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Baraj Deşarj Vanaları Akış Karakteristiklerinin Farklı Çalışma Koşullarında Sayısal Olarak İncelenmesi
No full textValves are mechanical components that control or regulate the flow of fluids, such as water and gas, through a confined section. Valves with different design characteristics exhibit significant variations in flow behavior. In this study, the flow characteristics of butterfly valves, square slide gate valves and cone valves, widely utilized in dam operations, were analyzed under various operating conditions and a comparative evaluation was conducted. Understanding the flow characteristics of valve systems used for discharge and regulation purposes, especially in structures called bottom outlets of dams, is great importance in terms of dam design and operation processes. In this study, the flow characteristics of square slide gate valves, cone valves, and butterfly valves of the exact dimensions were analyzed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software Ansys Fluent at opening ratios of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% under inlet pressure conditions of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 bar. The analyses evaluated volumetric flow rate, pressure losses, pressure distribution, velocity distribution, and streamlines, providing a comparative assessment of the obtained results. An examination of the flow coefficient (Kv) values of the valves revealed that the highest Kv values were obtained for the square slide gate valve at opening ratios of 100%, 75%, and 50%, with values of 99.679 m³/h, 50.406 m³/h, and 26.915 m³/h, respectively. The butterfly valve exhibited higher Kv values than the cone valve at 100% and 75% opening ratios, with 53.953 m³/h and 25.147 m³/h values, respectively. However, at 50% and 25% opening ratios, the cone valve demonstrated higher Kv values than the butterfly valve. At a 25% opening ratio, the Kv value of the cone valve was 9.266 m³/h, slightly exceeding the Kv value of 8.992 m³/h observed for the square slide gate valve. This comparative analysis underscores the importance of selecting the appropriate valve type for specific operating conditions in dam applications, providing critical insights for dam systems' design and operational efficiency.Vanalar, su ve gaz gibi akışkanların kapalı bir kesit içerisinden geçişini kontrol etmek veya düzenlemek amacıyla kullanılan mekanik bileşenlerdir. Farklı tasarım özelliklerine sahip olan vanalar, akış karakteristikleri açısından önemli farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, baraj işletmelerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan kelebek vana, karesel sürgülü vana ve konik vananın farklı çalışma koşullarındaki akış karakteristikleri incelenmiş ve karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Barajların özellikle dipsavak olarak isimlendirilen yapılarında tahliye ve regülasyon amaçlı kullanılan vana sistemlerinin akış özelliklerinin bilinmesi, barajların projelendirilmesi ve işletme süreçleri açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, aynı boyutlara sahip karesel sürgülü vana, konik vana ve kelebek vananın %25, %50, %75 ve %100 açıklık oranlarında, 2, 4, 6, 8 ve 10 bar giriş basınçları altında akış karakteristikleri, Hesaplamalı Akışkanlar Dinamiği (HAD) yazılımlarından Ansys Fluent kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, hacimsel debi, basınç kayıpları, basınç dağılımı, hız dağılımı ve akım çizgileri değerlendirilerek karşılaştırmalı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Vanaların akış katsayısı (Kv) değerleri incelendiğinde, en yüksek Kv değerlerinin %100, %75 ve %50 açıklık oranlarında sırasıyla 99.679 m³/h, 50.406 m³/h ve 26.915 m³/h ile karesel sürgülü vanada elde edildiği görülmüştür. Kelebek vana, %100 ve %75 açıklık oranlarında sırasıyla 53.953 m³/h ve 25.147 m³/h Kv değerleriyle konik vanadan daha yüksek bir akış katsayısına sahiptir. Ancak, açıklık oranı %50 ve %25 olduğunda konik vana, kelebek vanaya kıyasla daha yüksek bir Kv değerine sahiptir. %25 açıklık oranında, konik vananın 9.266 m³/h Kv değeri, karesel sürgülü vananın 8.992 m³/h Kv değerinin üzerinde olup küçük bir farkla daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu karşılaştırmalı analiz, baraj uygulamalarında belirli çalışma koşulları için en uygun vana tipinin seçilmesinin önemini vurgulamakta ve baraj sistemlerinin tasarımı ile operasyonel verimliliği açısından kritik bilgiler sağlamaktadır
Catalytic Degradation of Metronidazole by NaBH4 Reduction Using Ag/ Fe3O4-Bentonite Nanocomposite: Artificial Neural Network Modeling
No full textIn this study, a novel ternary nanocomposite (Ag/Fe3O4-BNT) was developed by modifying bentonite with NaOH, incorporating magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) via the solvothermal method, and subsequently incorporating silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) through chemical precipitation. The synthesized nanocomposite was thoroughly characterized using point of zero charge measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Xray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Its catalytic activity was evaluated for the reduction of metronidazole (MNZ) antibiotic using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. Under optimized conditions (pH 7, 10 mM NaBH4, 0.25 g L-1 catalyst dosage, 30 mg L-1 MNZ, 25 degrees C), the system achieved 90 % MNZ removal within 90 min. An artificial neural network model was developed to predict removal efficiency based on experimental parameters, showing strong agreement with actual data. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis verified the formation of MNZ degradation products, and a possible degradation pathway was proposed. The combination of bentonite, Fe3O4, and Ag NPs demonstrated high catalytic activity, indicating its potential as an effective and magnetically separable catalyst for environmental applications.Konya Technical University Scientific Research Projects [211116024]Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye [124M807]This work was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye [grant number 124M807] and Konya Technical University Scientific Research Projects [grant number 211116024]
Zero Waste Principle for the Fruit Processing Industry: Recovery, Advanced Conversion and Revalorization Approaches
No full textThe fruit processing industry holds a significant position in the global economy; however, it also has substantial environmental impacts. The fruit processing industry generates significant amounts of waste, accounting for up to 8 % of total food waste. The water footprint of this industry is concerning, with approximately 10 L of wastewater generated for every 1 L of juice produced. These abundant, inexpensive, and easily accessible waste materials contain high amounts of beneficial compounds that can serve as substrates for biochemical transformations. These waste streams are rich in valuable phytochemicals, particularly phenolic compounds, which possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. Phytochemicals can be utilized in the food industry, healthcare, pharmaceutical industry, and cosmetics. In this way, negative effects on the environment, the pollution load of wastewater, and economic losses can be reduced, contributing to the circular economy. However, the wastewater still requires treatment even after some compounds have been recovered. Treatment plants generally include biological processes, while some technologies, such as membrane-based systems and advanced oxidation, have also been reported in the literature. This study aims to reveal the recovery, advanced conversion, and revalorization approaches of valuable components from fruit processing industry wastes for sustainable and environmentally friendly food production by reviewing the current literature.The authors thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) for its support of the project (Project no: 120Y351) , which provided some of the results presented in this paper.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) [120Y351
Combined Effects of Terrain Corrections and Deterministic Modifiers on the Stokes-Helmert Geoid Over Sophisticated Topography
No full textThis study focuses on analysing the impact of deterministic modifications of the Stokes kernel and terrain correction methods for precise geoid determination using the Stokes-Helmert method over a sophisticated topography. Three deterministic modification methods of Stokes's kernel (Wong-Gore, Van ; iacuteccaron;ek-Kleusberg, and Featherstone-Evans-Olliver) are tried to minimize the truncation error emanating from the non-availability of gravity data all over the Earth by utilizing two independent satellite only global geopotential models. In parallel to the modified Stokes kernel functions, two terrain correction techniques, i.e., spatial-spectral combined method with mass-prisms and spatial method with mass-cylinders, have also been examined to assess their combined effects on geoid heights over the Konya Closed Basin in T ; uuml;rkiye. The developed geoid models are validated with GNSS-levelling data and inter-compared pixel-wise. The numerical results show that although the overall statistical values depict consistent precision for various combinations of TCs, Stokes kernel modifiers, and GGMs, a holistic validation-comparison analysis reveals significant variations in view of the cm-precise geoid.This research is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under grant number 120Y246. Ropesh Goyal is supported by the National Centre for Geodesy at IIT Kanpur established with the support of Dept. of Science ; Technology, Govt. of India for his travel to the Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkiye.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [120Y246]; National Centre for Geodesy at IIT Kanpu
Polyoxometalate-Doped Hole Transport Layer To Boost Performance of Mapbi3-Based Inverted-Type Perovskite Solar Cells
No full textThis study delves into the examination of the efficiency, stability, and repeatability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), a focal point in contemporary photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The aim is to address the challenges encountered in PSCs. To achieve this goal, Ge-doped polyoxometalate, a structure of significance in recent molecular electronics, was employed as a dopant in the hole transport layer (HTL). The study investigated alterations in the conductivity, improvements in efficiency, and changes in PV parameters. The utilization of PEDOT/PSS doped with a maximum of 2% GePOM resulted in an average efficiency increase of 27% in PSCs compared with the reference. Moreover, enhancements in stability and repeatability were also noted. Comparatively, the reference PSC operated at an efficiency of 11.18%, while PSCs incorporating 2% GePOM into PEDOT/PSS as the HTL exhibited a notable increase in the efficiency, reaching 14.22%. Furthermore, the champion device exhibited an observed fill factor value of 0.74, a short-circuit current density (J sc) value of 19.78 mA/cm2, and an open-circuit voltage (V oc) value of 0.98 V. Consequently, noteworthy enhancements have been noticed in the PV parameters of PSCs with the introduction of GePOM doping.We thank Scientific Research Project of Selcuk University (PN: 20111010) for the financial support.Sel?uk University Research Foundation [20111010]; Scientific Research Project of Selcuk Universit
Utilizing Recycled Glass Powder in Reinforced Concrete Beams: Comparison of Shear Performance
No full textBeskopylny, Alexey/0000-0002-6173-9365In this research, the effect of using waste glass powder (WGP) as a partial replacement for cement on the flexural behavior of reinforced-concrete-beams (R-C-Bs) was investigated. For this aim, a total of 9 specimens were produced, and investigational experimentations were conducted to evaluate the flexural performances of R-C-Bs. Subsequently, the cement was partially replaced with WGP with weight percentages of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. Furthermore, the influence of stirrup spacing (SS) in the longitudinal reinforcement on productivity was also examined. The results presented indicate that the efficient WGP percentage might be considered as 10% of the partial replacement of cement. Increasing the WGP percentage within the cement by more than 10% may considerably reduce the ability of the R-C-Bs, noticeably when the lengthwise reinforcement proportion is high. Additionally, the experimental shear strengths of R-C-Bs attained from the flexural tests were compared with the shear capacities estimated using Eurocode 2 and ACI 318 - 19 regulations. It was concluded that the shear capacities calculated with ACI318-19 are much lower than the values calculated with EC2. Furthermore, it may be observed that ACI318-19 calculates the shear capacities of R-C-Bs to be 15-51% higher than those of the experimental results. Furthermore, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to study the flexural cracks/micro-cracks in R-C-Bs. Comparisons indicate that DIC has similar deformations and fracture properties for the R-C-Bs as the experimental tests. Finally, it was considered that the optimum consumption quantities determined by the results of the present research would be a guide for future investigation.The authors are thankful for the financial support provided for this research by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, through Large Groups RGP2/447/45.King Khalid University [RGP2/447/45]; Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, through Large Group
Production of Ti3c2tx Mxene Films and Investigation of Their Photocatalytic Activities
No full textPhotocatalysis is a process that accelerates chemical reactions using light energy and holds significant importance in applications such as environmental pollutant removal, water purification, and energy conversion. The efficiency of photocatalysts in this process depends on light absorption, surface chemistry, and the structural properties of the catalyst. In recent years, two-dimensional MXene materials have attracted attention as a promising alternative for photocatalytic applications due to their large surface areas, high conductivity, and surface functionality. In this thesis, Ti3C2Tx MXene was synthesized from the Ti₃AlC₂ (MAX) phase using a chemical etching method and fabricated into a film through vacuum filtration. The structural properties of the resulting films were analyzed using XRD, FTIR, RAMAN and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, surface morphology was examined through SEM, EDX, and AFM, and thermal properties were investigated using TGA ve DSC analysis. The photocatalytic activities of the produced MXene films were evaluated by degrading methylene blue (a thiazine-disperse dye) and malachite green (a methine-disperse dye) under photocatalytic conditions. Complete dye removal was achieved for 10 µM dye solutions in 50 minutes for methylene blue and 65 minutes for malachite green. The photocatalytic stability of the MXene films was tested over five usage cycles, and the activity was found to remain above 95% after the fifth cycle. The results demonstrated that Ti3C2Tx MXene films are efficient in terms of photocatalytic performance and hold potential for use in sustainable environmental technologies.Fotokataliz, ışık enerjisi kullanılarak kimyasal reaksiyonların hızlandırılmasını sağlayan bir süreçtir ve çevresel kirleticilerin giderilmesi, su arıtımı ve enerji dönüşümü gibi uygulamalarda büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Bu süreçte kullanılan fotokatalizörlerin etkinliği, ışık absorpsiyonu, yüzey kimyası ve katalizörün yapısal özelliklerine bağlıdır. Son yıllarda, iki boyutlu MXene materyalleri, geniş yüzey alanları, yüksek iletkenlikleri ve yüzey işlevselliği nedeniyle fotokatalitik uygulamalar için umut verici bir alternatif olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, Ti3C2Tx MXene, Ti₃AlC₂ (MAX) fazından kimyasal dağlama yöntemiyle üretilmiş ve vakum filtrasyonu yöntemi kullanılarak film haline getirilmiştir. Elde edilen filmlerin yapısal özellikleri XRD, FTIR, RAMAN ve UV-Vis Absorpsiyon spektroskopisi, yüzey morfolojisi SEM, EDX, AFM ve termal özellikleri TGA ve DSC analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Üretilen MXene filmlerinin fotokatalitik aktiviteleri, metilen mavisi (boya türü: thiazine-disperse dye) ve malahit Yeşili (boya türü: methine-disperse dyes) boyalarının fotokatalitik bozundurulması ile incelenmiştir. 10 µM derişimindeki boya çözeltilerinde %100 oranında boya giderimi metilen mavisi için 50 dakikada, malahit yeşili için ise 65 dakikada gerçekleşmiştir. MXene filmlerinin fotokatalitik kararlılıkları beş kez kullanım ile incelenmiş ve beş kullanım sonunda aktivitenin %95'in üzerinde bir aktivite ile korunduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, Ti3C2Tx MXene filminin fotokatalitik performans açısından etkin olduğunu ve sürdürülebilir çevre teknolojilerinde kullanım potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermiştir
Search for Light Long-Lived Particles Decaying To Displaced Jets in Proton-Proton Collisions at √s=13.6tev
No full textA search for light long-lived particles (LLPs) decaying to displaced jets is presented, using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34.7 fb(-1), collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2022. Novel trigger, reconstruction, and machine-learning techniques were developed for and employed in this search. After all selections, the observations are consistent with the background predictions. Limits are presented on the branching fraction of the Higgs boson to LLPs that subsequently decay to quark pairs or tau lepton pairs. An improvement by up to a factor of 10 is achieved over previous limits for models with LLP masses smaller than 60 GeV and proper decay lengths smaller than 1 m. The first constraints are placed on the fraternal twin Higgs (FTH) and folded supersymmetry (FSUSY) models, where the lower bounds on the top quark partner mass reach up to 350 GeV for the FTH model and 250 GeV for the FSUSY model.We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: SC (Armenia), BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); ERC PRG, RVTT3 and MoER TK202 (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF (Georgia); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LMTLT (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MES and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); MHESI and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TENMAK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Rachada-pisek Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Science Committee, Project No. 22rl-037 (Armenia); the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the 'Excellence of Science-EOS'-be.h Project No. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science ; Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, Grant FR-22-985 (Georgia); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), among others, under Germany's Excellence Strategy-EXC 2121 'Quantum Universe'-390833306, and under Project Number 400140256-GRK2497; the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), Project Number 2288 (Greece); the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program-uNKP, the NKFIH research Grants K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; ICSC-National Research Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing and FAIR-Future Artificial Intelligence Research, funded by the NextGenerationEU program (Italy); the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Education and Science, Project No.2022/WK/14, and the National Science Center, Contracts Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); the FundacAo para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, ERDF 'a way of making Europe', and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, Grant MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project, and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources ; Institutional Development, Research and Innovation, Grant B39G670016 (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, Contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).FWF; FNRS; FWO (Belgium) [30820817]; CNPq; CAPES; FAPERJ; FAPERGS; FAPESP (Brazil); BNSF (Bulgaria); MoST; NSFC (China); CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); ERC PRG [MoER TK202]; Academy of Finland; MEC; CEA; CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF; BMBF; DFG; HGF (Germany); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE; DST; IPM; SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); MOE; UM (Malaysia); BUAP; CONACYT; UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSTDA; TUBITAK; DOE; NSF (USA); Marie-Curie program; European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Grant [675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207]; COST Action [CA16108]; Leventis Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Science Committee [22rl-037]; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); Beijing Municipal Science ; Technology Commission [Z191100007219010]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation [FR-22-985]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [Strategy-EXC 2121, 400140256-GRK2497]; Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) [2288]; Hungarian Academy of Sciences [K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, TKP2021-NKTA-64]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India - NextGenerationEU program (Italy); Latvian Council of Science; Ministry of Education and Science [2022/WK/14]; National Science Center [Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369, 2021/43/B/ST2/01552, CEECIND/01334/2018]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; ERDF 'a way of making Europe [MDM-2017-0765]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources ; Institutional Development, Research and Innovation [B39G670016]; Kavli Foundation; Nvidia Corporation; SuperMicro Corporation; Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA
Measurement of Inclusive and Differential Cross Sections for Wsup>+/Sup>wsup>- Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at √s=13.6 Tev
No full textMeasurements at root s = 13.6 TeV of the opposite-sign W boson pair production cross section in proton-proton collisions are presented. The data used in this study were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2022, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 34.8 fb(-1). Events are selected by requiring one electron and one muon of opposite charge. A maximum likelihood fit is performed on signal- and background-enriched data categories dfined by the flavor and charge of the leptons, the number of jets, and number of jets originating from b quarks. The overall sensitivity is significantly better than that of previous results with a similar integrated luminosity. The improvement comes from a more rfined control of experimental uncertainties and an improved fit strategy. An inclusive W+W- production cross section of 125.7 +/- 5.6 pb is measured, in agreement with standard model predictions. Cross sections are also reported in a fiducial region close to that of the detector acceptance, both inclusively and differentially, as a function of the jet multiplicity in the event. For the first time in proton-proton collisions, WWevents with zero, one, and at least two jets are studied simultaneously and compared with recent theoretical predictions.We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centres for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyzes. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: SC (Armenia), BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); Minciencias (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); ERC PRG, RVTT3 and MoER TK202 (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF (Georgia); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LMTLT (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MES and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MoSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); MHESI and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TENMAK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Science Committee, project no. 22rl-037 (Armenia); the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIABelgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science --EOS'' --be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science ; Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, grant FR22985 (Georgia); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy --EXC 2121 `` Quantum Universe'' -390833306, and under project number 400140256 -GRK2497; the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), Project Number 2288 (Greece); the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program -UNKP, the NKFIH research grants K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; ICSC -National Research Centre for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing and FAIR --Future Artficial Intelligence Research, funded by the NextGenerationEU program (Italy); the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Education and Science, project no. 2022/WK/14, and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, ERDF `` a way of making Europe'', and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project, and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources ; Institutional Development, Research and Innovation, grant B37G660013 (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).FWF; FNRS; FWO (Belgium) [30820817]; CNPq; CAPES; FAPERJ; FAPERGS; FAPESP (Brazil); BNSF (Bulgaria); MOST; NSFC (China); CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); ERC PRG [MoER TK202]; Academy of Finland; MEC; CEA; CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF; BMBF; DFG; HGF (Germany); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE; DST; IPM; SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); MOE; UM (Malaysia); BUAP; CONACYT; UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); PCTI (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSTDA; TUBITAK; DOE; NSF (USA); Marie-Curie programme; European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Grant [675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207]; COST Action [CA16108]; Leventis Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Science Committee [22rl-037]; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIABelgium); Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); Beijing Municipal Science ; Technology Commission [Z191100007219010]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation [FR22985]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [EXC 2121, 400140256 -GRK2497]; Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) [2288]; Hungarian Academy of Sciences [K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, TKP2021-NKTA-64]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India - NextGenerationEU program (Italy); Latvian Council of Science; Ministry of Education and Science [2022/WK/14]; National Science Center [Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369, 2021/43/B/ST2/01552]; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia [CEECIND/01334/2018]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; ERDF `` a way of making Europe [MDM-2017-0765]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources ; Institutional Development, Research and Innovation [B37G660013]; Kavli Foundation; Nvidia Corporation; SuperMicro Corporation; Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA
A Fuzzy Logic Controlled Variable Step-Size P&O MPPT Method for Wind Turbines
No full textThis study evaluates the performance of a Fuzzy Logic-Based Variable Step Perturb and Observe (FLC-VS P;O) MPPT algorithm in a wind-battery supported DC microgrid operating in islanded mode. The proposed method is assessed in terms of voltage stability, maximum power tracking accuracy, and wind energy utilization efficiency. Comparative simulations are performed against three conventional control strategies (PI control, classical P;O, and variable step-size P;O) to evaluate the performance of the proposed FLC-VS P;O algorithm. The microgrid system consists of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind turbine, a bidirectional DC-DC converter-connected battery, and a common DC bus structure. In the FLC-VS P;O MPPT approach, triangular membership functions dynamically adjust the step size based on power and voltage variations, while decisions are made using the Mamdani inference method. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed FLC-VS P;O controller achieves a higher average power output, faster transient recovery, and improved DC bus voltage regulation compared to classical and variable step-size P;O algorithms. Among all tested configurations, the proposed FLC-VS P;O algorithm provides the highest average power output while sustaining voltage regulation. These findings indicate that the proposed method offers an effective, stable, and embedded-system-compatible MPPT solution for islanded DC microgrids powered by wind energy. Unlike conventional MPPT methods, the proposed algorithm combines fuzzy logic-based dynamic step sizing with a low-complexity structure, offering a novel and embedded-compatible solution tailored for wind-battery islanded microgrids