開始進行育種，寒害為其主要問題，冬季常以稻草或塑膠布覆蓋以禦寒。東南亞除越南外，馬來西亞及泰國亦積極推廣，大多為台商之品種及栽培技術轉移，亦同樣有盛極而衰的趨勢。泰國紅龍果已達穩定平衡，馬來西亞則因氣候環境濕熱，病蟲害嚴重，產業要再起仍有待克服相關問題。澳洲為紅龍果新興栽培區域，品種及技術均待開發，栽培面積約40公頃(50100株)，62.2%在熱帶之Northern Territory，產量約750公噸，產值225萬澳幣，以生產白肉種為主。最近有媒體報導越南之CT Group預定在澳洲種植1萬公頃之紅龍果。美國受限於冬天低溫，只有夏威夷、南加州及南佛羅里達有少量栽培，品種及技術均待開發，但隨著媒體之報導，消費者有極大興趣，亦有協會定期辦理推廣活動。
Pitaya is native in tropical America, produced locally and popular in local market, some exported to North America and Europe. It is produced in Nicaragua (red pitaya), Columbia (yellow pitaya) and Ecuador (both red and yellow). After hundreds year, the pitaya is spread to most of tropical and subtropical area and become new potential fruit crop in past 3 decades. Professor Mizrahi led and started the pitaya research since 1984 in Israel. The achievement is significant and they have great contribution to the pitaya industry in the world. The products are exported mainly to Europe. Pitaya was introduced into Taiwan more than 300 years, however, the industry was only started after the introduction of new self-compatible varieties from Vietnam in 1980s. The pitaya area is about 1000 ha and the varieties and technology released here were further transferred to China and Southeast Asia. Pitaya has been in Vietnam more than hundreds years and recently boomed to 24.8 thousands ha and 486.6 thousand tons in 2012. Among them, 80% (20% of fruit and vegetables exported) was exported to China (71.5%) and other countries. The value of pitaya export was 0.203 billion in 2013. The main production area (some with Global GAP) is in BinhThuan and Tien Giang provinces (Southern Vietnam). First red flesh variety, Long Dinh 1, with red parent from Taiwan, was released by SOFRI in 2005. Lighting (15-25 days) is wide used to promote flower in Vietnam. Pitaya production in China, mainly in Guandong, Guanxi, and some extends to Guizou, increased rapidly in past decade and reached 10.9 thousand in 2013. Cold damage is the main problem in those northern area. Pitaya is produced in Thailand and Malaysia as well. However, humid climate induced serious pests and diseases which had hampered the pitaya industry in Malaysia. Most of varieties and technology either in China, Thailand or Malaysia are from introduced from Taiwan. Pitaya is a new and minor crop in Australia and USA. Several growers are interested and trying some introduced varieties. There are about 40 ha (62.2% in Northern Territory) and 750 tons of white pitaya were produced in Australia in 2014. In United States, pitaya is only produced in Hawaii, South California and Florida. There are some activities supported by Rare Fruit Association in these area
Pitaya photoperiodism and reproductive phenology
No full text紅龍果屬長日植物，在北半球每年5-10月間可以萌生數批花苞，產期集中於夏季。其臨界日長約為12小時，因此春、秋分為營養生長與生殖生長之轉折。甫成熟的紅龍果枝條進入春分，開始感應長日訊息進入生殖生長，依次完成花芽誘導、呼喚及分化而萌生花苞。未成熟的幼嫩枝條無感應日長的能力。在台灣南部，甫成熟的枝條在春分後9週完成花芽呼喚萌生花苞。肉質莖上雖具有很多刺座，除遠軸端萌花的刺座外，其餘刺座雖完成花芽誘導、甚至呼喚後受頂芽優勢抑制，處於靜止狀態。進入秋分後，刺座若未即時完成花芽呼喚並且萌出花苞，則持續靜止至春分以後才恢復芽體生長並萌花，部分芽體也可能受低溫影響而死亡。秋分過後，在台灣南部11月中旬前給予暗中斷，遠軸端芽體可以恢復發育、萌生花苞。早春肇因於溫度太低產期調節常常失敗，建議在夜溫回升至高於15℃或者提高夜溫，暗中斷處理的效果才會穩定。
Pitaya is a long-day plant, which flowers in several flushes between May and October and produces fruits mainly in summer in the Northern Hemisphere. The critical day length of red pitaya was observed to be approximately 12 h, suggesting that the two switches between inductive and noninductive periods for red pitaya occur at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, respectively. The immature shoots are not competent to response to the stimulus of long day length. In southern Taiwan, the newly matured shootsturn into reproductive phase through oral induction, evocation, differentiation and nally emerge oral buds about 9 weeksafter vernal equinox. Because of apical dormancy, numerous other areoles, except those that flowered, rested despite having already been exposed to adequate long-day length. After the autumnal equinox, the rested buds were unable to emerge as floral buds before the subsequent vernal equinox, and some of them did not survive the cold season. The induced but rested buds at the distal end may develop into oral buds if the NB treatment is applied in before middle November. According to the data of bud transformation and temperature variation in a winter trial in Southern Taiwan, a night temperature lower than 15 °C may limit bud development. Therefore, we concluded that NB treatment should be applied after mid-February in Southern Taiwan, when the minimum temperature seldom drops lower than 15 °C
紅龍果開花生物學及授粉需求之研究
No full textThis study explored the flowering biology and effects of pollination methods ((hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) on fruit set, and fruit characteristics in 4 red pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) genotypes: [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VN-White’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Pingtung, Taiwan. The fruit production season started from the beginning of May and ended at the beginning of September with 6-7 flowering cycles and 22-32 flowers/plant/year. The flowering duration took from 15-19 days and fruit duration spent around 30 -32 days. The relative location of anthers were lower than the stigma, except in ‘VN-White’. ‘VN-White’, fully self-compatible, obtained high fruit set rates (80.0 -90.5%) in all pollination treatments and the maximum fruit weight (402.6 g) in hand self- and (403.4 g) in open-pollination. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partially self-compatible while ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased fruit set and fruit weight in ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’. Total soluble solid (TSS) content was not influenced by pollination methods.
本研究探討四個紅龍果基因型在屏東的開花生物學及授粉方法(人工雜交、自交、自然自交及開放授粉)對著果及果實性狀之影響。其開花期約在5月初至9月初之間，每年每株有6-7批花以及22-32朵花。花苞孕育期約15-19天，而果實生長期約30-32天。除了｀越南白肉´之外，其它品種花藥的相對位置均低於柱頭。完全自交親和之‘越南白肉’在所有授粉處理中均有高的著果率(80.0 – 90.5%)，且在人工自交及開放授粉下有最大果重。｀潮州5號´為部分自交親和，而｀Orejona´及｀F11´為完全自交不親和。人工雜交授粉顯著增加｀潮州5號´、｀Orejona´及｀F11´之著果率。授粉處理對果肉可溶性固形物並無顯著影響