UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
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China’s Regional Approach – New Dimensions
No full textChina shares a long border in its south with Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan. It is a close neighbor of South Asia and significantly concerned with South Asian developments. During the cold war, China’s policies towards South Asia were shaped firstly, by opposing Soviet social imperialism and hegemony and secondly thwarting Indian expansionism by supporting smaller South Asian states.1 With the end of cold war and dissolution of the Soviet Union, a qualitative change has occurred in China’s foreign policy. Firstly post Mao-China found the prudent leadership of Deng Xiaoping who introduced many reforms in the Communist system and under his guiding principles China has been pursuing earnestly the four modernization programs with emphasis on economic development. Secondly it considers itself as part of the developing world with flourishing GDP growth rate in the last decade. Thirdly it has been able to survive the economic crisis that hit other East Asian countries in 1997-98.
Muhammad Bin Salman’s Vision 2030: Strategy of the Kingdom in the Facade of Modernization
No full textIn the aftermath of Arab Spring, the Middle East (ME) by and large underwentvarious political upheavals. This change was palpable in some countries particularly where it resulted in a new political dispensation. However, in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the state opted to placate the antagonists by some economic concessions and social flexibility. Under the leadership of Muhammad bin Salman, the Crown Prince of KSA, the country is now following an approach of modernization which has two dimensions: first, moving towards social liberalization and secondly, initiating new sources of revenue and reducingdependence on oil revenue. Behind all initiatives, there is a long-term strategy to maintain loyalty of their people and enhance influence of KSA in the ME particularly. This article evaluates goals of Muhammad Bin Salman’s Vision or Saudi Vision 2030 and strategies which require substantial changes in social setup and developments to the Kingdom’s fiscal and budgetary measures and policies. This study reflects the political, religious, family and institutional challenges that can antagonize the Vision and its probability of accomplishment. While theorizing the study, it will be evaluated that a re-drawing of the ‘social contract’ in the Kingdom seems necessary. This means not only more effective strategic communication and consultation with the stakeholders, but also a greater focus on inclusive growth and social safety
Linking Foreign Policy and Energy Security: IranPakistan gas Pipeline
No full textEnergy in the context of foreign policy has become a major political concern for the stability of the country. Pakistan’s energy and foreign policy experts paid less attention to strengthening its relationship on the basis of energy with the energy rich countries. Despite its geographical significance as a potential energy corridor between the Middle East and Central Asia, Pakistan’s energy sectorfails to secure its energy needs. This research study focuses on energy dynamics in the foreign policy of Pakistan and regional energy projects like the IP gas Pipeline, have been studied in detail. The study found that Pakistan is left with no other option but to execute regional energy projects if the country needs to overcome the energy crisis. The study also found that the major obstacles to executing these projects in Pakistan are a lack of financial resources, lack of investments, international pressure, the country’s internal issues, regional issues and the changing regional situation. This study is proposed to be useful for policymakers to evaluate the impact of energy import dependency and to formulate foreign polic
Rise of Extremism and Jihad in Afghanistan and Beyond
No full textAfghanistan, the war torn country, a hideout of terrorists, and a forgottn story has recently become the place the entire world is focusing on. In the recent few years it was because of the Taliban Movement- the emergence of the student militia, notorious for extreme primitive ideals especially regarding women and since 9/11 because of the terrorists' links to the country involved in the infamous attack on World Trade Center in the U.S attracted an international response
WAR ON TERRORISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN
No full textThe terrorist attacks in New York and Washington commonly known as 9/11 created a far-reaching new security paradigm at the international level. The primary focus of the world, especially of the US security policy became to wipe out the menace of terror and terrorist hideouts in the world. The US target of ‘war on terror” turnedout to be Afghanistan, on the basis of ‘either with us or with the terrorists’ policy. The states around the world had to choose between supporting the US ‘war on terror’ or else face its wrath
THE METHODOLOGY OF RULING ELITE IN CULMINATING THE ETHNIC DISHARMONY: A CASE STUDY OF SINDH
No full textThe attitude of ruling elite plays a central role in composing the structure of society. It’s role in ordering the state building process in multi-ethnic societies is crucial. And without the development of national culture, the society is neither a nation nor state, but unstable political entity, merely surviving with the use of coercive methods
The Effects of Dual Coding Theory on Social Studies Vocabulary and Comprehension in a 5th grade Classroom
Get PDFAbstractThe goal of this quasi-experimental study was to assess the effects of Dual-Coding Theory on domain-specific vocabulary and comprehension in a 5th grade social studies classroom. The pretest and post-design research were conducted in a rural North Georgia elementary school covering two units of study in two classrooms. Both classes were given pre-tests on content vocabulary as well as content comprehension on the specific units of study. In this control group design (N = 49), twenty-three students participated in an intervention of dual-coding based strategies on domain-specific social studies vocabulary. In addition to the pretest and posttest on vocabulary and comprehension, students completed a motivational measure on their view of social studies to determine if their motivation and enjoyment changed after the experiment. This study sought to understand if the instructional strategies that incorporate dual coding were more effective in 5th grade social studies classes in promoting domain-specific vocabulary learning and when testing for academic achievement rather than traditional social studies strategies. Consistent results were significant in academic achievement. ANCOVA was used to analyze pre/post-test data on vocabulary tests, content tests, and Attitudes Towards Social Studies survey. Dual coding seems to have had a positive impact on student vocabulary learning and academic achievement. Keywords: dual coding theory, vocabulary, social studies, attitude, upper elementar
Gwadar Port Pakistan; Implications for Region
Get PDFChanging pattern of world’s politics brought Gwadar port under the limelight of policy makers. The port located on the confluence of important regions, emerged as regional hub of energy and resources transportation. The port and its related infrastructure is a way to integrate these economies which would ultimately cause regional integration. Major objective of the study is to expose economic and strategic importance of Gwadar port and to find out its impacts on region’sintegration. To achieve the mentioned objective empirical, descriptive, analytical and predictive methodology is applied. This research concludes that cooperation among the concerned states and peace in Afghanistan would bring economic integration in the region which would automatically be followed by political harmony among the regional countries. One important recommendation in this regard is that Pakistan has to formulate such policies to avoid confrontation of major players and all the related players especially the potential powers shouldaccommodate each other’s interests in the larger interest of the region
The Socio-Political Analysis of Transformation from Military to Civilian Rule in Pakistan: 2002-08
Get PDFThe intervention of military in political set up of state is a common phenomenon in third world states. Weak political institutions in developing polities paved the way for military intervention in political process of state. It is seen in study that whenever military takeover the charge of a state, it has to face the crisis of legitimacy. Legitimacy is the legal right to rule. Many political strategies are adopted by the military rulers to gain legitimacy and recognition for their rule atnational and international level. After securing their political future, socio-political and economic reforms are introduced commonly to uplift the society. The special focus of this paper will be the era of General Musharraf, the major socio-political transformational policies adopted by him with their consequent results. The study reveals that transformational strategies adopted by GeneralMusharraf are short-termed and cosmetic in nature, which did not contribute positively to make state institutions strong and stable. The success of every political system lies in the capacity building of strong civilian institutions and the level of legitimacy they enjoyed
Theoretical Preliminaries of Military Intervention in Politics and its implications on Pakistan
Get PDFMilitary intervention in politics is a common feature found in developing polities. Weak political institutions paved the way for military to intervene in the political process of state. The basic concern of this paper is to analyze the theoretical structure of military intervention in politics, the role of military in state as well as how its role varies in developed and developing world. It also concentrates on the implications of present theories of military intervention with special referenceto Pakistan. This paper emphasis that which theory is most suitable on the case of Pakistan. The research study ends with the most appealing factors those make the political institutions weak and smooth the way for military to intervene and start their innings