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Kanal İstanbul Projesi'nin Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi
No full textThe Bosphorus is one of the most challenging waterways in the world, with sharp turns and a unique two-way countercurrent. The increasing volume of world trade, the increasing size and number of ships, and the risk posed by dangerous cargo transportation in the Bosphorus have led the AKP (Justice and Development Party) government to seek an alternative waterway to the Bosphorus, and concrete steps have been taken. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report prepared for Kanal İstanbul, which was announced to the public as a 'Crazy Project' in 2011, was published in December 2019. In this study, Kanal İstanbul Project was compared with artificial canal examples in the world and its urban and environmental results were evaluated in the light of Environmental Impact Assessment Report data and scientific studies conducted on the subject. Within the scope of the compiled information, SWOT analysis of Kanal İstanbul and Yenişehir Project was conducted and the opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses of the project were examined specifically in terms of environmental and urban sciences. In order to determine the changes that will occur in the urban morphology, the Zoning Development Plans of the reserve construction area were compared and interpreted with the current urban macroform using geographical information systems. The economic and legal dimensions of the project within the scope of the Montreux Straits Convention were examined. The planned mega project will ease the traffic load of the Bosphorus, but it will also cancel the Sazlıdere Dam, cause area losses in the Terkos Lake basin, and expose the groundwater to the risk of salinization. Due to the lack of resources and the dense population, new resource searches will emerge for the European side, which is fed by the Melen water system in Sakarya. With the construction of the reserve construction area, urban sprawl areas will be formed and a part of the life support systems consisting of water, forest and agricultural areas in the north of the city will be destroyed and the remaining part will remain under urbanization pressure. In addition, the settlements planned in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd stages of the reserve construction area divided into 7 stages are located in the Sazlıdere and Terkos basin drainage areas. The flood risk of the project will be addressed and the urban heat island effect will be examined. As a result, in this study, a multidisciplinary approach, primarily urban and environmental sciences, will be used to conduct a SWOT analysis of the project and evaluate its effects during construction and operation.İstanbul boğazı, keskin dönüşlere ve kendine özgü çift yönlü ters akıntıya sahip dünyanın en zorlu su yollarından biridir. Artan dünya ticaret hacmi, büyüyen gemi boyutları ve sayısı, tehlikeli yük taşımacılığının İstanbul Boğazı'nda yarattığı risk, AKP (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) hükümetini, Boğaza alternatif bir su yolu arayışına itmiş ve somut adımlar atılmıştır. 2011 yılında kamuya 'Çılgın Proje' olarak duyurulan Kanal İstanbul için hazırlanan Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (ÇED) Raporu, Aralık 2019 tarihinde yayımlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada Kanal İstanbul Projesi dünyadaki yapay kanal örnekleriyle karşılaştırılarak, Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Raporu verileri ve konuyla ilgili yapılmış olan bilimsel çalışmalar ışığında kentsel ve çevresel sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Derlenen bilgiler kapsamında Kanal İstanbul ve Yenişehir Projesi'nin SWOT analizi yapılmış ve projenin fırsatlar, tehditler, güçlü ve zayıf yönleri, çevre ve kent bilimleri özelinde incelenmiştir. Kent morfolojisinde oluşacak değişimlerin saptanması amacıyla rezerv yapı alanına ait Nazım İmar Planları, coğrafi bilgi sistemleri kullanılarak mevcut kent makroformuyla karşılaştırılmış ve yorumlanmıştır. Projenin ekonomik ve Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi kapsamında hukuki boyutu irdelenmiştir. Planlanan mega proje, İstanbul boğazının trafik yükünü hafifletmekle beraber Sazlıdere Barajını iptal edecek, Terkos Gölü havzasında alan kayıplarına sebebiyet verecek, yeraltı sularını tuzlanma riskiyle karşı karşıya bırakacaktır. Kaynak yetersizliği ve yoğun nüfus sebebiyle Sakarya'da bulunan Melen su sistemiyle beslenen Avrupa yakası için yeni kaynak arayışları ortaya çıkacaktır. Rezerv yapı alanının yapılaşmasıyla kentsel saçaklanma alanları oluşacak ve kentin kuzeyinde bulunan su, orman ve tarım alanlarından oluşan yaşam destek sistemlerinin bir kısmı tahrip edilecek ve kalan kısmı kentleşme baskısı altında kalacaktır. Ayrıca 7 etaba ayrılmış rezerv yapı alanının 1, 2 ve 3. etaplarında planlanan yerleşim yerleri Sazlıdere ve Terkos havzası drenaj alanlarında bulunmaktadır. Projenin taşkın riski ele alınacak ve kentsel ısı adası etkisi incelenecektir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada kent ve çevre bilimleri başta olmak üzere, multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla, projenin SWOT analizi yapılarak, inşa ve işletme esnasındaki etkileri değerlendirilecektir
Non-Stoichiometric Fes2 Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Agents With Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Effect
No full textMustafa, Abdurrahman/0009-0009-2849-961XIn this study, non-stoichiometric FeS2 nanoparticles were synthesized via hot-injection method and evaluated as dual effect antibacterial agent. Non-stoichiometric FeS2 nanoparticles were achieved by altering the molar ratio of the precursors (i.e., Fe-source and S-source). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that Fe/S ratio in the FeS2 nanoparticles were 1.012:2, 0.960:2, 0.905:2, and 0.900:2 for the samples with Fe-source to S-source ratios of 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, and 1/12, respectively. In the case of Fe/S: 0.900:2, the temperature increased up to about 53 degrees C (photothermal conversion efficiency: 52.6 %) in addition to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Based on the in vitro antibacterial activity tests, non-stoichiometric FeS2 nanoparticles exhibited promising antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (98.00%) and Staphylococcus aureus (99.89%) due to the synergistic effects of ROS formation and hyperthermia. The non-stoichiometric FeS2 nanoparticles can be considered as high potential antibacterial material under NIR irradiation.This work was financially supported under the 3501 Career Development Program (Project number: 222M393) by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK). This study was produced from the MSc thesis of Ahmed AlSarori.The 3501 Career Development Program by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) [222M393
The Importance of the Recognition of Cultural Heritage in the Conservation Approach and the Method of Creating a Digital Culture Route: Konya Example
No full textTaşınmaz kültür varlıkları, bir toplumun tarihi ile kültürel kimliğini şekillendiren ve geçmişin izlerini taşıyan miras öğeleridir. Taşınmaz kültür varlıklarının pek çoğu klasikleşmiş şehir gezi rotalarının içerisinde yer almamaktadır. Hatta bazılarının konumlarına dahi ziyaretçilerin aktif olarak kullandığı dijital harita uygulamalarında erişilememektedir. Klasikleşmiş gezi rotalarına dahil edilmeyen pek çok yapının tanınırlığının sınırlandırıldığı gözlemlenmektedir. Tanınırlığı sınırlanan bu yapılarda sürdürülebilir bir koruma elde edilememesi sorunu ele alınmaktadır. Bu soruna, tarihî yapıların korunmasında ve kültürel mirasın geleceğe taşınmasında bir yöntem önerisi olarak dijital kültür rotası kavramı ile çözüm aranmaktadır. Geleneksel turistik rotalardan farklı olarak, dijital kültür rotalarının oluşturulmasıyla turistler sadece tanınırlığı yüksek yapıları değil, aynı zamanda geri planda kalmış tarihi yapıları da keşfetme fırsatına sahip olarak toplumda farkındalık oluşturması hedeflenmektedir. Uygulanan yöntem kapsamında taşınmaz kültür varlığı yönünden zengin Konya ilinin beş merkez mahallesi olan Aziziye, İhsaniya, Sahibata, Şemsi Tebrizi ve Ferhuniye mahallelerinde bulunan taşınmaz kültür varlıkları için alan çalışması yapılmıştır. Yapılar hakkında bilgi toplanılarak Coğrafi Bilgi sistemleri ile yapıların konumları haritalandırılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre taşınmaz kültür varlıkları kategorilendirilerek alternatif kültür rotaları oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan bu rota önerileri dijital bir sisteme aktarılarak kullanıcılar için ulaşılabilir bir web sitesi tasarlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, dijital kültür rotalarının kullanımının tarihi yapıların tanınırlığını artırma ve koruma sürecini geliştirme potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sistem, kültürel mirasın sürdürülebilir bir şekilde korunmasına katkı sağlayabilir, toplumda farkındalık oluşturabilir ve ziyaretçilere daha zengin ve çeşitli deneyimler sunabilir.Immovable cultural assets are heritage elements that shape the history and cultural identity of a society and carry traces of the past. Many immovable cultural assets are not included in the classical city tour routes. In fact, the locations of some of them cannot be accessed in the digital map applications actively used by visitors. It is observed that the recognition of many structures that are not included in the classical tour routes is limited. The problem of not being able to achieve sustainable protection in these structures with limited recognition is addressed. A solution to this problem is sought with the concept of digital culture route as a method proposal for the protection of historical structures and the transfer of cultural heritage to the future. Unlike traditional tourist routes, with the creation of digital culture routes, tourists are aimed to create awareness in society by having the opportunity to discover not only highly recognized structures but also historical structures that have remained in the background. Within the scope of the applied method, a field study was conducted for immovable cultural assets located in the Aziziye, İhsaniya, Sahibata, Şemsi Tebrizi and Ferhuniye neighborhoods, which are five central neighborhoods of Konya province rich in terms of immovable cultural assets. Information about the structures was collected and the locations of the structures were mapped with Geographic Information Systems. According to the data obtained, immovable cultural assets were categorized and alternative cultural routes were created. These route suggestions were transferred to a digital system and an accessible website was designed for users. As a result, this study reveals the potential of using digital cultural routes to increase the recognition of historical structures and improve the conservation process. This system can contribute to the sustainable preservation of cultural heritage, raise awareness in society and offer richer and more diverse experiences to visitors
Assessment of the Criteria Importance for Determining Solar Panel Site Potential Via Machine Learning Algorithms, a Case Study Central Anatolia Region, Turkey
No full textIn this study, 16 criteria influencing solar energy potential were identified, and interactions with 1311 existing solar power plants were examined using MaxEnt and Logistic Regression methods. Unlike traditional site suitability studies in the literature, this study determined criterion weights solely based on natural intersections of criteria with locations of existing solar power plants, without artificial weight assignment. Thus, correlations demonstrated by 1311 solar power plants across the 16 criteria were used to create solar energy potential maps for the entire study area. The MaxEnt analysis yielded an AUC value of 0.760, while the LR method calculated an R2 value of 0.7904, indicating high correlation between all points and specific criterion values, with approximately 80 % of the study area's solar energy potential being determined by these criteria. In MaxEnt, criteria such as distance from land use, highways, and power transmission lines were highlighted, while LR showed that temperature-related criteria also significantly influenced potential determination. The study found that 6.21 % of the study area had the highest potential using MaxEnt, and 8.71 % using LR, with Aksaray, Karaman, Eregli, and Karatay identified as districts with the highest potential. The correlation value between the results of both methods has been calculated as 0.756
Jelatin Esaslı Nano Bakır Sentezi ve Qcm Sistemi ile Nem Algılama Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi
No full textDuring the synthesis of nanoparticles, various coating agents are used to keep the nanoparticles stable. This study aimed to determine the most effective sensor by examining the sensing properties of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors coated with gelatin-based copper nanoparticles synthesized by reduction method against different humidity environments. For this purpose, gelatin-based CuNPs were synthesized using different synthesis parameters to be coated on the QCM crystal surface, and their structures were elucidated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, STEM analysis, and contact angle measurements. In order to investigate the effect of the synthesis parameters used in obtaining CuNPs on humidity sensing properties, QCM crystals coated with CuNPs obtained by changing the parameters such as CuSO4.5H2O as copper source, gelatin as coating agent and NaBH4 as reducing agent were exposed to 11% (lowest) and 98% (highest) relative humidity environments. The optimum synthesis parameters were determined for CuNP, from which the sensor with the highest frequency response was obtained. In addition, the QCM-7 sensor, where the highest response was observed, was exposed to different humidity environments such as 11%, 32%, 44%, 54%, 64%, 75%, 84% and 98%, and the relationship between the sensor response and the relative humidity increase was observed. Repeatability tests of the QCM-7 sensor against a 98% relative humidity environment with 4 consecutive repeat experiments and stability tests, once a day for 15 days, were also performed. Finally, sensors with different coating thicknesses (800 Hz, 1760 Hz, 3940 Hz, and 12700 Hz) were created using the synthesis parameters determined for CuNPs, where the best sensor responses were observed. The obtained sensors were exposed to 11% and 98% relative humidity environments, and it was determined that the increase in the coating amount caused an increase in the frequency response of the sensor against the relative humidity environment.Nanopartiküllerin sentezi sırasında çeşitli kaplama ajanları nanopartikülleri kararlı halde tutabilmek amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, jelatin esaslı bakır nanopartiküllerin (CuNP'lerin) indirgenme yöntemiyle sentezi ve kuartz kristal mikrobalans (QCM) sensörlerin üzerine kaplanarak farklı nem ortamlarına karşı algılama özellikleri araştırılarak en etkili ve en kararlı sensörlerin belirlenmesini hedeflendi. Bu amaçla, QCM kristal yüzeyine kaplamak üzere farklı sentez parametreleri kullanılarak jelatin esaslı CuNP'ler sentezlendi ve yapıları UV-Vis spektrofotometresi, STEM analizi ve temas açısı ölçümleriyle aydınlatıldı. CuNP eldesinde kullanılan sentez parametrelerinin nem algılama özelliklerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla, bakır kaynağı olarak CuSO4.5H2O, kaplama ajanı olarak jelatin ve indirgenme ajanı olarak NaBH4 gibi parametrelerdeki değişiklikler ile elde edilen CuNP'ler kullanılarak kaplanmış QCM kristalleri %11 (en düşük) ve %98 (en yüksek) bağıl nem ortamlarına maruz bırakıldı. En yüksek frekans tepkisinin gözlendiği sensörün elde edildiği CuNP için optimum sentez parametreleri belirlendi. Ayrıca, en yüksek tepkinin gözlendiği QCM-7 sensörü %11, %32, %44, %54, %64, %75, %84 ve %98 gibi farklı nem ortamlarına maruz bırakılarak sensör tepkisiyle bağıl nem artışı arasındaki ilişki belirlendi. QCM-7 sensörünün %98 bağıl nem ortamına karşı 4 ardışık tekrar deneyi ile tekrarlanabilirlik ve 15 gün boyunca her gün bir kez olmak üzere kararlılık testleri de gerçekleştirildi. Son olarak, en iyi sensör tepkilerinin gözlendiği CuNP'ler için belirlenen sentez parametreleri kullanılarak farklı kaplama kalınlıklarına sahip (800 Hz, 1760 Hz, 3940 Hz ve 12700 Hz) sensörler oluşturuldu. Elde edilen sensörler %11 ve %98 bağıl nem ortamlarına karşı maruz bırakılarak kaplama miktarındaki artışın bağıl nem ortamına karşı sensörün frekans cevabında artışa neden olduğu belirlendi
Distribution, Scale, and Context Sensitive, Convolutional Neural Network-Based Soc Estimation for Li-Ion Batteries
No full textCIMEN, HALIL/0000-0003-0104-3005Li-ion batteries play a crucial role in green energy goals, but estimating their parameters is challenging due to their nonlinear structure, aging effects, and varying chemistries. In this article, a distribution, scale and context sensitive, convolutional neural network-based state of charge estimation model is proposed. First, the proposed model improves generalization by addressing data distribution shifts in batteries across different temperatures through individual sample handling. Second, by stacking convolutional layers with varied receptive fields, the model captures both local and global dependencies, providing the model with multiscale features and hierarchical representation. Finally, we add a self-attention module to enhance learning of input sequences by focusing on relevant parts and understanding the global context of features. Experiments were performed on single-domain and cross-domain settings to prove the effectiveness of the model. The results obtained demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of both accuracy and generalization capability
Assessing the Impact of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş and Hatay Earthquakes on Cadastre and Property Data Using Gps and Gis
No full textNatural disasters such as earthquakes, storms, floods, landslides, and tsunamis cause significant losses in land and buildings, which are an integral part of human life. This causes inconsistency between the actual situation in the land and official records and brings legal problems with it. In other words, natural disasters negatively affect human life and cause problems in the country’s cadastral system and land ownership and usage. Therefore, after natural disasters, rapid and fair redefinition of cadastral works and land boundaries in the affected areas is an important need of the society and is the basis of trust in the state. In this study, the effects of the 06 February 2023 (Mw = 7.7, Mw = 7.6) Kahramanmaraş and 20 February 2023 (Mw = 6.4) Hatay earthquakes on the cadastral status of the parcels in and around Kırıkhan district of Hatay province were investigated. By modeling the displacements, the deformation sizes of 4044 parcel corner coordinates and 1333 parcel areas were calculated and analyzed. In terms of the protection of property rights in land management, some suggestions were made by presenting concrete findings of coordinate and areal changes. © The Author(s) 2024.Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTA
Development of Heat Generation Correlations for 18650 Li-Ion Batteries With Widely Used Cathode Materials
No full textAccurate prediction of battery heat generation is vital for the thermal management of electric vehicles, as it directly impacts performance, safety, and efficiency. Despite the abundance of experimental studies in literature, existing efforts often focus on specific battery chemistries, leaving a significant gap in universal heat generation models applicable across multiple cathode materials. This study addresses this gap by developing novel correlations for battery heat generation, resistance, and entropy coefficient using over 1 000 data from experimental studies spanning 2003 to 2023. Data extraction involved digitizing published graphs and applying curve-fitting, and regression techniques have been used to obtain correlations. The developed fourth-order expanded correlations predict battery heat generation for lithium-ion batteries with LCO, NMC, and NCA cathode materials under discharge rates of 0.5C, 1C, and 2C and temperatures between 293.15 K and 303.15 K, demonstrating very good agreement with experimental data and outperforming widely known correlations in the literature. Additionally, the correlations have been validated for average battery surface temperature, further proving their reliability for numerical modelling and thermal management applications. This study provides the first comprehensive and universal heat generation correlations for the most widely used cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries, addressing a critical need in literature and equipping researchers with a robust tool for thermal modelling and cooling system design
Real-Time Segmentation and Detection of Ponticulus Posticus in Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs Using Yolov8: a Step Towards Enhanced Clinical Evaluation
No full textObjectivesPonticulus posticus (PP) is a bony structure in the cervical spine, often difficult to identify in radiographic images, and its detection is important for both orthodontic diagnosis and clinical decision-making related to craniovertebral pathologies. The purpose of this study is to develop a deep learning-based approach for detecting the PP in lateral cephalometric radiographs using the YOLOv8-seg model.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed a dataset of 1000 anonymized lateral cephalometric radiographs, focusing on the segmentation and detection of the PP. Images were resized to 640 x 640 pixels and labeled by two experienced dentomaxillofacial radiologists. The YOLOv8-seg model, designed for segmentation tasks, was trained over 100 epochs with a batch size of sixteen, using pre-trained weights from the COCO dataset. Model performance was evaluated using precision, recall, mean average precision (mAP), and F1 score metrics.ResultsThe YOLOv8s-seg model demonstrated high accuracy in detecting the PP, with a precision of 62.81%, recall of 88.7%, mAP50 of 75.27%, mAP95 of 62.28%, and an F1 score of 73.54%. Even in cases where the boundaries of the C1 cervical vertebra were not clearly distinguishable, the model performed effectively, suggesting its reliability in clinical applications.ConclusionsThe proposed YOLOv8-seg model shows promising potential for improving the accuracy and efficiency of PP detection in lateral cephalometric radiographs. By integrating AI into the diagnostic process, orthodontic practices can benefit from more precise and reliable identification of small but clinically significant anatomical structures, ultimately enhancing patient care and diagnostic accuracy
Impacts of Relativistic Effects on GNSS Signal Path and Precise Point Positioning
No full textGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology has been continuously improved to provide high-precision positioning accuracy, leading to intensive research on new algorithms, models, and correction techniques. However, significant challenges arise when providing such levels of accuracy, with signal path errors being the primary source of these difficulties. Signal path (satellite to receiver pseudorange) errors typically arise from factors such as satellite orbits and clocks, atmospheric effects, multipath, instruments, phase wind-up, site displacement, and ambiguities. In addition to these challenges, relativistic effects also play a crucial role in positioning processes. This study focuses on the three basic components of the relativistic effect from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The first component is the Earth's rotation correction (ERC), which accounts for the impact of Earth's rotation during signal travel time. This effect has been addressed in the literature with limited resources, and its compensation has largely been overlooked. Other key relativistic effects examined in this study are the relativistic clock correction (RCC), which is automatically corrected in processing software without users being aware, and the relativistic path range correction (RPRC), which is often neglected. In this context, the variations in satellite coordinates and velocities during signal travel time, influenced by the ERC, are examined in detail. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis is performed on the effects of ERC, RCC, and RPRC on the signal path and the positioning accuracy in both the horizontal and vertical components for GNSS receivers on the ground.This study is derived from the first author's ongoing doctoral thesis conducted at the Department of Geomatics Engineering, Graduate Education, Training and Research Institute, Konya Technical University.Graduate Education, Training and Research Institute, Konya Technical Universit