Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Karathane在南瓜上餘毒安全性試驗
No full text本省雖已普遍採用karathane防治瓜類白紛病，但有關該劑在農作物上遺毒持久性則尚未見諸文獻。筆者等謹選擇南瓜為供試材料，測定該劑在瓜上及葉面上之遺毒持久性，以既略檢討現行施藥方法之安全性。
施藥時，供試南瓜之大小約為400克；所施藥劑之濃度為0.045%，0.0225%及0.015%三種，其用藥量為240 1/10a，試驗時之溫度為29-32℃。施藥後每隔一日將供試葉面及瓜採回測定其遺毒餘留量
The Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Cation Leaching of an Ultisol in Central Taiwan
No full text酸雨對土壤的影響，主要是造成鹽基陽離子的淋溶及土壤的酸化。台灣地區酸沉降的研究，大多著重於雨水性質的調查，少有對土壤影響的報告。本試驗試選取台灣中部蓮華池森林集水區砂質極育土，以試驗室內的管柱淋溶試驗法，探討不同pH值的模擬酸雨，對於該土壤鹽基陽離子淋溶之影響。
試驗發現模擬酸雨會加速土壤鹽基陽離子的淋溶。pH=2.6的模擬酸雨對於土壤陽離子淋溶的影響比pH=3.6及pH=4.6的模擬酸雨處理來得大，而PH=3.6與PH=4.6的處理之間的差異並不大。此由於pH=2.6的模擬酸雨含有較多的H離子及硫酸根離子，淋溶時會造成有些黏土表面之可交換性鹽基陽離子和鋁離子溶解。可交換性鋁之增加，可能對林木根群造成不良的影響。本試驗也發現表土層淋溶出來的陽離子比其下壤淋溶出更多的。但在pH=2.6處理下，其淋溶液PH值下降的幅度較底土小。這可能由於表土層之富含有機質，導致表土對酸雨的緩衝能力大於底層。
蓮華池森林砂質極育土對酸雨的緩衝作用，主要機制有三：以pH=2.6的模擬酸雨淋溶土壤，土壤對H的緩衝作用，主要機制為黏土的鋁邊緣(Al-site)和鋁氧化物的溶解。pH=3,6的酸雨處理，主要因子為陽離子的交換和硫酸根的吸附，pH=4.6的酸雨處理，則主要機制為陽離子的交換與硫酸根的脫附。
Acid rain enhanced cations leaching and soil acidification, particularly in sandy soils. Most researchers emphasized on the properties of acid rain, and paid less attention to investigate the influence of acid rain on soil properties. This study used column leaching tech nique to investigate the effects of simulated acid rains on cation leaching of an Ultisol of the Lien-hua-chi watershed in the central Taiwan. The results indicated that simulated acid rain increased cations Leaching from soils. The p11=2.6 simulated acid rain solutions had leached substantially more cations from soils than those of p11=3.6 and pH=4.6 simulated acid rains. This was bccause p11=2.6 simulated acid rain solutions contained more protons and sulfate ions , which exchanged with cations and dissolved aluminum from clays. The treatments of pH=3.6 and pH=4.6 acid rain solutions showed no major differences on cation leaching. Simulated acid rain solutions enhanced the leaching of exchangeable and dissolved aluminum from tested soils. The toxicity of aluminum might produce the ecological problems. The results also indicated that the top soils leached more cations than the deeper soils. However, when treated with pH=2.6 simulated acid rain, the pH of the leachate solution in surface soils decreased not stongly as those of underlying soils. This might result from relatively higher organic content in the soils. Three mechanisms were proposed to govern proton buffering capacity of the stud ied soils. The major mechanism of soils leaching with pH=2.6 simulated acid rain solutions, was the dissolution of aluminum oxides or Al in the clay complexes. Cation exchange and sulfate adsorption were the key factors governing the buffering of soils treated with pH=3.6 simulated acid rains. Exchangeable cations were the major factor for proton buffering capacity for soils treated with p11=4.6 simulated acid rains
The untilization of lighting treatment in Oncidium Gower Ramsey ‘Honey Angel’
No full text本試驗目的為調節文心蘭一檸檬綠品種開花期及提高花序品質。6月除芽後，自10月到切花採收期，以架設於植物上方1.7m之400W高壓鈉燈，採投射方式於落日復連續延長電照，分為2小時與燈水平距離4.5及9.0m；3小時與燈水平距離4.5、9.0及13.5m；4小時與燈水平距離4.5及9.0m及無電照對照組等處理。結果顯示，落日後連續延長電照可延遲開花期。花期以2小時電照處理可延後至隔年2至3月、3及4小時處理可調節至隔年2至4月，對照組則維持於當年12月至隔年2月。花序的品質也由落日後延長電照處理所增進，即增加花序總長度、花部長度、莖部長度、第一分枝長度和分叉數。各個處理（2小時、4.5及9.0m/3小時、4,5、9.0及13.5m/4小時、4.5及9.0,m/對照）之A級切花比例分別為10、30、46,7、46.7、43.3、23.3、36.7和0％。整體而官除芽配合高壓鈉燈電照處理可調節文心蘭‘檸檬綠’品種開花期並提高切花品質。
The purposes of this experiment were to regulate flowering period and to improve cut flower quality of Oncidium Gower Ramsey ‘Honey Angel’. New buds of all plants emerging in June were removed. From October to the time of harvest, 400 W high pressure sodium lamps were setup as supplementary lighting started from sunset. To obtain different light intensity, lamps were setup at 1.7 m height above the plants, at a space of 4.5 m, 9.0 m and lighting for 2, 3 and 4 hours. For 3 hours lighting treatment, an additional spacing treatment of 13.0 m was also setup.
The Results showed that supplemental lighting treatments after sunset could delay flowering period. Under 2-hours lighting, the flowering period of the treatment was delayed to February and March. Under 3-hours and 4-hours lighting treatments, the period was delayed to the coming February to April. As for the control, the flowering period remained in December to February next year. The cut flower quality was also improved by lighting treatment, the length of flower stalks, flower size, the lowest branch and branch number of flower stalk were all increased. The proportion of grade A cut flower was 10, 30, 46.7, 46.7, 43.3, 23.3, 36.7 and 0% for the following treatments, 4.5 m & 9.0 m for 2 hours, 4.5 m, 9.0 m &13.5 m for 3 hours, 4.5 m & 9.0 m for 4 hours, and the control, respectively. In conclusion, new bud removal in June in conjunction with supplement lighting after sunset from October could be employed to delay flowering period and improve cut flower quality of Oncidium Gower Ramsey ‘Honey Angel’
Studies on the Seed Dormancy and its Breaking Method for Heading Mustard and Late Edible Rape (Yu-Tsai-Hsin)
No full text一、包心芥菜種子有顯著之休眠性，休眠期間在三個月以內。激勃索、硫脲及激勃素與硫脲之等量混合液，對於打破休眼有效果。低溫處理對於打破休眠有效果。藥劑與低溫處理併用時，對於打破休眠之效果，比藥劑或低溫單獨處理時為高。激勃索及硝酸鉀對於種子發芽完全正常，且有促進幼莖伸長作用，硫脲對種子發芽易引起藥害。
二、晚生油菜心種子有顯著休眠性，休眠期間約在二個月以內。打破休眠以激勃索、硫脲及激勃素加硫脲混合液效果較佳，硝酸鉀對晚生油菜心種子無打破休眠效果。低溫處理打被休眠之效果較藥劑處理為大， 低溫處理與藥劑併用可以完全打破休眠。藥害情形與包心芥菜相似。
1. The purpose of this study is : (1) to detect the dormant characters of the seeds of Heading Mustard and Late YU-Tsai-Hsin (Brassica chinensis), the length of dormant period are also investigated, (2) to compare the efficiency of Gibberellin, Thiourea, Potassium nitrate, which treated the seeds with each only, and then treated with a mixture of Gibberellin and Thiourea as well as treated with chemicals and prechilling (5℃ for 5 days), in order to understand the effect of breaking the dormancy of seeds and elevate the germination percentage.
2. Heading Mustard:
(1) The dormant character of Heading Mustard seed was significant, and its dormant period within two months.
(2) The effect of Gibberellin, Thiourea and Mixture of GibbereIlin and Thiourea treatment on breaking the dormant seed was apparent, and potassium nitrate was no significant.
(3) Treated the seed with prechilling under 5℃ for 5 days, it has been shown the effect on breaking the dormancy
(4) Treated with the chemicals in available concentration and with
prechilling, the effect on breaking the dormancy of seed was most significant.
3. Late Edible Rape (Yu-Tsia-Hsin):
(1) The dormant character of Late Yu-Tsai-Hsin was significant and
it dormant period within two months.
(2) The effect of Gibberellin, Thiourea and mixture of Gibberellin and Thiourea treatment on breaking the dormant seed was more significant, and potassium nitrate was no significant.
(3) Treated the seed with prechilling under 50℃ for 5 days, it has been shown the more effect 00 breaking the dormancy than with chemicals.
(4) Treated with chemicals and prechilling. the effect 00 breaking the dormancy of seed was perfect
Studies on the Congeniality and Callus Formation of the Grafted Citrus Fruit Trees
No full text本省主要栽培柑桔品種椪柑、桶柑、印子柑、晚俞西亞、早生溫州及金柑與現有砧木廣東㰀檬、枳殻、酸桔及苦柚間之親和力，由形態及接木部癒和組織形成能力方面加以研究。
(1)廣東㰀檬：樹勢強健，接木後可使株高、地上地下部全重、葉面積等顯著增加。惟由於再生力創傷細胞之分裂迅速，獨自完成癒傷組織，與接穗部之維管束系連絡(Vascular Connection)欠佳。僅對金柑親和性較好。
(2)枳殼：不適於冬季氣溫較高之本省氣候下生長。接木後生長頗爲遲鈍，癒合組織之形成能力甚低，砧木易由先端沿切面向下枯乾，接合狀態脆弱隨時有脫臼或劈裂之可能。僅在無適當砧木之現況下，勉強可作早生溫州砧木。
(3)酸桔：爲本省自古以來之柑桔砧木，與品種間之親和力均佳，砧穗之癒合狀態良好，兩者之生長速度一致，維管束系連絡甚佳。僅對早生溫州親和性較劣，中央部分裂癒合組織頗脆弱。
(4)苦柚：強健之實生苗經接木後由於組織之不同，砧穗均無法得完全發育，對各品種之親和性均劣，不適合作爲上述柑桔品種之砧木。
The most important commercial varieties of citrus fruit grown in
Taiwan, namely: Ponkan, Tankan, Golden Seal orange, Valencia orange, Wase Satsuma mandarin and Kumquat were grafted on Rangpur lime, Trifoliate orange, Sunki and pummelo rootstocks with a total of twenty-four combinations. Using the grafted nursery trees of those combinations, their congeniality growth rate, morphological features and characteristics of callus formation on the graft union were examined. Resuts are made as follows:
1. Rangpur lime rootstock: Nursery trees which grafted on this rootstock showed great vigor, rapid growth rate and speedy increase in the plant height, shoot and root weight as well as in the total leaf area of each tree. However, owing to its highly ability oi tissue regeneration and the rapid division of cells on the wound areas, callus was quickly formed by the rootstock's tissue itself on the graft union and, therefore, the plant has poor vascular connection between rootstock and the scion. It was found that the rootstock is only fairly
congenial to kumquat and less congenial to other citrus varieties tested.
2. Trifoliate orange rootstock: Trifoliate orange was considered not highly adaptable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan where the winter temperature remains high. Citrus nursery trees grafted on this kind of rootstock grew very slowly and had poor callus formation on the graft union. What is worse, the tissues of rootstock easily die back downward from the cut surface made in grafting, and hence causing very loose connection between the scion and the rootstock on the graft union. No wonder that breakage occurs easily on the union when tension forms by typhoon or other mechanical pressure. It is found that trifoliate orange can only be used as a rootstock
for Wase satsuma mandarin in the absence of a more desirable rootstock.
3. Sunki rootstock: Sunki has been extensively used as a rootstock for many citrus varieties for decades in Taiwan. It is found highly congenial to almost all scion varieties tested. There is a well formed graft union on the grafted tree. The growth rates of both scion and rootstock seem identical, and the vascular connection between them is also good. The only exception is that when it is grafted to the Wase Satsuma mandarin, the central part of the graft union has a loose connection and a gap, and hence they are considered less congenial.
4. Pummelo rootstock: Pummelo seedlings grow vigorously in the field. But when they are grafted to the above-listed scion varieties, the trees do not grow normally owing to the difference between each other's tissue. Therefore, it is considered that pummelo is not congenial to these scion varieties and cannot be used as a rootstock
Studies on the Phoma Stem Blight of Asparagus in Taiwan (Ⅰ) Varietal Susceptibility and Disease Incidence
No full text美麗華盛頓為莖枯病感受性品種， 加州500 次之， UC72 更次之， 而以UC66之感受性最低。美麗華盛頓之莖枯病8月間罹病度90.4%發病最厲， 9 月間80.4%次之，而冬季12月至3月間之發病率最低，又春季為本病越年潛伏病菌之第一次侵入感染時期，筍芽出土2天至4天內， 即有部份被侵入而感染， 夏季盛發時期， 筍芽出土5天至10天即出現病斑，出土5.2天每株平均病斑數為10個。
The disease attacked the aerial parts of the plant was confined to bud scales and expand gradually toward the upper parts of the scale leaf. The first typical small lesion appeared at 5 to 10 days after the young stems emerged from soil in summer time