Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Management of Paddy Field Irrigation Using Intelligent Water-level Monitoring Devices and Examining Corresponding Changes in Physiological Characteristics and Yield in Rice
No full text田間智能感測器之應用為智慧農業發展重要趨勢之一，利用無線網路傳輸及物聯網技術，可望緩解農村人力短缺之困境與提高田間作業之效能。將感測器所接收之資料傳輸至雲端中，田間管理者可即時且快速地蒐集作物生長數據與環境資料並進行有效率之管理及決策。水稻於慣行栽培時常需集約使用大量水資源，然而近年來因氣候變遷導致水資源分配不均或汛期漂移，因此提高水資源之調配利用效益成為當前水稻栽培管理之重要議題。本試驗運用智能水位監測器即時蒐集水稻田間各生育期間之水位變化，於水稻全生育期分別進行慣行與乾溼交替之灌溉管理模式，並透過物聯網方式將數據彙整至雲端，而田間管理者可藉由手機或電腦即時獲得田間水位變化資訊。由試驗結果顯示，使用智能感測器進行乾溼交替之水分管理，較現行慣行栽培方式可有效節省總灌溉用水量，分別為30.9%及49.8%。且於乾溼交替之水分管理模式下不影響水稻發育之生理性狀，例如株高、葉齡、葉色以及最終之產量報告。進一步整合田間環境資料與植株生理性狀結果顯示，環境中之積溫或輻射量與植株生理性狀中之株高、葉齡、植冠、葉面積具高度正相關，可供作為水稻生產過程精準管理之用。綜合本試驗之結果，田間智能水位感測器應用於稻作進行乾溼交替水分管理，將可達有效節省水資源，並使稻作產業朝智慧化生產管理邁進。
In intelligent agriculture technology, the application of intelligent field sensors is a crucial development trend. When used in conjunction with wireless network transmission and Internet of things (IoT) technologies, intelligent field sensors can resolve manpower shortage problems in farm villages as well as improve the efficiency of field operations. By sending the data received by sensors to cloud storage, field managers can collect instantaneous crop-growth data and environmental information; subsequently, these data can be used as a basis for performing efficient management and decision-making. Conventional cultivation of paddy fields typically consumes a large amount of water resources. However, climate change has resulted in a shortage of water resources, causing their effective utilization to become a critical concern in paddy cultivation management. Our results showed that the usage of intelligent sensors for water management of alternate wetting and drying irrigation can effectively save the total irrigation water consumption for 30.9% and 49.8%, respectively, which was compared with the conventional irrigation management. In addition, the physiological characteristics (e.g., plant height, leaf age, and leaf color) in rice and yields were not affected under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management condition. Furthermore, the field environmental information was integrated to analyze the correlation between physiological characteristics in rice and environmental factors. The results showed significant positive correlation between plant height, leaf age, plant canopy, and leaf area in physiological characteristics and growing degree days and radiation in environmental factors. Taken together, we can achieve water resource conservation by used intelligent water-level monitoring devices and advance toward intelligent production management
An Introduction to the Operational Procedures of Severe Weather and Typhoon Forecasts / Warnings
No full text本文是針對中央氣象局行突變天氣預報及颱風警報作業之實際狀況做一簡要說明，希讀者能透過此一敘述，對預報產品的定、內容、發布次數、預報程及使巾工具興方法，甚至預報的決策過程及預報產品之準度等有進一步的解，加強使用者對預報資訊的認識及肎效應用的能力。文內除了敘述劇烈性天氣預報直接有關的短、中期天氣預報作業及風預報與警報作業等作業垷況之外，並列各氣象預報資訊傳遞管道，以方便社會各界快速獲取氣象預報資訊，提高預報資訊的傳遞時效和使用率。著氣象與資訊科技的不斷快速發展，預報作業的現代化是一個無法止的長期持續性工作和目標，而每個階段性代化預報作的成功，都必須具備有高解析度四維觀測資料的應用技術、客觀量化的預報指引和預報作業系統的開發人性化精實用的預報產品及不斷自我評鑑能力等特質和積進取的專業預報人員四項條件，才能完成。
The hazard weather events over Taiwan area cause a damage cost of about 1 7.4 billion NT dollars per year on average. The purpose of this article is to describe the Operational Procedures Of the severe weather forecasts and warnings issued at the Central Weather Bureau (CWB). The definition, contain and frequency of issuance for the forecast/warning products are mentioned, The forecast guidance and the forecast tools implemented at the weather Forecast Center of C WB are also introduced in this paper. In order to promote public safety and economic efficiency, the C WB has provided better forecast and warning services through various product dissemination channels recently. Finally, the author highlights some essential efforts to be accomplished to ensure a success to the modernization of severe weather forecast/warning operation
Quantitative Analysis Disasters of Typhoons (1946-2000) and Heavy Storms (1959-2000) in Taiwan
No full text臺灣處亞熱帶，並位於西太平洋颱風區，每年七月至十月為颱風侵襲的主要期間，平均每年有3-5個颱風與多次豪雨侵，根經濟部水利署統計近13-16年的颱風豪雨資料發現每年平均成3000閻房屋受損，約有128億元金額損失有於此，本研究蒐集統計處理完烕的各項颱風豪雨災害調查資料，配合颱風豪雨的雨分進行交叉比對量化分析，求得彼此間的關連性，以了解各項因子對災害發生與否量級之影響度然後配合各項災害紀錄，建立彼此間的因果關係，完成不同雨型態與災害分析。本研究果發現，不同颱風路徑會對各造成不同程度的累積降雨及災情依據統計結果，颱風災害造成臺灣地區林漁業、人員傷亡及房屋損，每場均損失約20億元右。若將臺灣分成北中南東四區域來看，當颱風累積降雨在北部地區達200mm以上，中部地區達300mm以上，南部地達350mm以上，東部地區達300mm以上時，各地區淹水率即高達40%。「秋颱」爲秋天從臺灣南部北上之颱風，佔秋季颱風比例約60%，且由颱風本身逆時鐘方向旋轉，加上北季風影響，故不其從臺灣西岸或東岸掠過，雨均集中於東部「西北颱」為從灣北部經過之颱風，則會造成臺灣北部及中部集中降雨。
Taiwan, located at the subtropical zone in western Pacific Ocean, suffers the damage from 3.5 typhoons on average yearly, mainly during July to October, and several storms year-round. According to the statistics suggested by Water Conservancy Agency of Ministry of Economic Affairs, annual lost due to typhoon includes about three thousands of houses damaged and one hundred and twenty-eight thousands millions collars of loss. This research has collected data relation to typhoons allotted among many agencies. By analyzing of cross-correlation between the data, the results show that the accumulative rainfall and scale of disaster depends on different paths of typhoon. According to statistics, each typhoon causes loses about 2 billion dollars including the loss of agriculture, fishery, human casualty, and building collapses, There is also an evidence to show when the amount of accumulative rainfall surpassed 200mm in Northern, 300mm in Midland, 350mm in Southern and 300mm in Eastern area of Taiwan, it will be increases the probability of flood to 40% in each regions. Besides, the all typhoons© which appear during fall, coming from the south of Taiwan are 60% of all. Those typhoons during fall no matter coming from the east cr west of Taiwan will certainly bring a great quantity of rainfall in Taiwan eastern area because of their counterclockwise rotation and the influence of northeast monsoon. Lastly. the northwest typhoon which passes through the north of Taiwan will make two obvious mass of rainfall in north and midst of Taiwan
Deep-water Irrigation and Water Management During Drying Period in Rice
No full text近年來臺灣地區新水源開發日益困難，而非農業用水需求急速增加，可利用的水資源日漸不足。有鑑於此，本文提供一個維持現有灌溉排水渠道的方法-深水灌溉，以期能提高現有水資源的利用率，解決水資源短缺的問題。另外對乾旱期之農業用水調配方式作一探討。
As the development of new water sources in Taiwan is becoming more difficult in recent years, while the demand for non-agricultural water sectors is increasing rapidly, the availability of water resources is thus becoming insufficient. In order to make more efT1cient use of the limited water resources, a deep-water irrigation system, which can be applied under current irrigation and drainage ditches, is proposed in this study. We also discuss the way to allocate agricultural water during the drought season in this study
Agricultural Meteorology and Applications and Management of Agricultural Water Resources
No full text臺灣地區位地球村的一角，總無法逃脫地球運行的多樣化及林林種種的災變健康而理性的態度就是坦然而對及謀求問題的解決。氣象變化及氣象災害不但和臺灣地區民眾的生活息息相關，亦對農、工、商及民生等各產業造成深遠影響，倘若昧於偏頗處置不當，即可能受到鉅大經濟損失，民眾生命財產亦可能遭受危難。包括農業在內的政府各部門，均應當審愼面對與因應，研擬不同紎況的施政計畫與策略。針對農業而言，氣象災害、氣候變遷及氣象資源利用乃是現階段臺灣地農業生產面臨的重要環境課題，是農業氣象學門應當專注的研究議題
Effect of Fertilization after Simulated Export Transportation on Flower Quality and Leaf Color of Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian 'V3'
No full text近年來台灣蝴蝶蘭大量海運外銷，但在海外販售時有部分植株因葉色變黃綠而被視爲品質不良，本研究試探以施肥改善模擬海運後之蝴蝶蘭葉色及開花品質。試驗以大白花蝴蝶蘭Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian 'V3'放在19℃黑暗下28日模擬海運，之後在一般溫室栽培。一個月後以商業肥料15N-2.2P-12.5K (Peters Excel 15-5-15 Cal-Mag)噴施或澆灌連續1.5個月或2.5個月，或以20N-8.7P-16.6K肥料(Peters Professional 20-20-20)澆灌1.5個月或2.5個月，並以澆灌去離子水爲對照。每棵植株留一個花梗，於花朵盛開時調查開花與葉片品質。結果兩種肥料澆灌1.5或2.5個月皆可增加植株花梗帶有分叉之百分率，由40%提高到70%；同時分叉數由1個提高到2個，花序長度由32.7 cm提高到34.8 cm，總花朵數由13朵提高到17朵。各處理間比較，澆灌效果遠高於噴施，Peters 20-20-20優於Peters 15-5-15，施肥2.5個月優於1.5個月。對於開花時間、花朵直徑及盆花壽命則各處理間沒有差異。對照組植株於花朵盛開時，大多數葉片變淡綠或黃化；以Peters 15-5-15澆灌之植株顯著降低葉片黃化程度，但仍有下位葉黃化之現象；以Peters 20-20-20澆灌2.5個月則使植株大部分葉片維持深綠。
Taiwan exports Phalaenopsis in quantity in the form of mature seedlings which are commonly shipped by sea. Such plants after a long period of travelling in the dark may sometimes exhibit leaf yellowing symptoms during flowering stage and may have poorer flowering performance. This study investigates the effect of fertilization on alleviating those defects. Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian 'V3' plants were kept at 19℃ in the dark for 28 days as a simulation of marine shipment. Plants were then grown in the greenhouse. Fertilization began one month later. Two kinds of fertilizers, 15N-2.2P-12.5K (Peters Excel 15-5-15 Cal-Mag) and 20N-8.7P-16.6K (Peters Professional 20-20-20), were applied either by spraying or by surface irrigation for a period of 1.5 or 2.5 months. The result indicated that application of either of the two fertilizers by irrigation increased the percentage of flower stalks with branches from 40% to 70%. Fertilization also increased the number of branches form one to two, increased the length of inflorescences from 32.7 cm to 34.8 cm, and increased the number of flowers from 13 to 17. The effectiveness of fertilization was more pronounced when applied as irrigation than as spray, when using Peters 20-20-20 than using Peters 15-515, and when fertilizers were applied for 2.5 months than for 1.5 months. However, fertilization had no effect on the time to anthesis, flower diameter, or inflorescence longevity. Most leaves on the control plants became pale green with slight yellowing. Leaves on the upper part of the plants irrigated with Peters 15-5-15 remained green. Most leaves on the entire plants irrigated with Peters 20-20-20 were green. Proper fertilization of Phalaenopsis plants after long-distance transportation seemed to be effective in improving the leaf color and flower quality of the plants
Postharvest Physiology and Quality Changes of Mei (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.)
No full text本研究目的在探討地方性果梅品種採收後生理與品質之變化，期能提升梅不同型態加工原料品質及產業利用。五個供試品種包括‘萬山’、‘山連’、‘房炳雄’、‘胭脂梅’及‘桃形梅’果實採收後可溶性固形物含量，在25℃下10天內，隨著後熟作用第2-6天內呈現增加趨勢，然後下降；可滴定酸隨著採後日數與後熟程度增加而急骤降低；失重率則隨日數增加而增加。果皮色相角(hue angle, h°)與果實硬度隨著採後日數增加而逐漸降低；同時果皮黃化程度度與彩度(chroma, C)也逐漸增加。不同品種梅果實在25℃之呼吸高峰與乙烯釋放高峰在第4-8天內同一天或前後差一天發生。由果實呼吸率與乙烯高峰的出現，顯示本地果梅屬於高呼吸率與高乙烯釋放量之更年型果實，貯藏壽命甚短。
The postharvest physiology and quality changes of five local mei varieties, named 'Wan-shan', 'Shan-lien', 'Fang-bing-syong', 'Yen-chih-mei' and 'Taur-hsing-mei' were studied. During ten days of storage period at 25℃, the total soluble solids of mei fruit increased within 2 to 6 days and then decreased. Titratable acidity decreased and weight loss increased during storage. The hue angle value of the peel and the fruit firmness gradually decreased. The yellow skin color intensified while the chroma value increased slowly. The respiration rate and ethylene production rate reached the climacteric peak within 4 to 8 days in storage at 25℃. The respiration and ethylene climacteric peak appeared on the same day in 3 varieties, while the resperation peak came one day earlier in 2 varieties. The high respiration and ethylene production rate of postharvest mei may be related to a short shelf-life of the fruit
