Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
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Genetic improvement for drought tolerance in rice using mutation induction
Get PDFThirty-three percent of the world's farmland is subject to drought, making it the most difficult abiotic stress on rice production. Ten different M4-rice mutants were tested, along with three check varieties (Giza 179, Sakha 107, and IET1444 - International check variety for drought stress), to see how well they fared in drought conditions. These genotypes were tested in well-watered (WW: irrigation every 4 days), water-stressed (WS1: irrigation every 8 days), and severe water-stressed (WS2: irrigation every 12 days) conditions across generations M5 to M8. Drought stress was measured regarding its effect on agronomic traits and drought tolerance indices. Of the ten tested mutants, seven high-tillering mutants had higher yields under normal and stress conditions than the check varieties did in the field. The STI, MP, YI, and GMP indices show that, compared to IET444 (DT check variety), the mutant EN25 performed best under drought stress, followed by the mutant EN27. According to the data analysis of SCoT markers, only 34 of the 46 primers used amplified 377 bands (alleles) across 53 different markers. There was a wide range of genetic similarities among mutants, parents, and the check varieties, and it ranged from 17% to 78%. These seven mutants shared 13 common bands with the most drought-tolerant check variety (IET444) using SCoT markers, which indicates that these mutants carried some drought-tolerant genes. Hence, these mutants hold great potential for use in drought-stressed rice breeding programs
Partial Purification of Extracellular Amylase From Halotolerant Actinomycetes Streptomyces brasiliensis MML2028
Get PDFAmylase is considered as an industrially important enzyme as it occupies the most important function in the food, paper, and pharmaceutical industries. The present study is concerned with the optimization, production and partial purification of halotolerant amylase from newly isolated Streptomyces brasiliensis MML2028, from Kelambakkam salt pan, Tamil Nadu, India. The primary screening was carried out by well diffusion assay to find the zone of lysis. The assay was observed for each media optimization by measuring the release of reducing sugar (RS) by the 3,5 dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) method and expressed in the international unit (UI). Ammonium sulphate precipitation was used to partially purify the enzyme and then lyophilized. SDS-PAGE was performed to identify the molecular weight. The production medium was optimized with 1% of the starch substrate, 3% of NaCl at 24˚C and pH 9, and incubation of 9 days. The total activity of the partially purified α-amylase was observed to be 1806.9U/mL. The partially purified enzyme was more active with 3% NaCl, pH 8, and 24˚C which is known to be a halotolerant alkaline α-amylase. The enzyme showed tolerance towards magnesium, manganese ions, Triton x-100, and urea. De-inking of α-amylase showed good results proving that the enzyme activity is more efficient. Hence, the alkaliphilic amylase from Halotolerant actinomycetes S. Brasiliensis MML2028 could be a better microbial source that can be used in many industries, especially in paper and textiles
Bio Characterization via FTIR and GCMS Analysis of Cucurbita variety (Yellow and White Pumpkin)
Get PDFThe current study aimed to conduct phytochemical screening, FTIR, and GCMS analysis in squash (Cucurbita pepo L.,) also known as a yellow and white selected pumpkin. It’s one of the dicotyledonous vegetables consumed in daily diets that imparts high inhibitor properties of inflammation, cancer, and diabetes. Traditionally it is used as an anti-helminthic remedy. The phytochemical characterization can facilitate seeking out the substance with a therapeutic property. The peel, flesh, and seed sample of each pumpkin variety were used as sources and extracted consecutively with ethyl acetate and acetonitrile using the maceration method. Phytochemical screening and quantification were carried out by standard analytical methods. The functional groups of the sample extracts were analyzed using FT-IR methods. Further, phytochemical profiling was carried out utilizing the GCMS technique to identify the therapeutically important chemicals contained in the sample. Phytochemical analysis of ethyl acetate and acetonitrile extracts showed the presence of major components like alkaloids, phenol, carbohydrate, and proteins. The farthest alkaloid, phenol, carbohydrate, and protein varied consequently for different parts like peel, flesh, and seed. The FT-IR analysis of each extract in the peel, flesh, and seed revealed that the ethyl acetate extract had the most functional groups. The major peak was characterized at wavelength 3004.24 to 3421.05 nm which indicates O-H functional group. Further quantification and GC-MS analysis were performed in ethyl acetate extract. Remarkably, GC-MS analysis of yellow and white pumpkin ethyl acetate extracts showed the utmost 6 - 8 compounds within the flesh part. Further, employing these compounds for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial assays may aid in the discovery of new drugs for therapeutic applications
Microbial biodegradation of nitrophenols and their derivatives: A Review
Get PDFToday, nitrophenols (NPs) represent chemicals highly in demand not only due to their function in synthetic chemistry but also due to their huge applications in several industries. Such diverse requirements and applications has resulted in a widespread abundance of these chemicals. Improper application and waste disposal practice results in the continuous discharge of these compounds into the environment and causes pollution threat to soil, groundwater, river water, etc. These xenobiotic chemicals are hazardous, toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic which results in serious health problems. The Nitro group present in the phenol makes them recalcitrant which causes the persistence of these chemicals in the environment. Although several chemicals, electrochemical, physical, and physicochemical methods have been proposed, bioremediation approaches mainly involving bacteria are considered best. To date, very few successful attempts (related to microbe-assisted bioremediation) have been carried out with environmental habitats for the removal of NPs (both in-situ and ex-situ attempts). So, as far as the effectiveness of the bioremediation process for NP decontamination is concerned, we are far away. More explorative studies using efficient aerobic-anaerobic NP degrading bacterial consortium (or combination of microbes- plant systems) and advanced techniques including omics approaches and nanotechnologies may help towards developing better practicable bioremediation approaches, in the future. This review article focuses on the list of nitrophenol degrading microorganisms, biodegradation pathways of NPs, bioremediation by immobilized cell technique, and the advantages and disadvantages of bioremediation. This article will increase our knowledge of the biodegradation of NPs
Morphotaxometry and Ultratopography of Lytocestus haryanii n.sp. (Caryophyllidea: Lytocestidae) from the intestine of freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus Linnaeus 1758 (Siluriformes: Clariidae) of river Yamuna, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
Get PDFThe present investigation deals with the first report of newer species of caryophyllid cestodes, Lytocestus haryanii n.sp. (Caryophyllidea: Lytocestidae) in the freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus Linnaeus 1758 (Siluriformes: Clariidae) of river Yamuna from Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India from July 2018 to June 2020. These helminthes are the most common cestodes (endoparasites) among the fishes of fresh water, brackish water, and marine habitat worldwide. The recovered newer worms were processed through the standardized protocol for the microscopic observations and morphometry, ultratopographic study through scanning electron microscopy, and anatomical analysis by histology using microtomy techniques followed by the double staining. The findings of the present worms were substantiated and compared with the earlier reported species of the same genera from different hosts shared the common group using advanced numerical taxonomy for the taxometric validation. The present proposed newer worms shared all the common characteristics which helped in the generic diagnosis and are closely related to the species collected from the same host species inhabiting different freshwater bodies. The worms comprised several striking contrasts in the combination of distinguishing characters of taxonomic significance in special reference to shape, size, orientation, distribution, and the dimension of the body (single proglottid), scolex, neck, testes, ovary, cirrus pouch, vitellaria, eggs, and excretory pore. Based on the striking morphological, taxometric, ultratopgraphic, and histological differences summarized here can, therefore, be used to propose the worm as a new species.
Evaluation of DNA Isolation and Amplification from Various Organs Preserved through Frozen, Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sample method
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to compare the purity, concentration, and DNA band visualization of the isolated sample and PCR amplicon from three sample storage methods i.e. fresh frozen sample ( -20oC to -196oC), preserved in formalin, and paraffin wax. For this tissue samples were collected from the sample stored at frozen temperature -20oC, 10% NS formalin, and paraffin-embedded preparations, and Abs260/230 and Abs260/280 values and electrophoresis of 0.8% and 2% agarose gel visualization were analyzed. The results of the study showed a significant value of Abs260/280 for the isolated and amplified DNA purity. Among the tested three methods, frozen sample isolates and the PCR amplicon visualized a good DNA band. Meanwhile, the formalin-fixed and paraffinized tissue storage method showed a slightly lower quality DNA and no DNA band, respectively, while the PCR amplicon visualized a thin DNA band. In conclusion, all the tissue storage methods can be applied for DNA preservation and isolation, and the samples are successfully amplified on PCR examination
Monkeypox: An Update on Current Knowledge and Research Advances
Get PDFThe resurgence of the disease in humans that is very similar to smallpox called monkeypox (MPX) disease, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is the dominant topic of discussion in the scientific and popular press around the world right now. This is taking place as the world celebrates the historic accomplishments made in the fight against the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic MPX is currently thought to pose a risk to the general public's health, particularly in areas with high rates of MPXV infection and close human-wild animal contact. Despite the rarity of MPX outbreaks, they are often caused by human-to-human transmission, especially in households and healthcare settings. Recent decades have seen recurrent outbreaks of the MPX after the smallpox disease was declared eliminated and the consequent cessation of smallpox vaccination programs. MPX has presently spread to several countries throughout the world and posed a global public health emergency, with nearly 45000 confirmed cases in 96 countries and locations, and 12 deaths as of August 24, 2022. Even though this viral illness is thought to be self-limiting, its consequences and feasible pandemic potential seriously jeopardize public health. The main approach to avoiding MPX is to adopt appropriate prevention and control measures, increase awareness of risk factors, and inform the public of the steps they may take to reduce viral exposure. Scientific studies are currently looking at the viability and suitability of the MPX vaccination. This article presents a general introduction to MPXV / MPX along with progress in diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and prevention and control strategies for tackling this global health emergency
Potential effects of essential oils in safeguarding the health and enhancing production performance of livestock animals: The current scientific understanding
Get PDFThe food sector competes in a cutthroat environment, and it constantly struggles to maintain or even grow its market share. For customer confidence and consumption to remain strong, consistent animal products are needed. The qualitative attributes of the derived goods appear to be improved by the addition of bioactive substances to food, such as essential oils (EOs), and consumers are shielded from the impacts of bacterial and oxidative deterioration. Due to the current controversy surrounding synthetic chemicals and their alleged carcinogenic potential, a substantial study has been done to find effective and safe substitutes. Aromatic plants and the corresponding EOs from them are considered natural products and are typically employed in ruminant nutrition. Since dietary supplementation has been demonstrated to be an easy and practical method to successfully suppress oxidative processes or microbial deterioration at their localized sites, the addition of EOs in animal diets is now becoming a regular practice. However, there is just a little amount of evidence supporting the notion that these compounds may improve nutrient absorption and gastrointestinal health. Additionally, a variety of factors affect how well EOs works in animal diets. These variables can be, on the one hand, the erratic composition, and the many additions to the diet, and, on the other hand, erratic animal genetic elements. Maximizing the use of EOs and creating high-quality products require a deeper understanding of the composition and activity of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Numerous EOs contain bioactive substances with the potential to serve as multifunctional feed supplements for animals, with impacts on growth performance, the digestive system, the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and lipid oxidation, among others. To establish their regular use in animal production and to determine their precise mechanism of action, more research is required. The potential advantages of EOs for livestock health and production are highlighted in the current article
Potential of lignocellulolytic biocatalysts of native and proposed genetically engineered microbial cell factories on jute fiber modification and jute waste recycling: A review
Get PDFThe lignocellulolytic microbial systems from different parts of the world responsible for lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) like jute (Corchorus spp.) waste degradation, fiber modification, and bioenergy production are not limited to a specific prokaryotic or eukaryotic group. The industrial applications of these highly efficient bacterial, fungal and algal communities are related to the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes such as cellulase, hemicellulase, lignin-peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, laccase, thermostable oxidants, pectinase, etc. They are a blessing for the jute, dye, paper, pulp, and biofuel industries as they help to generate a sustainable ecosystem. The jute plant is lignocellulosic biomass so it can be utilized in various ways, from everyday goods to power generation. Jute industries generally use different physicochemical strategies to generate quality fiber and post-retting activities, but these approaches cannot produce desired products; hence microbial routes are best for quality fiber generation, waste remediation, and biofuel generation. To this end, this review summarizes the most important milestones of the development of the leading enzyme-producing cell factories and their engineering by genetic, metabolic, and synthetic biology approaches with the emergence of high throughput methods, such as site-directed mutagenesis and others that can analyze the relevant mutations to accelerate our understanding of lignocellulolytic enzymology.
Inflammatory mediator responses of Vaccinium corymbosum extracts on the streptokinase induced acute glomerulonephritis in rats
Get PDFBlueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) has many health benefits including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Glomerulonephritis is a commonly found kidney disease in companion animals that is characterized by glomerular proliferation and inflammation likes characteristics. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential of blueberry against inflammatory response in the kidney of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) in animal models. For this, twenty male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups i.e. A - E (n=4). Among these Group A has four healthy individuals administrated with aqua dest (negative control), group B individuals have streptokinase (6000IU/rat) induced acute glomerulonephritis rats treated with aqua dest (positive control) while group C-E has streptokinase (6000IU/rat) induced acute glomerulonephritis rats treated with different concentrations of blueberry extract (500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days, respectively. After 14 days, kidney samples were harvested for histology and immunohistochemistry examinations. One-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was used for statistical analysis (P< 0.05). The blueberry extract treated AGN rats showed a significantly decreased in IL-1beta expression and inflammatory cell numbers compared to negative and positive control rats and 1500 mg/kg of the blueberry extract was found as the optimal dose. Results of the study can be concluded that blueberry extract has a strong anti-inflammatory effect that could depress the inflammatory responses in acute glomerulonephritis rat animal models