Wukari International Studies Journal
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AN EXAMINATION OF CONJUGATIONAL SUFFIXES OF PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN FULFULDE
Get PDFPassive voice is associated with the arrangement of a verb used when the subject is affected by the action of the verb involving a specific construction in different languages (see Tomori (1999), Hornby (2010) and O’Grady, Archibald and Katamba (2011). According to Khumalo, (2007) passivization is generally, the promotion to grammatical subject of an object NP. That is, passivization tropicalizes the patient which becomes the new grammatical subject. This implies that passive construction is obtained by the attaching a verbal extension morpheme (suffixes) which because its effect on the sentence structure is called passive Doke (1943); Guthrie (1967); Meeussen (1967) and Schadeberg (2003) since it turns the patient of the active sentence into a grammatical subject. In Fulfulde, it is described as a grammatical construction in which the subject of a clause or sentence becomes the thing that is acted upon Breeveld, (1995) In other words the verb form changes so that the thing that is acted upon comes first, while the acting agent comes second or doesn’t appear at all McIntosh (1984). Based on the descriptions mentioned above, Fulfulde scholars are of the view that all the conjugational suffixes n Fulfulde have different forms when they combine with active voice verbs, with middle voice verbs or with passive voice verbs. The present study aims at describing and analyzing conjugational suffixes of Fulfulde passivized verbs as are obtainable in Magama-Gumau in Toro LGA of Bauchi state. The data for the study are gathered through the ethnographic method where unstructured interviews and observations were used. The objectives of the study are to identify conjugational suffixes used in passivization, their forms and syntactic usage. To achieve this, the study is guided by the transformational generative grammar (TGG) as propounded by Chomsky (1957) and expanded by Tomori (1999); Syal and Jindal (2013); Prasad (2014); and Abgedo (2015). The findings of the study revealed that conjugational suffixes for passivized verb were identified as belonging to five (5) different groups. Base on this, the study discovered -ake, -aaki/kim, -oto and -ataako for affirmative and negative absolute/thoroughness of passive verbs in this category. The investigation established -aama, -a-noo-ma,-naama, -aa, -a, for completive positive and negative. The research also uncovered -etee-ndi, etee-gol, -ataake, -eteende and suffixes for incompletive positive/negative polarity. Additionally, the investigation exposed -ee, -ataake, -etee-nde, -ataako, and -eego/eeki as suffixes for progressive/continuous. Finally, the study identified -etee-ngu, -eema, and -etee as suffixes for vague and habitual suffixes
RESIDENTS’ COMPLIANCE WITH BUILDING SETBACKS IN IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFHousing standards violation in cities of Nigeria is worrisome particularly in urban centers where activities of planning authority should be effective. The nexus between the socioeconomic characteristics of residents and the desire to violate the standards despite their inherent benefits is yet to be unraveled. This study, therefore, examines the residents’ compliance with housing setback standards in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State. The cross sectional research design was used. Both primary and secondary information were sourced. A total of 327 copies of pretested questionnaire were administered to residents of Ibadan North Local Government Area, especially building owners in three randomly selected communities representing high, medium and low residential densities. Issues that were investigated include, the extent of compliance to the building setback and the rate of conversion of the setbacks to other uses. Findings revealed that majority of residents who complied with setbacks standard were males (55.6%), Yoruba (84.9%) and graduates (62.5%). The sum of 30.3% and 34.9%, respectively, complied to the rear and front view setbacks of their buildings. More than half of the residents (50.8%) did not comply with 30meters setback between septic soak away and well/borehole location. The majority of the setbacks that were converted to other uses in low residential areas was used for security post (81.6%) while the largest proportion (35.4%) in medium and high-density areas (15.7%) were used for shop construction. Among all socioeconomic variables considered, the contribution of education (χ2=19.650) to the residents’ level of compliance with building setback was the highest. There was no association between income (r=-0.273) and the level of compliance with setback standards in the study area. Therefore, the study suggests community-based public enlightenment on the benefits of adherence to housing standards by the planning authority while the authority should be equipped for effective monitoring and development control
DECOLONIZING ISLAMIC STUDIES: A VIEW FROM THE SALAFIS SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
Get PDFThis essay argues for a critical re-evaluation of Islamic studies, challenging the Eurocentric and Arab-centric biases that have historically shaped the field. We propose a de-colonial approach that dismantles assumptions of Arab supremacy and promotes a more inclusive understanding of Islam. Through the lens of the Salafi school of thought, a historically and geographically diverse movement within Islam, we examine the relationship between Islamic faith and Arab identity. Through the lens of critical thinking, we explore how the Salafi school both reinforces and critiques notions of Arab centrality in Islam. Furthermore, we examine potential tensions between Salafi interpretations and human autonomy and rights. Ultimately, we argue that decolonizing Islamic studies necessitates diverse perspectives, fostering a more humane, creative, and productive understanding of this global religion with over 1.8 billion adherents worldwide
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE AND CONSUMPTION IN NIGERIA (1990-2022): AN ARDL APPROACH
Get PDFThis study intends to examines the dynamic relationship between government expenditure and consumption in Nigeria over the period from 1990 to 2022. This is due to the fact that Nigeria, as one of the largest economies in Africa, has experienced significant fluctuations in government expenditure and consumption patterns over the years. The aim of this research however is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role played by government expenditure in influencing household and private sector consumption behavior. On this note the study employs a combination of quantitative methods, including time series data analysis and econometric modeling via an Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model(ARDL) approach to investigate the impact of government expenditure on consumption in Nigeria. The ARDL analysis test approach revealed that the null hypothesis of no significant impact of government expenditures on consumption in Nigeria is rejected at 5% level of significance. Rather, the result of the test hypothesis however showed that government expenditures have positive significant impact on consumption expenditures in Nigeria during the period under review (t-test > 2). Also, the result from the ARDL approach revealed that government expenditure has significant negative impact on consumption spending. GNI and CPI were positives and significant, while INFR and INTR were positive yet insignificant. The results of this study suggest that government consumption spending is a substitute for private consumption and concluded that Government expenditure is inarguably a prominent fiscal tool for a sustainable economic growth
Globalization, Security and Governance Challenges in Nigeria
Get PDFThe study focused on the nature of the challenges and opportunities the process of globalization imposes on the development of the security sector of the Nigerian state. Security challenges such as insurgency and political agitations relying on terrorism were studied in the context of a globalized world. The Instrumental Theory of Insecurity was adopted as the theoretical framework guiding the study. Secondary sources of data were used relying on content analyses and the literary critical method for analyses of the data. The study found that residual authoritarian constructs still pervade Nigerian society and as such the peaceful processing of conflicts have not been adequately prioritized as policy across the country. It also found that the inability of the Nigerian state to deliver on material development aspirations of citizens exposes the country to global terrorist actors who highjack the difficulties of governance to pursue their own ends. This study contributes to knowledge in a number of ways, including by attempting to pinpoint the prominent role that violent non-state actors in play on the global stage in subverting the governments by reenacting the narratives surrounding violent extremism with ethnic and religious overtones in an effort d to benefit economically and politically from the outcomes. That is a defining attribute of terrorist organizations that are active in Nigeria with their international links. The study also shows that the international system has been successful in establishing substitute routes for supply chains and communication that circumvent the legal exchange route for the transfer of illegal goods and money between nations, compromising the ability of those nations to survive. The study therefore recommended that Nigeria need to be at the forefront of promoting the establishment of a strong economic bloc among African nations with the goal of curbing the explosive trend of globalization toward the proliferation of weapons and other types of transnational crimes. Also, Nigerian state should prioritize good and inclusive government to reorient citizen loyalties, mechanisms oriented towards the peaceful processing of conflicts and seriously engage in delivering on economic development for its citizens through adopting modern economic practices and enforcing global best practice protocols for public institutions within the state. 
A PERISCOPE INTO THE PSYCHO-SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED BY FAMILIES OF PERSONS WITH MENTAL DISORDERS IN KADUNA STATE
Get PDFMental health is important at every stage of life, ranging from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. It is as important as physical health to daily living -- a relative state of mind in which a person who is healthy is able to cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of everyday living. This study adopted mixed methods, where other related studies adopted one method, utilizing both in-depth interviews and questionnaires, which comprised of a total of four hundred (400) caregivers who have consistently accompanied their mentally ill patients to the hospital in the last six months. The data revealed families of people with mental disorders face a variety of challenges, including: psychological, emotional, financial, and social challenges. Family members often experience disturbing thoughts, emotional disturbance, communication problems, and worry about the future. They may also experience depression, anxiety, sadness, guilt, and sometimes shame. Equally, in the social front, the caregivers experience discrimination, stigma and lack of social support from relatives, the community and the government, thereby leading to increased social distance. Economic challenges are also a problem as the families experience financial constraints emanating from costs for patient care and transportation, and shortages of medicine. Most of them struggle with poverty and interference with income generating activities. In order to address the psycho-social challenges of families caring for their relatives suffering from mental illness in Kaduna state, this research recommends, that families of patients with mental disorders should have better access to financial assistance and psychological support. The federal government in collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) could provide funding to ease the financial burden and mental health services for caregivers. There is also the need for improved mental health education. This study tend to cover the gap where much has not been done in the northern region concerning care for mental health patients and specifically no single published research on the challenges of caring for mental health patients in the study area
EVALUATING DEBT BURDEN AND REVENUE LEAKAGES ON HUMAN DEVELOMENT IN NIGERIA
Get PDFThis study focused on external debt and human capital development in Nigeria. It sought to assess the significance of external debt, and to suggest measures that could enhance its effectiveness and human capital development in Nigeria. To achieve the objective of the research, some external debt and human development capital indicators, using the ex-post facto research design was applied. The data were collated, analyzed and tested using the descriptive statistics and the autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) data analysis techniques. From the analysis, external debt service payment and external debt burden both non-significantly, but adversely affect human development index in the Nigerian economy. Based on the findings, the study recommended that external debt finance should be channeled to only projects with the highest priority. In doing so, defining the purpose, duration, moratorium requirements and commitments, negotiation fees, etc, including the conditions under which the government can approve and guarantee external loans. Also, one superior method of negotiation should be maintained by the government for varying amortization and fixed interest payment. Also, multi-year rescheduling should be adopted, rather than the year-by-year approach
PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES (PMSCS) IN GLOBAL CONFLICTS: RETHINKING SOVEREIGNTY AND SECURITY GOVERNANCE
Get PDFPrivate Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) have become central actors in contemporary global conflicts, raising fundamental questions about sovereignty, accountability, and the future of international security governance. This paper critically examines the historical evolution of PMSCs, their expanding role in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Africa, and the implications of their operations for the state monopoly of violence. It argues that PMSCs are not simply technical providers of services but political actors that reshape the normative foundations of sovereignty by commodifying coercion and diffusing authority across state and non-state domains. The study interrogates existing regulatory frameworks, including voluntary initiatives such as the Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct, as well as uneven national and regional mechanisms. It finds that these frameworks remain fragmented, largely unenforceable, and vulnerable to regulatory arbitrage. By assessing the embeddedness of PMSCs in international organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and the African Union, the paper highlights how hybrid security arrangements both enhance operational capacity and undermine legitimacy. The analysis contributes to scholarship by reframing PMSCs as constitutive of global security governance rather than peripheral actors. Policy recommendations stress the need for binding international instruments, enhanced transparency in procurement, and mechanisms that empower affected populations with access to remedies. Future research should focus on comparative analysis of diverse PMSCs, the experiences of local communities, and the normative implications of privatized security for democratic accountability and human rights
EXISTENCE OF WIFE BATTERY AMONG TRADERS IN UGEP COMMUNITY OF YAKURR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFWife battery remains a pressing global challenge, particularly in developing nations like Nigeria. Women, girls, who are affected suffer from mental illness, injuries that need surgical gynecological interventions and are risk for chronic physical and psychological health problems. The study employed a qualitative research design, using a purposive sampling method to select respondents. The study engages 144 participants out of which 62 are males and 82 females. Through semi-structured interviews, participants were divided into two groups; one for in-dept interview (I.D.I) and the other for Focus Group Discussion (F.G.Ds). Two theories were employed to guide the study, which include Frustration Aggression theory and Social Stress theory. Findings reveals that there is need to reform the discriminatory legislations in Nigeria especially as regards the criminal code which makes the indecent assault of a woman a less offence. Religious groups and institutions to embark on programs that will promote awareness and the negative effects of wife battery in the society. Lastly, the findings also have it that societies should begin to re-orientate men and women on the fact that all human beings are equal as the issue of placing more value on the male child than the female child is one of the reasons why this problem still persist in Nigeria
PROVOST’S ADMINISTRATIVE SKILLS AND TEACHER’S JOB SATISFACTION IN SHEHU SHAGARI COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFThis study examined role performance of college Provost’s Administrative Skills on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto State, Nigeria. The study adopts survey research design. The study population consists of 1500 academic and non-academic staff of the college, Kriejie and Morgan (1970) table for determining sample was used to arrive at a sample size of 306 respondents, which were selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. A structured questionnaires based on five Likert scale rating was used to collect data. Descriptive statistic was used to analyze data while corresponding hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result indicates that the college Provost maintains smooth human relations with teachers. The study concluded that college Provost’s, human relation with teachers can be effectively maintained through conducive and enabling working environment with zero tolerance for nepotism and if sustain will result in the attainment of organizational goals and objectives, not only in the college but at all categories of our educational institutions