Wukari International Studies Journal
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THE STATE LEGISLATURE AND DEMOCRATIC DIVIDENDS FOR RURAL AREAS: A STUDY OF JIGAWA STATE, 2015-2023
Full text linkThis study appraised the role of the State Legislature in the delivery of dividends of democracy to rural areas in Jigawa State, Nigeria; the study sought to assess the extent to which the State Legislature has effectively translated the principles of democracy into tangible benefits for rural communities to have access to basic services, infrastructure development, and socio - economic well-being; Data was generated through both primary and secondary sources, the research utilized the qualitative and quantitative technique while explanatory and expository approach was used in the analysis of data. The findings revealed that Jigawa State legislature has made strides in the delivery of dividends of democracy to rural areas through efforts to promote economic empowerment in rural areas through initiatives such as agricultural support programs, small business development, and empowerment. The research contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of democracy and development and highlights the importance of effective legislative representation in ensuring that rural communities benefit from the dividends of democracy. The study recommends that for Jigawa State Legislature to succeed in delivering dividends of democracy to the people living in the rural areas, it must improve the allocation of resources towards rural development, strengthen legislative oversight functions by fostering community engagement, promote transparency and accountability in legislative processes in order to ensure meaningful development to the people living in the rural areas
THE ROLE OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) IN PROMOTING FREE TRADE AND REDUCING PROTECTIONISM
Full text linkThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is dedicated to promoting free trade and mitigating protectionist measures through negotiated agreements, transparent practices, and a structured dispute resolution system. This study evaluates the WTO's effectiveness in these domains, particularly examining how its trade policies and enforcement strategies have contributed to the reduction of trade barriers. The study utilizes theories of absolute and comparative advantages as its framework of study. The research methodology involves analyzing secondary data derived from relevant qualitative articles and policy documents. The results indicate a significant decrease in tariffs and an increase in the resolution of disputes since the establishment of the WTO. However, challenges remain due to the emergence of regional trade agreements and the complexities associated with digital commerce. The study finds that, the WTO has contributed in enhancing global trade, however, there is need for the organization to adapt its policies to address contemporary economic challenges to maintain its relevance. While this study uses theories of absolute and comparative advantages to analyze how WTO promote free trade and reduce protectionism, previous researches investigate the WTO from the economic and institutional performance
NATURAL RESOURCES AND INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS IN WEST AFRICA AFTER THE COLD WAR
Full text linkAfrica was a theatre of conflicts at the end of the Cold War and West Africa was the epicentre of destructive intra-state conflicts. The massive humanitarian catastrophe and the destabilising effect of civil wars necessitated inquiries on the causes of persistent civil wars in the developing world. Among the several studies of the phenomenon in Africa, the findings of Collier and Hoffler (2000) emerged as the most influential explanation. In their seminal study, Collier and Hoffler (2000) argued that it is greed for resources and not grievances that are the cause of conflicts in resource endowed countries in the developing world. In recent decades, the correlation between resource wealth and wars has held sway as the dominant perspective on the prevalence of conflicts in developing countries. Conflicts in Africa and the West Africa sub-region were explained through this paradigm. This paper is a contribution to the extant knowledge on the nexus between natural resources and conflicts in resource-rich countries in West Africa. Data was sourced from secondary materials: internet sources, textbooks, magazines and newspapers. The paper found that though natural resources were not the primary cause of conflicts in West Africa, these resources were however responsible for fueling and sustaining conflicts in the sub-region. Redesigning the security architecture of states to improve policing; addressing environmental and resource allocation grievances; address citizenship crisis of nomadic herders; implement unbiased policies in the settlement of herder-farmer tensions and the establishment of state-level institutional framework to facilitate peaceful settlement of herder-farmer disputes were recommended as solutions to conflicts in West Africa
THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE IN BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
Full text linkNigeria is experiencing one of the longest-standing humanitarian crises, worsened by the rise of extremist groups like Boko Haram, armed banditry, changes in climate, poverty, and lack of development infrastructure. In Borno State, the devastating nature of humanitarian crises created the need for humanitarian interventions. Different international organisations have keyed in to render their assistance. One of the organizations providing humanitarian assistance to Borno State is the United States Agency for International Development. Although literature on humanitarian assistance in Borno State abounds, but role of USAID has not been adequately studied. It is against this backdrop that this paper investigates the role of USAID as an International governmental organization in humanitarian intervention in Borno state, Nigeria. This paper utilized qualitative method of data collection based on analysis of interview responses. Secondary source was also used in sourcing for data through a qualitative approach and conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, including USAID staff, partners, beneficiaries, local authorities, and other humanitarian actors. It analysed the data using thematic analysis. The study has shown that in the face of the prevalence of humanitarian crises, USAID assistance has been very effective. The paper however recommends that USAID should continue to prioritize its engagement in Borno State and if possible, extend it to some other parts of Nigeria
GENDER EQUALITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY
Full text linkGender equality is widely acknowledged as a key driver of economic growth and social advancement. However, in Nigeria, severe gender inequities exist, limiting women's access to school, healthcare, economic opportunities, and political representation. These disparities jeopardize human rights and limit the country's capacity for long-term growth. Civil society groups (CSOs) have emerged as critical players in tackling these issues, pushing for gender parity, empowering women, and holding legislators responsible for enacting inclusive policies. This study investigates the role of civil society in promoting gender equality and economic development in Nigeria. It examines the techniques used by CSOs, assesses their impact on policy reforms and public attitudes, and analyzes the hurdles to accomplishing their goals. This study emphasized the literature rather than the major concerned respondents that have been the focus of previous researchers. Using a systematic literature review, the research synthesizes existing studies on gender equality, economic development, and the contributions of CSOs to identifying gaps based on various authors' submissions on gender parity, trends, and best practices. The findings emphasize the necessity of collaboration among the government, civil society, and other stakeholders in building a more equal and prosperous Nigeria
PORT SECURITY COMPLIANCE: SAFEGUARDING NIGERIA’S CRITICAL MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE
Full text linkThis paper explores the significance of port security as a crucial factor for Nigeria’s national and economic stability. Given Nigeria's strategic maritime position along the Gulf of Guinea and the vital role its ports play in facilitating trade and the oil and gas sector, securing these facilities is essential for safeguarding economic interests and national security. The discussion delves into the multifaceted threats and challenges facing Nigeria’s port security, including piracy, smuggling, infrastructural limitations, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and corruption. Nigeria's existing legal and regulatory framework, which aligns with international standards like the ISPS Code, sets the foundation for port security but faces gaps in implementation and enforcement. Through the lens of systems theory, the article analyzes how interconnected elements—such as infrastructure, stakeholder collaboration, technology, and regulatory measures—are integral to achieving robust port security. Recommendations for strengthening Nigeria’s port security are provided, including enhancing inter-agency collaboration, investing in modern infrastructure, combating corruption, adopting advanced technology, and improving legal frameworks. By addressing these areas, Nigeria can fortify its maritime security, foster economic resilience, and maintain its position as a regional maritime hub
THE USE OF PHOTOBOOKS TO DISSEMINATE AND GENERATE MORE AWARENESS ON RABIES AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC
Full text linkThe paper examines how Photographs in the Photobook are used to disseminate information and generate awareness about rabies among the general public. A studio-based paper investigating how images could be utilised to educate the public on the danger of rabies through a photobook. The materials for data collection were a professional camera, phone, and questionnaire. The finding revealed that photographs play a pertinent role in overcoming language and verbal barriers, thus, photography is crucial in answering live’ challenges, the best means for conveying messages
IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT ON STOCK MARKET PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH AFRICAN LISTED ENERGY FIRMS
Full text linkThe global transition to sustainable energy is reshaping corporate investment strategies and investor behavior, especially in emerging markets like South Africa. As environmental accountability gains momentum, energy firms are increasingly investing in renewable energy assets. This study investigates the impact of renewable energy investment measured by capital expenditure on renewables, government subsidies, and carbon emission reductions on the stock performance of South African energy firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). A quantitative longitudinal design is employed, covering firm-level data from 2010 to 2023. The dependent variable, stock performance, is measured using annual stock return, while independent variables include renewable energy capital expenditure, government green subsidies, and CO₂ emission reductions (measured via emissions intensity metrics). Data are obtained from annual financial reports, sustainability disclosures, and Bloomberg ESG databases. Analytical procedures are conducted using Stata 17, including descriptive statistics, a correlation matrix, and OLS regression to estimate the relationship between renewable energy investment and stock returns. Diagnostic tests are performed to confirm the robustness of the model, including normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity assessments. Preliminary results indicate a positive and significant relationship between renewable energy investments and stock performance, particularly for firms receiving higher government subsidies and reporting substantial emission reductions. Capital allocation toward green assets appears to enhance investor confidence and firm valuation. The study concludes that renewable energy initiatives can be a strategic asset for shareholder value creation. It recommends that firms intensify their low-carbon investment strategies and leverage policy incentives to enhance both environmental and financial performance
THEORETICAL REVIEW OF TAXATION ISSUES: IMPACT ON COMPANIES’ PERFORMANCE
Full text linkTaxation is an instrument employed by the government to generate public funds. It is a required payment imposed by the government on the income, profit or wealth of individuals, “groups of persons, and corporate organizations. This paper offers a review on taxation, with reference on theoretical propositions. In Nigeria today, a certainty characteristic implies that the collection of taxes from taxpayers is assured. Tax collection is not affected by the state of the economy, whether the economy is declining, stagnant or growing. Its flexibility makes it possible for the government to adjust the tax system to suit her desired purpose. In Nigeria, corporate taxes levied include company income tax, tertiary education tax, information technology levy, Nigerian police trust fund levy among others. The paper offers brief literature, presents the theoretical postulations on taxation, as well as issues on taxation in Nigeria
NO GREE FOR ANYBODY: A MULTIMODAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS APPROACH
Full text linkThe coinage of new words, phrases, and clauses into language can influence societal harmony or disharmony and, by extension, affect various aspects of life. The use of neologisms depends largely on their contextual appropriateness. In many societies, such expressions are consciously or unconsciously adopted into daily interactions, gaining both relevance and resonance. A notable example is No gree for anybody, which emerged in Nigeria’s linguistic landscape in January 2024. Though its origin remains unclear, as is often the case with many neologisms, the phrase has rapidly become a mantra with significant influence across both formal and informal settings. Its inherent ambiguity, however, opens it to varied interpretations, particularly among the youth, and may foster misunderstanding or conflict if misapplied. This study explores how the coinage can be interpreted in ways that promote peaceful coexistence and civic awareness. A qualitative method was employed, with five online images displaying the mantra randomly selected from the internet. The analysis drew on Tannen’s Conversational Style Theory alongside content analysis. Findings indicate that when interpreted negatively, No gree for anybody has the potential to undermine societal cohesion by encouraging defiance and disregard for dialogue. Even so, rather than discarding the phrase entirely, the study suggests that emphasis should be placed on understanding its underlying intent. By doing so, individuals are better positioned to make informed decisions on whether to adopt or reject the expression. This research contributes to discourse analysis by showing how linguistic trends shape communication and social interaction, especially in multilingual and multicultural societies