Wukari International Studies Journal
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DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS AND OPPOSITION PARTY IN NIGERIA: AN INSIGHT
Get PDFAs a potent opposition to the ruling party, political parties perform one of the most significant functions in a democracy. Though political opposition is essential to the functioning of self-governing institutions and societies, the role of opposition parties in developing democracies like Nigeria has gotten little attention. Based on this, the research aims to investigate Nigeria's opposition party and democratic process. The Theory of Consensus Democracy and Prebendalism Theory serve as the theoretical foundation for this study. The overall weakness of Nigeria's political opposition was revealed through qualitative examination of material that was mostly collected from secondary sources. The study asserted that among other things, fragmentation, violence, desertion, manipulation of election rules, and money politics are to blame for political parties' inability to function as effective platforms for opposition to the ruling party. The study suggests, among other things, that Nigerians and the media oppose increased political chances. Additionally, the supporters of the competing parties must immediately mobilize the voter. This circumstance is an out different from how they have always been marketed as being reachable in developed countries
TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM AND STATE FRAGILITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COUNTERTERRORISM STRATEGIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Get PDFThis comparative study explored the nexus between transnational terrorism and state fragility in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on Nigeria, Somalia, and Mali. The analysis demonstrates that fragile institutions, weak governance, and contested legitimacy remain the critical enablers of terrorism across the region. Despite differing political trajectories, each state’s counterterrorism strategy has struggled to deliver sustainable stability. Nigeria’s militarized approach weakened Boko Haram territorially but failed to dismantle its networks or resolve underlying grievances. Somalia’s reliance on layered international interventions curtailed al-Shabaab’s overt control but left governance vacuums unaddressed. Mali’s dependence on external military operations initially reclaimed territory but collapsed under political instability and limited state consolidation.The findings reaffirm that counterterrorism strategies anchored solely in military suppression are insufficient in fragile contexts. Lasting security requires integrating coercive measures with governance reforms, socio-economic inclusion, and legitimacy-building. Regional and international support can provide essential resources, but without locally grounded reforms, external interventions risk reinforcing fragility and diffusing violence across borders.By applying an integrative framework combining state capacity theory, human security approaches, and diffusion models, the study highlights both convergent regional patterns and divergent national experiences. It contributes to scholarship by linking theories of fragility with empirical insights and by challenging the discourse of “ungoverned spaces” in African security studies. For policymakers, the implication is clear: defeating terrorism demands not only tactical battlefield success but also rebuilding trust, institutions, and inclusive governance that can undercut the structural vulnerabilities exploited by transnational armed groups
MIGRATION IN WEST AFRICA: AN ANALYSIS OF PULL AND PUSH FACTORS
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that influence net migration in West Africa. Panel data on variables like net migration, wage rate, and unemployment in four selected West African countries (Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leonne and Senegal), spanning a period of twenty-five years (1997-2021) were collected from secondary sources like the World Bank, and analyzed using the fixed effects model with cluster- robust standard errors. The results of the study revealed that GDP per capita has a negative but non-significant effect on net migration (p > 0.05). Wage rate has a positive but non-significant effect on net migration (p > 0.05). The effect of unemployment on net migration is negative and statistically significant (p < 0.05). The study recommends that the government and policy makers should create more jobs and also increase wages in other to discourage emigration and to attract human capital into the affected countries, thereby increasing net migration. The work is original because unlike most studies that were country-specific, this study made use of panel data collected on four African countries (Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra-Leone and Senegal). The study also employed the fixed effects model with cluster robust standard errors
DISEASES OF NATURAL RUBBER (HEAVEA BRASILENSIS) INDUCED BY THE CLIMATIC ELEMENTS OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE IN IKPOBA-OKHA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFThis paper examined the diseases of natural rubber (Heaveabrasilensis) induced by the climatic elements of rainfall and temperature in Ikpoba-Okha Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. The paper identified the varieties of natural rubber cultivated in the study area, the diseases of natural rubber induced by the climatic elements of rainfall and temperature in the study area, the level of awareness of natural rubber farmers on the impact of the climatic elements on natural rubber production in the study area and the problems induced by the climatic elements of rainfall and temperature on natural rubber production in the study area. To achieve these objectives, the researcher used both primary and secondary research methods to collect the data used for the study. In the study area, a total of five hundred and fifteen (515) structured questionnaires representing 0.1% of the projected population for 2023, which is, 515,042 were administered directly by the researcher to the respondents in the study area. The secondary data used were obtained from National Population Commission (NPC), Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR).The data obtained were analysed using tables, percentages and degrees. The results showed the varieties of natural rubber cultivated in the study area. The study also reveals the diseases of natural rubber induced by the climatic elements of rainfall and temperature in the study area. The problems associated with the diseases were also revealed. The following recommendations are made: effective disease management strategies, monitoring of climatic conditions, incorporating resistant natural rubber clones and improving cultural practices, sustainable practices to manage diseases, governments’ intervention to encouragenatural rubber farmers annually. This paper is therefore concluded by advising the governments at all levels to implement the recommendations made by the researcher
THE IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON STAPLE CROPS PRODUCTION IN EKPOMA, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFThis paper examined the implications of climate change on staple crops production in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The paper identified the causes of climate change,the staple crop cultivated, the major evidence of climate change having implications on staple crops production, the implications of climate change on staple crops production, and the several adaptation strategies that have been proposed and implemented to mitigate its implications on staple crops production. To achieve these objectives, the researcher used both primary and secondary research methods to collect the data used for the study. Four hundred (400) staple crop farmers which represent two-point five percent (2.5%) of the staple crops farmers’ population in the study area were considered. Consequent upon the above, four hundred questionnaires were administered across the study area.The data obtained were analysed using tables, graphs and, percentages. The results reveal the causes of climate change in Ekpoma, the staple crops produced in Ekpoma at present, the major evidence of climate change having implications on staple crops production in Ekpoma, the implications of climate change on staple crops production in Ekpoma, Nigeriaand the adaptation strategies that have been used to mitigate its implications on staple crops production.Arising from the above findings, the following recommendations are made which include: effective and regular training and retraining of staple crops farmers on the knowledge of climate change, climate change related- hazards, the place of staple crops in Ekpoma, climatic conditions should be monitored to help predict potential climate change related hazards and how to circumvent them, practicing climate-smart agriculture which includes incorporating climate-hazard resistant crops and improving cultural practices, sustainable practices to manage diseases without harming the environment. governments at all levelsshould as a matter of urgency promulgate laws on the granting of soft loans, climate change related-hazards and diseases resistant species of staple crops and other inputs to staple crops farmers annually to encourage them.This paper is therefore concluded by advising the governments at all levels to effect the recommendations made by the researcher
HISTORY AND CULTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ADARA AND ZURU IN KADUNA AND KEBBI STATES FROM THE EARLIEST TIME TO 2018
Get PDFThe Adara and Zuru in Kaduna and Kebbi States respectively shared many similarities in their historical trajectory. The historical interconnectedness of these two distinct but historically resembled polities has raised many thoughts in minds as to whether the adara and Zuru were in anyway linked at one point or the other in their historical journey. This work therefore interrogates the fundamental factors that brought these similarities since the earliest time to 2018. In doing the aforementioned, the work will examine the intergroup relations of the diverse but culturally resembled polities of the Adara and Zuru within the context of their origin, nature of their socio-political and cultural links. It will unravel the possible historical melting point of the two nationalities. The work s will use primary (archival records, gazettes, memoirs and oral accounts) and secondary sources (textbooks, newspapers, magazines, articles in journals, online materials, thesis, and dissertations) for data collection, analysis and interpretation. The research will use multiple-group design technique which is expected to conduct many oral interviews across each site of these groups. The composition of the informants will largely be elders from ages fifty and above cutting across both sex (male and female). Since the polities have so much in common in their cultural history, facts from both primary and secondary data that exhibits any form of similarity shall be cross examine and objectively interpreted. At the end, the expected result shall provide the following; trace the origin, migration and settlement pattern of the Adara and Zuru polities, account for the similarities in the nature of the Adara and Zuru socio-political and cultural activities, and examine the possible point of inter-group contact and departure between the Adara and the Zuru
FROM COLD WAR DYNAMICS TO CONTEMPORARY COMPLEXITIES: UNRAVELING THE GEO-POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF AMERICA AND RUSSIA RELATIONS
Get PDFThis paper investigates the multifaceted nature of U.S.-Russia relations, spanning from the Cold War era to contemporary time. Through an analysis of historical legacies and critical insights, the study explores the enduring influence of Cold War dynamics on bilateral relations and the complexities of strategic competition amidst mutual distrust between Russia and the United States of America. Key historical events, such as the Cuban Missile Crisis and NATO expansion, are examined to elucidate their continued impact on contemporary policies and attitudes. Guided by the realist theory, the study adopted a descriptive and analytical research design. While utilizing data collected largely from secondary sources, the research delves into contemporary challenges including cybersecurity threats, economic interdependencies, and proxy conflicts, underscoring the intricacies of navigating U.S.-Russia relationship in the 21st century. The study concludes that while Cold War legacies present significant challenges to U.S.-Russia relations, there is room for constructive engagement and cooperation. Both countries possess agency and the capacity to transcend historical grievances through dialogue, diplomacy, and mutual understanding. It is recommended that policymakers prioritize diplomacy and strategic communication in addressing mutual grievances and fostering greater cooperation between the two countries
BRITISH AND NIGERIA’S UNDERDEVELOPMENT: REVISIT ANALYSIS
Get PDFThis paper examines the concept of imperialism which has been implicated in the underdevelopment of Nigeria like other African Countries where it had been at work While they had long operated in Nigeria, new Imperialism that relates to colonialism is said to be responsible for generating and perpetuating underdevelopment and dependency in Nigeria. The paper employed narrative and quantitative analytical historical methods, using mostly secondary sources in the study which reveals that indeed imperialism at colonialism using different methods to exploit Hunan and material resources of Nigeria leading to its underdevelopment. The paper in Conclusion maintains that imperialism nay colonialism occasioned the underdevelopment of Nigeria and recommends the Strengthening of the country’s productive capacity as to fast track her development
POVERTY AND NATIONAL SECURITY: AN OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC
Get PDFNigeria is now facing significant internal security difficulties, such as the Niger Delta militancy in the South-South geopolitical zone that includes Bayelsa and Rivers, and the Boko Haram insurgency in the northeastern regions of Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa. Conflicts between farmers and Fulani herders, kidnappings, ethno-religious conflicts, political assassinations, and other incidents pose hazards nationwide. Amidst these perilous circumstances, there is an astounding quantity of individuals experiencing impoverishment, particularly inside the adolescent demographic. It is impossible to overstate the significance of poverty and all of its associated tendencies, dimensions, and points of view when considering national security. Thus, this essay examined the mutually beneficial link that exists in Nigeria between poverty and national security. According to the study, poverty is fundamentally a complex phenomenon caused by ineffective leadership and administration, a reliant and unproductive economy, and a lackluster use of Nigeria's own indigenous technologies. This paper, which employed the secondary method of data collection and analysis, posited that Nigeria's developmental processes which could have resulted in the eradication of poverty and the ensuing implications for national security were unpredictably and rapidly derailed, restricting the contested spaces and opportunities for growth in Nigeria's national security. Poverty and weaknesses in national security evolved to the point that the impoverished people took up weapons against the government as a manner of expressing their dissatisfaction, which has taken many forms, including the insurgencies by Boko Haram and the Niger Delta. The paper recommends among others for transformational leadership as a framework for a better Nigeria based on the trends and events previously mentioned about poverty and national security in Nigeria
NAVIGATING VIOLENCE AND GENDER EQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN POLITICAL CONTEXT
Get PDFViolence and gender equality continue to be pressing concerns in contemporary Nigerian politics, posing significant challenges to the democratic process and the inclusion of marginalized groups, particularly women. In Nigeria, political campaigns and elections are often marred by violence, intimidation, and corruption, eroding the credibility of the democratic process and hindering the full participation of citizens. Women, in particular, face unique challenges in navigating the political landscape, with gender-based violence and discrimination creating barriers to their political participation and leadership. The patriarchal power structures that dominate Nigerian politics further marginalize women, making it difficult for them to access political positions and contribute effectively to decision-making processes. Efforts to address these challenges have been made, including the passage of laws and policies aimed at promoting gender equality and increasing women's representation in politics. However, implementation and enforcement remain major obstacles, as entrenched cultural norms and lack of political will limit the effectiveness of these measures. Additionally, the intersectionality of violence and gender equality with other social issues, such as poverty and lack of access to education, exacerbates the challenges faced by women in Nigerian politics. This study provides a detailed analysis of the issues of violence and gender equality in Nigerian politics in the 21st century, through a historical analysis, this paper will explore the root causes, manifestations, and potential solutions to address these challenges