Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
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ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-2, INTERLEUKIN-4 AND CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION-22 AS AN IMMUNE MARKERS IN INDIVIDUALS INFECTED WITH Helicobacter pylori
Get PDFHelicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, intracellular, microaerophilic bacteria which causing Peptic ulcer. This bacterium can change its shape which helps the bacteria to survive in the host gastric microenvironment. The Peptic ulcer caused by this bacterium stimulates the humoral and cellular immune response in individuals. The current study was carried out to access the role of interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and cluster differentiation-22 as immune markers in the identification of H. pylori infection. The presence of H. pylori has been diagnosed by feces test (antigen rapid test). In this study, the presence of three immunological markers viz., IL-2, IL-4, and CD22 were measured in the serum of 60 individuals infected with H. pylori and 30 healthy individuals by the Enzyme-Linked Immune-sorbent Assay method. Results of this study indicated a significant increase (P-value=0.0307*) in the concentration of IL-2 (294.27ng/ml), IL-4(151.28ng/ml), and CD22 (492.73ng/ml) in the serum of individuals infected with H. pylori while these concentrations were reported 235.98ng/ml, 116.14ng/ml and 369.33ng/ml respectively in the healthy individuals. Results of the study can be concluded that H.pylori infection stimulates the Cellular and humoral immune response which resulted in the increased production of IL-2, IL-4, and CD22
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND VARIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR MAJOR GROWTH AND FLOWERING TRAITS OF Lilium longiflorum THUNB. GENOTYPES
Get PDFThe performance evaluation and variability estimation are some of the most important basic steps in any breeding scheme and are usually taken as a pre-breeding task. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance and estimate the variability for major growth and flowering traits of Sixteen Lilium longiflorum Thunb genotypes in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The estimated analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated prevailing significant variability for studied ten growth and flowering traits of all 16 genotypes. The experiment was conducted to quantify the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (GAM), for understanding the breeding potentiality of L. longiflorum genotypes based on their performance for growth and flowering traits, so that pre-breeding scheme could be executed properly. The estimated genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) value, along with heritability estimate and GAM, revealed that almost all studied traits besides flower diameter were controlled by additive gene action. For these traits, improvement would be possible through the selection after cross-breeding among these genotypes. The choice of genotypes for the hybridization scheme could be made based on the mean performance of those genotypes for the particular traits of the breeding scheme
Gyrothrix sagarensis SP. NOV.: A NOVEL HYPHOMYCETOUS FUNGUS ON MEDICINAL PLANT Gardenia latifolia AITON FROM CENTRAL INDIA
Get PDFGardenia latifolia is commonly known as Indian boxwood or Ceylon boxwood. Various parts of this plant are utilized to treat several cases of inflammatory pain, skin diseases, caries in humans, snake bite, stomachache, haemorrhage along with the ephemeral fever in live stocks. During the routine survey of Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Campus, Sagar for mycotaxonomic evaluation of terrestrial plants an interesting fungal specimen was encountered on G. latifolia Aiton which upon detailed morphological observations and mycotaxonomic treatment, proved to be a novel fungal species Gyrothrix sagarensis. It is also noteworthy that most of the species of this genus Gyrothrix (Corda) Corda, are reported on dead plant parts while the present novel species was collected and examined on living plant parts (i.e. on twig) of G. latifolia
EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION TECHNIQUE ON THE MICROBIAL AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF EDIBLE BAMBOO SHOOT (Dendrocalamus asper) FOR SHELF-LIFE ENHANCEMENT
Get PDFThe present investigation was performed to evaluate the potential of gamma radiation as a postharvest technology to preserve bamboo shoots. For this, Dendrocalamus asper shoots were gamma irradiated in the dose range of 0.5 to 5.0 kGy followed by storage at 5 ± 2 °C temperature dipped into 2% NaCl solution. Acceptability of the irradiated product was assessed based on microbial, physicochemical, and organoleptic attributes as well as induced radioactivity (food safety parameter). Results of the study revealed that a dose of 2.5 kGy was sufficient to complete removal of microbial load from the bamboo shoot up to 4 log reductions when compared with the unirradiated sample. No significant changes were found in physicochemical parameters including protein, pH, moisture, HCN content, and minerals. Organoleptic evaluation for different parameters were was within the acceptable criteria up to 240 days, hence 2.5 kGy doses of irradiation had the best preservation effect on the bamboo shoots of D. asper. The result of this study suggests that irradiation could be a potential method for maintaining the quality of bamboo shoots during storage
QUASISPECIES FEATURE IN SARS-CoV-2
Get PDFSince the identification of the SARS-CoV-2, genus Beta- Coronavirus, in January 2020, the virus quickly spread in less than 3 months to all continents with a susceptible human population of about a 7.9billion, and still in active circulation. In the process, it has accumulated mutations leading to genetic diversity. Regular emergence of variants of concern/significance in different ecology shows genetic heterogeneity in the base population of SARS-CoV-2 that is continuously expanding with the passage of the virus in the vast susceptible human population. Natural selection of mutant occurs frequently in a positive sense (+) single-stranded (ss) RNA virus upon replication in the host. The Pressure of sub-optimal levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies and also innate immunity influence the process of genetic/ antigenic selection. The fittest of the mutants, that could be more than one, propagate and emerge as variants. The existence of different lineages, clades, and strains, as well as genetic heterogeneity of plaque purified virus population, justifies SARS-CoV-2 as ‘Quasispecies’ that refers to swarms of mutant sequences generated during replication of the viral genome, and all mutant sequences may not lead to virion. Viruses having a quasispecies nature may end up with progressive antigenic changes leading to antigenic plurality that is driven by ecology, and this phenomenon challenges vaccination-based control programs
SEROTYPES, TOXINS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF Escherichia coli (E.COLI) STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DIARRHEIC RABBITS IN PHU VANG, THUA THIEN HUE
Get PDFThis study was conducted to determine the prevalence of E. coli in rabbits, their biochemical and serological characteristics, common virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance. The diarrhea rabbit feces were collected from households and rabbit farms in Phu Vang - Thua Thien Hue with a total of 250 samples for testing. The results showed that rabbits age from 31 to 45 days old had the highest incidence of diarrhea disease caused by E.coli (92.0%) and the lowest infection rate was observed in rabbits over 60 days old with an infection rate of 30%. Further, the isolated E.coli strains tested biochemical characteristics showed 100% motile, positive for indole and methyl red, fermenting glucose and lactose. Simultaneously these strains were detected belong to 7 serotypes O103, O157, O158, O169, O44, O125, O153 and susceptible to cefuroxime (95.45%), akamicin (86.37%), streptomycin (81.82%), amoxicillin (81.82%), tetracycline (68.18%), colistin (68.18%), ampicillin (63.63%), gentamycin (59.10%) and levofloxacin (50.0%), whilst resistant to doxycycline (100%), sulfamethoxazole-bactrim (95.46%), and neomycin (86.37%). By using PCR assay for detection of virulence genes of the isolated E. coli strains, there were 7 strains carried virulence genes, of which 4/7 E. coli strains carried eaeA and tsh genes (57.14%), 2/7 strains carried stx2 gene (28.57%); 1/7 E. coli strains carried stx1 gene (14.28%) and the F4, F5 and F6 genes were not found in all serotypes in this study
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON POTENTIAL EDIBLE COATINGS DERIVED FROM CARBOXYL METHYLCELLULOSE AND FUNGI CULTURED METABOLITES ON THE SHELF-LIFE EXTENSION OF SWEET-ORANGE (CITRUS SINENSIS)
Get PDFThis study focused on assessing the potential of formulated edible coatings derived from a metabolite of Trichoderma viride and Penicillium chrysogenum, combined with carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) on the postharvest storage quality of orange fruits. The cultured metabolite of fungal bioagents combined with CMC, as well as glycerol (plasticizer), inadequate solution ratio based on wettability, was evaluated for microbiological quality and shelf-life extension of sweet orange. Thereafter, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, pH, percentage weight loss, among other parameters were assessed for 7 weeks. The results of the study revealed that the pH of CMC + Trichoderma viride and CMC + P. chrysogenum coatings had 3.8 ± 0.02 and 3.17 ± 0.06 respectively, while it was reported 2.90 ± 0.04 for uncoated treatment. Also, the ascorbic acid and total soluble solids of the edible coated oranges were higher than the control. In addition, the percentage of weight loss was higher in the uncoated control compared to the potential edible coated oranges. Further, the microbial load count of the potential edible-coated oranges was less compared to the un-coated oranges. In conclusion, this formulated potential edible coating could be further improved upon and optimized for use in prolonging the storage of sweet oranges
CHALLENGES OF PHYSIOTHERAPIST DURING PROSTHESIS REHABILITATION IN MALAYSIA
Get PDFThe present study reported the challenges faced by the physiotherapist during prosthesis rehabilitation in Malaysia. Mortality due to lower limb amputation is a concern in recent days that can be improved by providing proper rehabilitation. However, challenges faced by the physiotherapist during rehabilitation are expected to affect the effectiveness of the rehabilitation. Hence, it is important to identify the possible challenges faced by the physiotherapist during prosthesis rehabilitation to take the necessary precautions for better outcomes. A total of 200 Malaysian physiotherapists who have experience in rehabilitating amputees were selected to participate in this online survey. The participants were requested to complete a self-administered electronic questionnaire containing 20 questions. The present study reported a few challenges faced by the physiotherapists in Malaysia during prosthesis rehabilitation such as “encountering patient that refuse to perform exercises is common” (77%), encountered high physical demand (81.5%), encountering language barriers (48.5%), patients often encounter difficulty in assessing health service (63.5%) and encountering prosthesis problems (67%). The barriers were inconsistent and complex, including patient factors, healthcare provider’s factors, environmental factors, other factors. The study has highlighted challenges faced by the physiotherapists during prosthesis rehabilitation to raise awareness among physiotherapists and at the same time create ideas for specific health care practitioners to overcome the barriers, therefore shortening the length of rehabilitation and enhancing the effectiveness of the rehabilitation to lower the mortality
ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Trigonella foenum-graecum AGAINST SKIN PATHOGENS
Get PDFThe increase in antibiotic resistance globally necessitates the search for alternative therapeutic agents. Among the common antibiotic-resistant bacteria, MRSA and MRSE cause a wide range of infections with limited treatment options. Trigonella foenum-graecum has been widely used particularly in Asian countries in food and as a supplement. In this study, the anti-bacterial activity of T. foenum-graecum essential oil, boiled aqueous and ethanolic extracts was determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, MRSA, and MRSE by using the agar well diffusion assay. For determination of the zone of inhibition, Clindamycin (2 µg/disc) was used as a comparison for the anti-bacterial susceptibility results. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed with the boiled aqueous extracts of T. foenum-graecum against MRSA (20 mm), while the essential oil and ethanolic extracts of T. foenum-graecum did not show any zones of inhibition against all the tested staphylococcal and P. acnes isolates. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids and terpenoids in all three extracts tested, among these boiled aqueous extract contained the highest number of phytochemicals which could account for the higher anti-bacterial activity exhibited by the boiled aqueous extracts. Hence, the T. foenum-graecum seeds show a potential application as an anti-bacterial agent against skin pathogens, particularly in the formulation of a skincare product
EFFICACY OF FLAXSEED CRACKERS IN AMELIORATING CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL HYPERANDROGENISM IN YOUNG ADULT SOUTH INDIAN WOMEN DIAGNOSED WITH PCOS
Get PDFYoung women of reproductive age are more prone to hormonal/endocrine disorders, the most common being Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Research in different cultural contexts to enhance the physical, emotional, social, and reproductive health of women has been the focus of several scientific studies. High lignan foods reduce the bioavailability of free testosterone through increasing Sex hormone Binding globulin (SHBG) levels. A randomized single-blind placebo-controlled trial was carried out among women of 20 - 25 years from a single on-campus hostel facility in Chennai, India based on the Rotterdam criteria of PCOS diagnosis. The results showed a statistically significant lower serum free testosterone concentrations (1.02 ± 0.428 ng/dl) in the flax group compared to the placebo (1.64 ± 0.504 ng/dl), after the study period. Similarly, it was noted that the lowered levels of Sex hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) were elevated to 15.22 ± 14.593 nmol/L as compared to only 9.64 ± 5.124 nmol/L in the placebo though not statistically significant, thus creating a promising platform for improving the imbalances in the hormone levels. Also, elevated serum insulin concentration was lowered in the flax group (15.67 ± 6.928 µU/mL) than the control group (19.09 ± 8.526 µU/mL). The FG score significantly reduced in the flax group thus alleviating the clinical manifestation of hirsutism. Lowering of free testosterone, serum insulin, and elevation of serum SHBG levels is attributed to the phytoestrogen (SDG) present in flaxseeds and can be an ideal alternate replacing the conventional drugs for PCOS