Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
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A COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF THE TWO Orthoshipon aristatus (BLUME) MIQ. VARIETIES
Get PDFThe use of a plant as an ingredient in traditional medicine requires scientific evidence to determine its properties. Cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus) is one of the widely used traditional medicinal plants in various Asian and European countries. This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostic properties of purple and white varieties of O. aristatus. Aqueous and ethanolic extract of the stem and leaves of purple and white varieties of O. aristatus was prepared and investigated for the presence of active ingredients. The AlCl3 colorimetric method was used for the estimation of flavones and flavonols. The level of flavonoid was reported 13.06 ± 0.13 mg QE / 1g and 6.17 ± 0.049 mg QE / 1g for the leaves and stem extracts of purple varieties respectively while this value was reported 9.76 ± 0.15 mg QE / 1g and 3.79 ± 0.03 mg QE / 1g for the white variety. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the purple variety has a significantly higher amount of flavonoid then the white variety
STABILITY OF THIOAMIDE TYPE OF PIPERINE UNDER ACIDIC AND BASIC CONDITIONS
Get PDFThioamide type of piperine, “thiopiperine” is a derivate of piperine that having high potency against breast cancer cells. This research was intended to evaluate the stability of thiopiperine under highly acidic and basic conditions for 72 h at 60⁰C. This study was conducted by the SHIMADZU® UFLC system integrated with a PDA detector, while the analysis was performed in an isocratic separation mode using column C-18 (COSMOSIL®), 150 mm x 4.6 mm, column particle size: 5 µm. Chromatography condition was set using a mobile phase consisting of 50% aqueous acetonitrile with a flow rate of 1 mL/min, while the detection wavelength was 340 nm. The result showed that thiopiperine undergoes extensive degradation under acidic and basic environments
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FOREST MANGGOSTEEN (Garcinia hombroniana Pierre) FRACTION USING DPPH AND ABTS METHOD
Get PDFThis study was carried out to determine the active antioxidant fraction of Garcinia hombroniana bark extract by the DPPH and ABTS method. Along with this, the study also attempts to identify the class of compounds present in the various extract of G. hombroniana by the active fraction. The bark extract of G. hombroniana was prepared by the multilevel maceration method by using three solvents including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol. Results of study suggested that n-hexane (HSE), ethyl acetate (EASE) and ethanol 96% extract (ESE) have antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 423 ± 16.72 μg/mL, 284.89 ± 2.7μg/mL, and 10.49 ± 0.19 μg/mL in DPPH assay, while these extracts showed IC50 value of 560.92 ± 48.86 μg/mL, 430.18 ± 16.65 μg/mL, and 13.92 ± 0.57 μg/mL respectively in ABTS assay. Further, fractionated using vacuum column chromatography revealed the presence of five fractions viz., A, B, C, D, and E. Among these, fractions D showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 4.83 ± 0.18 μg/mL and 6.82 ± 0.31 μg/mL in DPPH and ABTS assays. Results of the fractioned analysis and qualitative determination showed that the active fraction of G. hombroniana contained flavonoid, triterpenoid, alkaloid, and saponin compounds, and antioxidant activities of these extracts might be due to the presence of these active ingredients
PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES UNDER VARIABLE NITROGEN LEVELS IN THE EASTERN UTTAR PRADESH
Get PDFA field experiment was conducted at the Indo Gangetic plain of Varanasi in 2017 during the rainy season. The study was conducted in a split-plot design with three main plots treatments viz. three rice varieties (V1- BPT-5204, V2- Rajendra Kasturi and V3- HUBR 2-1) and four subplots treatments viz. nitrogen levels (N1- 100, N2- 120, N3- 140 and N4- 160 kg ha-1). Each treatment was replicated three times. The results of the study revealed that the BPT-5204 variety had significantly higher growth attributes as compared to the other two varieties, including plant height (104.92 cm), leaf area index (5.26), tiller hill-1 (8.25), and dry matter production (46.59 g hill-1), similarly yield and yield parameters were highest in BPT- 5204 rice variety viz. the number of panicles m-2 (352.50), grains panicle-1 (177.08), panicles weight (3.51g), panicle length (23.67 cm), grain yield (50.73q ha-1), biological yield (112.90 q ha-1) and harvest index (0.45) but HUBR 2-1 variety gave significantly higher straw yields (62.17q ha-1) and test weight (20.91 g). For the subplots treatments, nitrogen (N) level 160 kg ha-1 gave the significantly highest growth parameters, yield and yield parameters
STUDY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, PRODUCTION, AND RETURN OF VIETNAMESE KOI (Anabas testudineus) FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC UPLIFTMENT OF RURAL YOUTH IN MANIPUR, INDIA
Get PDFThe climbing perch fish Anabas testudineus, locally known as Ukabi, is one of the important freshwater small indigenous fish of Manipur. It is very popular in the state for its delicious taste and flavor. A study was carried out in nine experimental ponds (each size 0.25 ha) to assess survival rate, specific growth rate, absolute growth, production, and benefit-cost ratio of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) for four months period during the year 2020. The experiment consists of three treatments T1 (P1& P2- stocking density with 80000 nos. fry/ha), T2 (P3 & P4 stocking density with 100000 nos. fry/ha), and T3 (P5 & P6 stocking density with 120000 nos. fry/ha). Water quality parameters of the test ponds were within the normal range for fish culture. As compared to T2 and T3, T1 was significantly higher in the specific growth rate (5.021±0.001%), absolute growth (113.25±0.18 g), production (1709.4±1.97 kg/0.25 ha), and benefit-cost ratio (3.28±0.19). Therefore, the present study was very important for the proper stocking density of its culture in the Manipur and NE region. It will help in the commercialization of its technique in maximization of production and income for the socio-economic upliftment of rural youth in the state
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO2 ON BIOEFFICACY OF BUPROFEZIN INSECTICIDE AGAINST BROWN PLANT HOPPER, Nilaparvata lugens (STÅL)
Get PDFThe effect of elevated CO2 (570±25ppm) on the brown plant hopper (BPH) population, rice yield parameters, and efficacy of buprofezin (0.05%) in terms of spray volume was studied in an open top chamber (OTCs) during rainy season 2017 and 2018. The pest population was observed to be higher during 2017 compared to the rainy season of 2018. Under elevated CO2, rice plants had more vegetative tillers (18%) and reproductive tillers (22.1%), but there was a decrease in 1000-seed weight (11.2%), seed number per panicle (3.91%), and grain yield (18.8%) in comparison to ambient CO2 grown rice plants. The spray volumes of 700, 600, 500, and 400 l/ha each caused higher BPH mortality under ambient CO2 compared to elevated CO2. A spray volume of 500 l/ha did not prove as effective under elevated CO2 as under ambient CO2. Lower efficacy of spray volume of 500 l/ha under elevated CO2 could be ascribed to higher canopy size under elevated CO2 due to higher tillering. Increased crop canopy size under elevated CO2 may thus require higher spray volume to ensure proper coverage. Results of the study suggested a need to revise spray volume recommendations to facilitate effective management of BPH under climate change
IN VITRO RESPONSE BY Terminalia arjuna GENOTYPES DURING MICROPROPAGATION
Get PDFTerminalia arjuna is an important tree of the medicinal and sericulture industry, commonly known as Arjun. It’s bark is rich in secondary metabolites makes this plant highly valuable in medicine industry to treat cardiovascular disease. Overexploitation due to high demand in medicine, low seed germination, limitations of the conventional method of propagation push this plant towards being endangered. To conserve germplasm of such tree species and meet the requirement in medicinal industry, some non-conventional propagation method like micropropagation has been developed. The present work highlighted the effect of three genotypes (G-1, G-2, and G-3) on tissue culture of T. arjuna situated at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. In vitro shoot proliferation was achieved on a modified MS medium enriched with BAP + additives. Among the tested genotypes, Genotype -1 showed maximum bud break response (100%) followed by G-3 (93.33 %) and G-2 (86.66%). Further multiplication of these shoots on modified MS medium containing BAP + NAA + additives gave 11.38±0.26 (G-1), 9.44±0.21 (G-2) and 10.22±0.32 (G-3) shoots. In vitro rooting was done by pulse treatment with IBA for 10 min prior to transfer on hormone free half strength MS medium containing 0.1% activated charcoal. Maximum in vitro rooting was obtained in G-1 (80%) followed by G-3 (71.11%) and G-2 (68.88%). In the present study, it was observed that optimum growth in all three genotypes required different doses of Plant Growth Regulator. Thus, by identifying and multiplying the best performing genotypes the gap between demand and supply of such medicinal plant can be fulfilled
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF Thespesia lampas ROOT EXTRACTS
Get PDFThespesia lampas has been used as medicinal plants for centuries to treat diseases and its antimicrobial therapeutic role has been well established. However, limited information is available about its activity against phytopathogens. The current study examined the methanol and chloroform extracts of T. lampas root extracts for polyphenols (total phenol and total flavonoid) through Folin-Ciocalteu, Aluminium chloride, and Phosphomolebdenum method. The antioxidant activity such as ABTS (2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), and FRAP (Ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential)] were performed through the free radical scavenging method (ABTS & DPPH) and reducing power evaluation method (FRAP). Results of the study suggested that methanol extract is superior to chloroform. Phytochemical screening of crude root extract proved the occurrence of steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins. FTIR analysis of crude extract was carried out and the different functional groups were detected like O-H, C-H, -C=C-, C=O, C-N, and N-H suggesting the occurrence of several metabolites in the extract. From the GC-MS study, 16 major compounds were selected for docking study, among these, Copaene and Squalene confirmed the antimicrobial nature. The antimicrobial properties of extract were also confirmed against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), Magnaporthe oryzae(M. oryzae) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag). Thus, T. lampas could be used as an important ingredient in agricultural formulations against various plant diseases
WOOD ANATOMICAL STUDIES REVEAL TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS, ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE AND PULP POTENTIAL IN FOUR TAXA OF Mussaenda (RUBIACEAE) GROWN IN NIGERIA
Get PDFCurrent study was carried out to assess the taxonomic, ecological significance, and paper making potential of four taxa of Mussaenda L. (Rubiaceae) viz., M. elegans, M. erythrophylla, M. philippica var. aurorae, and M. ‘Dona Aurora’ through wood anatomical studies. Each of the taxa was collected from its natural region of provenance in two different ecological zones (Derived Savanna and Tropical Rainforest) of Nigeria. Observations from different planes of sections were made and wood maceration was carried out for fibre morphology. Absent to scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma, septate fibres, pitted vessels, storied heterocellular rays, and simple perforation plates were common features in all taxa. However, multiseriate and wider rays distinguished the exotic species from the indigenous species, and the semi-diffuse porous wood pattern was a unique feature in M. ‘Dona Aurora’. Quantitative data showed considerable variations in case of fibre lengths among the four taxa i.e. M. elegans, M. erythrophylla, M. philippica var. aurorae, and M. ‘Dona Aurora’ and was recorded 0.80 ± 0.02 µm, 0.70 ± 0.05 µm, 0.65 ± 0.03 µm and 0.64 ± 0.04 µm respectively. These observations showed that all species belong to Wood Type II of Rubiaceae and support their inclusion in the Tribe Mussaendeae and Order Ixoroideae. The influence of environmental factors was evident in the significant elongation of wood vessels of samples collected from more humid areas, but with no significant effect on their paper-making potential. More so, M. “Doña Aurora”, had general scores, would be most suitable for pulp and paper making
STUDYING THE PHENOMENON OF POVERTY IN THE COUNTRYSIDE OF THE DAHHAR DISTRICT IN YEMEN
Get PDFThis research aimed to study poverty in rural Yemen through the percentage, gap, and severity in addition to the standard economic analysis. The study showed that the poverty percent reached 97%, while the gap and severity reached 64, and 45% respectively. A study of the probability distribution of poverty indicators showed that the poverty percent ranged from a minimum of 95.4% to a high of 98.6% at a 95% confidence level. The poverty gap ranged from a low of 59.8% to a high of 68.2% at 95% confidence. The severity of poverty ranged from a minimum of 40.7% to a high of 49.3% at 95% confidence. These results of the study are emphasized on the need for the implementation of several policies. Among these two most important are (1) expanding the activity of NGOs to reduce poverty and hunger, (2) focusing on sustainable development and increasing the economic size of the agricultural sector and its relative importance to poverty reduction. To reduce poverty in the rural areas of the Republic of Yemen, the study recommends (1) the expansion of the activities of civil societies under government supervision to increase their ability to reduce poverty and hunger, (2) the provision of the necessary funding for the expansion of small investment projects that are commensurate with the capabilities and qualifications of poor families and (3) focusing on sustainable development of the agricultural sector is relative importance in reducing poverty