UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
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The United States – Pakistan Counter Terrorism Interaction & Distrust (A Prospect of Drone Warfare 2004-2018)
Get PDFPakistan and the United States of America share a distinct strategic and diplomatic heritage with respect to issues primarily concerning security. During the Cold War period, both states developed comprehensive strategies against Communist threat which also included designing Afghanistan in a manner to protect anti-Communist structure but with dissolution of the Soviet Union, ground realities with respect to al-Qaeda and Taliban changed dramatically where America and Pakistan shared distinct points of view. The United States of America claimed Taliban to be prospectively dangerous and a threat to international security whereas Pakistan maintained that disturbing regional equilibrium was not feasible primarily. The 9/11 incident changed domain of security and regional integrity where both Pakistan and the United States were individually and collectively at a turbulent decision vacuum. United States of America was required to reevaluate its security matrix while Pakistan was to restructure its security calculus to accommodate asymmetric aggression. The Washington administration adopted areal drone strategy to knock-down al-Qaeda on its heels and to crush Taliban and other associate groups from Afghanistan and Northern areas of Pakistan. The logic of the use of unmanned drone technology argued by the Washington administration that the drones are highly affected and target killing weapons have been highly successful at killing of high value targets’ (HVTs) in different countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen. The drone warfare is quite ethical, wise and essential to combat and kill the daunting and repulsive terrorist organizations in different parts of the world. The US drone strikes strategy during 2004-2018 over the territories of Pakistan has been severely criticize on the part of Pakistan’s political, social, religious fabrics and media channels which generatedanti-American sentiments in Pakistan and generated the environment of distrustbetween the United States and Pakistan. The research aims at defining thespectrum of terrorism and its various forms that can individually and collectivelyeffect counter-terrorism and will also prospectively suggest amendments andramifications of bilateral counterterrorism initiative between America andPakistan. The work focuses on presenting effects of standalone strategies on theoverall policy of reducing effect of terrorism on a global scale by presenting acomprehensive timeline of America-Pakistan interaction pertaining to counterterrorism. The purpose of postulating such a comprehensive timeline is to present a compendium of fault lines and opportunity orientations for America and Pakistan to consider while engaging in a bilateral counterterrorism stratagem
Wilayah Khorasan and Its Regional Implications
Get PDFThis paper provides a comprehensive account of Islamic State’s presence in itsself-proclaimed Wilayah Khorasan over the territories of Afghanistan and Pakistan. It further examines the competing Jihadi groups; Al-Qaeda, Afghan Taliban and Islamic State of Khorasan (ISK), that exist and challenge each other in South Asia. This paper analyzes the responses of local jihadi groups towards or against the rise of ISK by illustrating the key factors which determines why and how any group cooperates with the other. Based on the activities, strength and progress of Wilayah Khorasan in Afghanistan and Pakistan, this study highlights the potential threat that it currently poses to these states and to the regional stability in future and suggests practical recommendations in order to counter this emerging challenge
Forced Migration and Security Implications for Host Country: A Study of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan
Get PDFThe purpose of this research is to understand forced migration which may lead to security implications for the host country. This study utilized the theory of Forced migration with the nexus of securitization, which causes the mass movement of people across the world borders, in the South Asian region. In order to authenticate the theory in South Asian region, situation ofAfghan Refugees in Pakistan has been analyzed to understand that to what extent and how do Afghan Refugees have been forced and cause security implications for Pakistan, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province as well as what are other dimensions of these implications. Security concerns regarding refugees have been increased after the attack which has made researchers emphasize the impact of security concerns on the establishment of migration policy. The events of September 2011 did not initiate the insecurities, uncertainties, ambiguities, and complexities in regards to migration policy; rather they accelerated dynamics that were already deeply rooted in the Pakistan internal security regime. To analyze the current migration policy,migration patterns, and security threats, direct interviews have been conducted (specify the number of respondents) along with participatory observations. Triangulation is a validating strategy that is used in this research. Triangulation aided to add validity and confidence in order to draw and justify the conclusion of this study more than one source required for confirmation. Further, analysis of the responses and evidence from other sources suggest that Afghan refugeesare not responsible for deteriorating the security situation in Pakistan as well as they don‟t posit a security threat to the Country. However, there are some other extremist elements which have entered in Pakistan‟s territory causing security threats and have been using Afghan refugees as play card which need to be highlighted in future studies. There is no strong verification of Afghan migrants' association in such deplorable wrongdoings. Thus, security turns into an issueof guarding the trustworthiness of the state's regional space against perilous outside others
An Analysis of Refugee Rights and Human Security: A Case Study of Germany
Get PDFRefugees have been recognized as people who have fled from wars, conflicts and crossed international borders to seek safe havens. With the rapid rise in conflicts and displaced people, many countries have played prominent figures in trying to safeguards the rights of refugees. Germany is considered one of the most considerate and welcoming countries towards the huge inflow of refugees. It enacts as a safe harbour for refugees mostly pouring in from Syria, Iraq andAfghanistan, annually, and has its constitution catering the preservation of fundamental rights of refugees. The objective of this search was to recognize the status of refugees in Germany, analyze its role in proving human security, and then propose efficient remedies that can be implemented. It is a qualitative study, and data was collected from secondary resources, ranging from the time period 2011-2017. Also, Securitization theory was used to analyze the findings.The results of the study showed that the right to be employed, seek residence, attain education, asylum, enjoy health facilities and be granted human security are the fundamental refugee rights recognized by German while racism, language barriers, educational restraints, limited job opportunities, limited basic resources and family enact as major challenges for refugees. Moreover, the German government has faced the challenges of providing equal opportunities toall refugees, dealing with opposition pressure, catering the needs of a huge inflow of people, maintaining budget, keeping documentation, and introduced policies such as the Open Door Policy, Deportation Policy, Asylum Policy, Quota Policy, New Immigration Policy, Subsidiary Policy, and Education Integration Policy in an attempt to safeguard the rights of refugees
An Analysis of South Asian Security Complexes through the lens of Regional Security Complex Theory
Get PDFThis research paper is an attempt to offer a broader analysis of South Asian security complexes through the lens of Regional Security Complex Theory. For the development of Regional Security Complex Theory, Buzan and Ole used South Asia as a prime case. According to them, South Asian states are facing multi-dimensional security challenges mainly due to internal security dynamics which are also linked with external factors and this factor makes securityscenario of South Asia more complex. The most dominant country in the region is India due to growing economy, huge military spending, and large population. Its dominance in South Asia makes it a unipolar region (where only one country dominates and faces no competition) but at the same time, its hostile relations with Pakistan and vulnerability in case of any predicament make South Asian order bipolar. This research study has employed the qualitative method inwhich secondary sources of data have taken from existing literature, published and unpublished research works. One of the main finding of this research is that a strong partnership and cooperation between among regional states particularly between Pakistan and India to counter terrorism and extremism is very important and at the same time, an amicable solution on Afghan conflict is must for regional peace and stability
Use of Repetition as a Political Discourse Manipulation Device in the Speeches of a Pakistani Prime Minister
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze the ideological function of repetition and positive-self vs. negativeother representation strategy in the political discourse. The data for this study comprises of the speeches of a former Pakistani Prime Minister, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, which has been analyzed in the light of theoretical framework for political discourse analysis (PDA) as well as discourse historical approach (DHA) focusing on to highlight the change in the Mr. Sharif’s ideology/stance over the period of time, and describe major reasons behind the said change. As a result, Mr. Sharif has been observed to change his stance over the period of time to manipulate his political speeches due to self-centeredness, and to convince the audience of his political agenda to stay in power
Eigenvalue method for the solution of multi-compartment model of HIV-AIDS transmission
No full textThe aim of this study is to formulate a multi-compartment mathematical model regarding the transmission and dynamics of HIVAIDS. The model is formulated on the basis of a system of linear, ordinary differential equations and admits two locally and globally stable equilibria. Primarily, the existence and uniqueness of solution of the model are demonstrated which is then obtained analytically using the fundamental matrix method and eigenvalue approach. The obtained solution serves as the pedestal for studying the dynamics and spread of HIV-AIDS in general. Nevertheless, as an endorsement to the obtained results the simulations are also carried out with model outcomes being contrasted to the exact data of the disease in India
Extended weighted Simpson-like type inequalities for preinvex functions and their use in physical system
No full textThe main aim of this investigation is to establish the weighted Simpson-like type identity and related variants for a mapping for which the power of the absolute of the first derivative is s-preinvex. By considering this identity, numerous novel weighted Simpson’s like type and related estimation type results for bounded first order differentiable functions are apprehended. Several notable results can be obtained as consequences for the suitable selection of n and !: Meanwhile, the results are illustrated with two special functions involving modified Bessel function and q-digamma function to obtain the efficiency and supremacy of the proposed technique for many problems of wave propagation and static potentials
An optimal eighth-order multipoint numerical iterative method to find simple root of scalar nonlinear equations
No full textAn optimal eighth-order multipoint numerical iterative method is constructed to find the simple root of scalar nonlinear equations. It is a three-point numerical iterative method that uses three evaluations of func-tion f(¢) associated with a scalar nonlinear equation and one of its deriv-atives f0 (¢). The four functional evaluations are required to achieve the eighth-order convergence. Accordingto Kung-Traub conjecture (KTC), an iterative numerical multipoint method without memory can achieve maximum order of convergence 2n¡1 where n is the total number of func-tion evaluations in a single instance of the method. Therefore, following the KTC, the proposed method in this article isoptimal
Ethnic Fragmentation and Dynamics of Politics in Pakistan
No full textThe state is a resource in itself and does needful to distribute the resources. Ina multi-ethnic state, it is most important to analyze how resources and statepower are shared among different ethnic groups. It is also most important toassess how state power is used to facilitate one or more ethnic groups at thecost of others and to enlist the repercussions what the state faces. Pakistan isa multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural state emerged over the map of theworld in the name of Islam. After twenty-three years, the electoral outcome ofthe first general election sharpened the ethno-regional differences between the two wings and Bangladesh emerged on the map of the world as an independent state. The complex nature of socio-economic and political factors re-shaped the interaction between lingual cum regional ethnicity and electropolitical dynamics in Pakistan. The prevailing ethnic landscape requires a wholesome review to accommodate all the ethnic groups and identities in state power and resources. This paper will explain how different ethnic groups in Pakistan had been politicized, institutionalized and promoted for particular gains by the ruling elites during democratic and military regimes. The study will also examine either the prevailing electoral and political system is useful to diffuse the prevailing polarization among different lingo-regional ethnic groups or not. The paper is an attempt to explore the causes of deepening ethnic fragmentation in Pakistan and suggest a viable framework to marginalize these differences through an electoral and political mechanism