Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
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In silico SCREENING OF Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. AND Strychnos ligustrine COMPOUNDS AS A PROTEASE INHIBITOR OF SARS-COV-2
Get PDFDiseases caused by the coronavirus have become an important concern in early 2020. The coronavirus is a new type of virus that is included in the SARS-CoV-2 group. One of the possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 inhibition involves protease receptors inhibition. This research was aimed to in silico screening of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf., and Strychnos ligustrine active ingredients as the main protease inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 by assessing the ligand-binding affinity in the binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 main protease protein. The molecular docking method is generally used to predict the inhibitory site and bonds formation. In the current study, some generally used antiviral compounds from the PDB (Protein Data Bank) were also used to compare the affinity strength of the test compound against the protease receptor (code of 5R7Y). The inhibitory activity against the main protease receptor proven by the ChemPLP score is more negative than the receptor’s native ligand and the comparison compounds. Jubanine B, a compound of Z. spina-christi has the most robust inhibition activity on the SARS-CoV-2 protease receptor. Results of this study can be concluded that this can be used to develop as a candidate for traditional medicine against SARS-CoV-2 but still it required some more in vitro and in vivo studies
ASSESSMENT OF PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES AND SAFETY OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SOUTH SULAWESI ETHNIC CHEESE
Get PDFProbiotic bacteria have been used widely as a functional food and health supplements. The functionality and safety of probiotics are the prerequisites given by WHO (World Health Organization) and FAO (Food Agricultural Organization) before utilizing probiotics. This study focuses on assessing probiotic properties and the safety of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from dangke—traditional cheese of South Sulawesi. In the current study, the assessment of probiotic properties was carried by assessing its tolerance against low pH and bile salts. Safety assessments were divided into two assays viz., susceptibility testing and hemolytic activity. LAB from dangke demonstrated tolerance against low pH, bile salt and susceptibility against four types of antibiotics (ampicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, and tetracycline). Unfortunately, resistance towards gentamycin and an a-hemolytic activity was observed. This bacterium met the functional criteria from probiotics but failed to meet the safety criteria for probiotic safety
NUTRIENT REMOVAL PATTERN OF WEEDS DUE TO TRADITIONAL WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN MAIZE
Get PDFWeeds compete with crops for nutrients and nutrient removal by weeds is a serious problem in a widely spaced crop like maize. Traditional weed management methods offer a wide scope for reducing the nutrient removal by weeds by effective management methods. The field experiment was conducted to study the influence of traditional weed management methods on nutrient removal by weeds in maize at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during Kharif 2017. Common salt (30%), vinegar (20%), and a traditional formulation containing cow urine, lemon fruit, dried fruits of Indian walnut (Terminalia chebula) in two concentrations @7.5 and 10 l ha-1 were used as a post-emergence spray with or without hand weeding on 45 DAS. Hand weeding at 20 and 45 DAS and weedy checks were also maintained for comparison. At 30 DAS, lower nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium removal by weeds (0.68, 0.08, and 0.45 kg ha-1) were observed in hand weeding twice on 20 and 45 DAS. Hand weeding twice on 20 and 45 DAS registered significantly lower nitrogen (0.2 and 1.40 kg ha-1), phosphorus (0.02 and 0.19 kg ha-1) and potassium (0.21 and 1.48 kg ha-1) removal which was merely comparable with postemergence application of vinegar 20% + hand weeding on 45 DAS (0.71 and 1.83 kg ha-1; 0.07 and 0.25 kg ha-1; 0.73 and 1.94 kg ha-1) at 60 DAS and harvest. All the traditional weed management methods resulted in lower nutrient removal by weeds compared to the weedy check
SOIL TEST BASED FERTILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS OF ECONOMICS AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF MUSTARD ON INCEPTISOL
Get PDFDuring the winter (Rabi) season of 2019-20, the experiment was conducted in a farmer's field in the village of Loharapur, Varanasi, to investigate the impact of nutrient management technologies in alluvial soil with farmyard manure and various levels of inorganic fertilizers under mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Based on the STCR target yield idea, the use of plant nutrients has achieved mustard (18.0 q ha-1) and (22.0 q ha-1) outputs (soil test crop response technology). The test results indicated that the target yields were reached within + 5% of site modifications, confirming the validity of the formulae used to prescribe integrated mortar fertilizer dosages. For RDF, the highest production increases of 22 q ha-1 (37, 60%), followed by 18 q ha-1 were recorded (12.05 percent). The maximum cost-effectiveness and profit rate of 22.00 q ha-1 was the result. Organic carbon content is positive and significantly connected to the activity of the enzyme. As a consequence, the combination of NPK and FYM has been more successful in improving the productivity of rice aimed at 18 q ha-1, 22 q ha-1, and soil nutritional status than a single application of FYM or chemical fertilizer. Significant net benefits of mustard at the site (Rs 55,190.00 and Rs 38,583.00) in the treatment of plant nutrient levels in the soil test; (STCR treatment). Though fertilization enhanced mustard production above control, it was reported that using NPK and FYM together was more successful than using them alone in increasing mustard productivity
ESTIMATION OF SHEA TREES (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. GAERTN.) FRUIT PRODUCTION BY ASSESSING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN YIELD PARAMETERS AND DENDROMETRIC FEATURES IN NORTHERN OF CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Get PDFVitellaria paradoxa, commonly known as the shea tree, is a tree of the family Sapotaceae and represents a traditional African food plant. It has been claimed to have the potential to improve nutrition, boost food supply, foster rural development, and support sustainable land care. Despite its multiple potentials, statistical data relating to its production are non-existent and/or unexploited in several African communities. To contrast this tendency, the present study aims to assess the intra-seasonal variation in fruit production of a sample of 115 shea trees and then to establish a correlation between yield parameters and several dendrometric features. Dendrometric (i.e. tree height, trunk girth, and crown basal area) and pomological (i.e. fruit and nut length and width) parameters, as well as yield parameters by monitoring daily fallen fruit from each sampled shea tree, carried out for five years consecutively, were considered for this study. The results showed inter-year fluctuation of shea fruit/nut number and shea fruit/nut weight. In addition, the results showed a significant increase in the annual average of shea fruit/nut yield per tree and as well per girth and/or crown basal area interval class, randomly generated by Sturge and Yule's formula. Interestingly, potentially high producing trees emerged within each considered interval class. Then, observed intraclass variation between trees determining shea yield can be exploited in selecting elite shea trees
EFFECT OF THE LENGTH OF THE FLOWERING-HARVEST INTERVAL ON THE RIPENING AND QUALITY OF THE 'KENT' MANGO IN CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Get PDFThe physiological stage of mango maturity at harvest affects fruit quality at the time it is commercialized. The objective assessment of the mango maturity stage at harvest remains a challenge because of the multiple interactions between the visual aspect, the physicochemical composition, and the morphology of the fruit. This study aims to quantify the optimal harvest date to guarantee the maturity and quality of mango cv. ‘Kent’. In this study, which took place in Korhogo in northern Côte d’Ivoire, the maturity stage and the quality of fruits were measured on 240 Kent mangoes harvested at four different harvest dates (90, 95, 100, and 105 days after flowering). A morphological, physical, and chemical characterization (length, width, mass, soluble sugar content, dry matter, skin appearance, and mass loss) was carried out at each date on 30 fruits at harvest and 30 fruits after ripening at room temperature. The number of days necessary for ripening was quantified. The results showed that the optimal harvest date is 100 days after flowering for Kent mangoes in Côte d’Ivoire. Mangoes harvested at this date developed better organoleptic characteristics (less wrinkled skin, lower mass losses, and a shorter ripening time). Assessment of the harvest date, guaranteeing better ripening of the fruit, is of utmost importance for organizing harvests in the mango sectors in West Africa, and especially in Côte d’Ivoire
SEROPREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (IBR) IN NORTH EASTERN (NE) STATES OF INDIA
Get PDFInfectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an infectious disease caused by BoHV-1 and belongs to the Herpesviridae family. IBR is endemic in India including north eastern states of the country. Hence the study was undertaken to understand the seroprevalence of IBR in north eastern parts of the country. A total of 3125 cattle (Holstein Friesian crossbred) serum samples from 35 districts of five north eastern states (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Sikkim) of India were screened for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus antibodies using Avidin biotin ELISA. A two-stage random sampling methodology was followed for the collection of samples. Results from the present study revealed that the overall seropositivity was reported around 29.50% while the highest and lowest seropositivity of 43.39% and 16.66% were reported in the states of Sikkim and Assam respectively, followed by Mizoram (42.16%), Manipur (29.86%) and Meghalaya (27.40%). Cattle of higher age groups showed the highest seropositivity compared to younger ones. A higher percent of IBR antibodies in cattle of NE states is a cause of concern and a detailed study on IBR prevalence comprising of a large number of the bovine population need to be undertaken
EOSINOPHIL CATIONIC PROTEIN AND IRON STATUS IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH Enterobius vermicularis
Get PDFThe primary goal of this study was to determine the function of eosinophil cationic protein in iron status in patients infected with Enterobius vermicularis. For this, a total of 583 suspected patients and thirty healthy people of the same age who have visited the AL-Zahra maternity and pediatrics laboratory, AL-Hakeem hospital, AL-Sajad hospital AL-Fruit al-Awsat hospital, and AL-Munadira hospital in AL-Najaf province from July 2020 to June 2021 were screened. The presence of E. vermicularis eggs was estimated by using the saline wet mount technique from faeces samples of all respondents. Blood samples were collected from the 60 positive and 30 healthy control group and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to separate serum, which was then collected in sterile tubes. Each serum sample was divided into three parts and stored in the deep freezer at -20°C until the serological test was performed. The level of ECP, iron and ferritin in enterobiasis patients was estimated from the isolated blood serum. According to the Manufacturer Company instructions, the concentration of two biomarkers (ECP, Ferritin) in serum samples was determined using the ELISA technique (Human reader, Germany). While the concentration of iron was evaluated using a colourimetric method. In comparison to the control group, the concentration of ECP was reported significantly higher (P<0.05) in the E. vermiculris infected patients while the concentration of serum iron and ferritin was significantly decreased. The results of the current study can be concluded that E. vermicularis infection changes the serum ECP, iron, and ferritin concentration
DISSOLUTION IMPROVEMENT OF KETOPROFEN THROUGH POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITE POVIDONE K-30/TiO2
Get PDFKetoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has been classified into Class II as per the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. This substance has low solubility i.e. only 51 mg/L at 22℃. Therefore, a study of ketoprofen modification prepared in Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) using Povidone K-30, coated with TiO2 as an effort to improve its dissolution profile, had been conducted. Composite particles were prepared through a dissolving method with a ratio of ketoprofen: Povidone K30 i.e. 1: 1 (F1), 1: 2 (F2), and 1: 4 (F3). They were evaluated and continued on the coating process using TiO2 30%, 40%, and 50%. Results of the study revealed that the PMC provides an absence of chemical intervention against ketoprofen. All the used combination ratios improved the dissolution profile by using phosphate buffer media pH 7.5 for 60 minutes. After coating, a release profile was obtained by running it on phosphate buffer media at pH 6.8 for 8 hours, this showing a sustained release profile
COMPARISON OF α –GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF Moringa oleifera ETHANOLIC EXTRACT
Get PDFThe purpose of this research was to determine the α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity of Moringa oleifera plant samples collected from the three geographical areas viz., Saragi, Bacuhau, and Batumatongka of Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia. Ethanol extract of Moringa leaves was prepared by the maceration method using 95% ethanol. The estimation of α –glucosidase inhibitory activity of this extract was performed in vitro. The results of the study showed that ethanolic extract of three Moringa samples i.e. Sarangi, Bacuhau, and Batumatongka had the IC50value of 18.62, 10.18, 10.58 ppm, respectively while IC50value for the acarbose positive control was reported 11.54ppm. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that ethanolic extract of Moringa could inhibit α –glucosidase and this potential was similar to the commercial α –glucosidase inhibitor acarbose