UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
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United States and Russian Outer Space Weapon Capabilities - An Assessment
Get PDFThe U.S. and Russia have developed a common military practice for seeking advancements in space-based weapons. Both states are aiming for space superiority and pursuing very effort to be a space-power. The outer space is struggling with the notions of potential space warfighting doctrine by the U.S. and Russia. The improvements in Anti-Satellite Weapons, Hypersonic GlideWeapons and acquiring laser- based space weapons are offering security challenges to the nonspace faring nations. This paper aims to evaluate the implications of these variants of space weapons that underlines the qualitative assessment stating that are no cost-effective solutions to counter threats in outer space. Therefore, such potential space war scenarios can be minimized ifthe Russian Aerospace Defense and U.S. Space Command establishes a mechanism for exchanging the intelligence over cyberspace threats in peacetime. Both Forces should also sign a CBM on refraining any deliberate attack over space assets. They may include other technologically advanced state like China as well. Only progress in bilateral talks between Russia and the U.S. may increase their collaboration at international normative approach on outer space Post Cold War arms race is not restricted to two traditional rivals i.e. U.S. and Russia. The domino effect of this technology has introduced the offense - defense doctrines and other states like China and India are also working on space weapon capability
Classical Marxism to Postmodern Marxism: Theorization of Social Conflict and Ideology as a Determinant
Get PDFThe present article examines different theories and schools of thought within Marxist paradigm and on the basis of these theories, gives its own angle to look at the nature of the social conflict. This study aims at developing a comprehensive view of the factors that determine the social conflict. This study employs an Eclectic Marxist approach to social conflict utilizing and reformulating Marxist theory. The present research concludes that there is a multiplicity of factors that makes a whole and this whole is conducive to a social conflict. Every element (religion, ideology, culture, economy, politics etc.) that makes this whole plays a significant role to create the social conflict. The contribution of these elements or components varies in different situations. Different parts play their roles at different times through the whole they form. This article alsotraces the roots of social conflict on account of ideology. Drawing on different schools of Marxist thought it establishes the case of ideology as one of the potent source of social conflict. Economic determinism alone cannot ascertain the social conflict but ideology has also a part to play. Insistence on mere economic dialect and exclusion of consciousness and moral elements can limitthe scope of the theory of social conflict. The researcher draws support in favor of his argument from different Marxist theorists who are disenchanted with classical Marxism and criticize Marxist ideas of economic determinism and deterministic and reductionist interpretation of history. These different Marxist schools of thought vary while assigning primacy of place to humanism, economicdeterminism, superstructure, infrastructure and subjectivity and objectivity in the Marxist theory of history and society. Thus this work includes the ignored ideological aspect of Marxist paradigm
Strategic Maritime Environment in Indian Ocean: Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan
Get PDFPakistan naval forces are well organized and strong enough to maintain its defense and border security against any kind of naval aggression. The purpose of this essay is to describe all the possible challenges and opportunities faced by Pakistan in Indian Ocean. Moreover, there is a tripolar interest of US, China and India in the Ocean. The major interest of these states in Indian Ocean is due to its huge significance, immense natural assets, trade and world connectivity.Pakistan with the help of China, is going towards the stairs of success through Gwadar port, which can provide a gateway to Asian states and other world. No doubt, Pakistan’s navy is performing well and trying their best to deal with the situation in the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, chances of success and opportunities never have an ending point for anyone. So Pakistan should always further search these opportunities and utilize them in an appropriate manner
Pakistan’s Water Security: Contemporary Challenges and Options
Get PDFDespite extensive research on water scarcity in Pakistan, little is known about Pakistan’s options in addressing its quest for water security. This study analyses Pakistan’s options to address its water security in the light of contemporary challenges through qualitative method of text review of some important primary and secondary sources. An analysis of these documents reveals that in addition to the much debated factors of climate change and population increase, Pakistan water security is under challenge from Indian dams on the Western Rivers in the disputed territory of Kashmir, Indian threats of abrogating the Indus Waters Treaty, Afghanistan’s claim on river Kabul, the seceding role of the World Bank and Pakistan’s internal water feuds. In view of these challenges, Pakistan can live with the present Treaty but can also welcome another multilateral treaty which will include China, and Afghanistan as well. With the US clearly siding with India, Pakistan can employ Chinese clout and the deterrence power of its nuclear weapons to thwart Indian hydro-hegemony on the Indus. This study is part of the recent research on Pakistan’s quest for water security and will contribute to future research on similar topics
Factors of Homicide in the Punjab: Evidence from Convicted Prisoners
Get PDFThe main purpose of the present research was to analyze socio-economic and politico-legal factors of execution of murder in Punjab, Pakistan. In the recent era, multiple factors are contributing and motivating individuals to commit murder and face court proceedings. For the current study, a survey method was conducted to collect information from the convicted prisoners. A proportionaterandom sampling technique was employed to draw a sample for eight jails of the Punjab province. A sample size of 367 prisoners was drawn from the target population. Pretesting was done and the value of Cronbach’s Alpha was ranging from .70 to .90. Furthermore, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to test the hypotheses. The study findings showed that there is a significant impact of socio-economic and politico-legal factors on the execution of the murder. Moreover, the results supported the argument that family, property and land disputes, revenge and enmity, involvement in the robbery, and social interaction with criminals had a significant impact on the execution of the murder. Furthermore, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Amos,and Statistica were used to analyze data and to draw conclusions
Water Stress as a Threat to Human Security
Get PDFSecurity paradigm is constantly changing. World is changing very fast and non-military issues are taking much more importance as compared to military and conventional race. Non-traditional security threats are the challenges for the survival and wellbeing of the individual such as climate change, food and water security, natural disasters, diseases and irregular migration. Water security has taken central position on international forum. Some major international issues such as population growth and pollution are altering the sharing of water reservoirs and political involvement over these resources is becoming a hot issue not only within states but also across the borders. Security is a multidimensional approach and focuses on the welfare and well-being of an individual. An individual’s security cannot be assured through military means; it also adds allother factors that are to be fulfilled for the survival of a person. Water is interlinked with environment change. Water as a natural resource may contribute too many security risks and threats that may be cause of intensification of a dispute. If we pay more attention to save water andintroduction of new techniques to best utilization of water resources, then it is possible to handle and use water in a better way. Improvement of policy making in water management is also very important factor for human security at international level
A Modified Proximal Point Algorithm for Finite Families of Minimization Problems and Fixed Point Problems of Asymptotically Quasi-nonexpansive Multivalued Mappings
No full textln this paper, a new iterative algorithm for finding common elementsof the set of fixed points for a finite family of asymptotically quasinonexpansivemultivalued mappings and the set of minimizers for a finitefamily of minimization problem is constructed. Under mild conditions onthe control sequences, strong convergence of our algorithm was achievedwithout necessarily imposing any compactness condition on the space orthe operator by using an independent approach. Our results improve, extendand generalize many important results recently announced in currentliterature
Bureaucracy in Pakistan Between Delivery of Civil Services and Politics
No full textBureaucracy is an essential mechanism cum system for the effectivefunctioning of any state system. It provides continuity in management andgovernance of public affairs. In case of Pakistan, the system has passedthrough various stages of reforms and restructuring but could not come up toserve the people as envisaged. Its manipulation under various political andnon-political regimes made it corrupt, inefficient and worthless. It needsremedy and reforms to re-raising so that state benefits from its constitutionalrole and useful management.This article suggests a two stage model for understanding the state systemand effective role of the bureaucracy respectively therein. It is possible tomake Pakistan’s bureaucracy development friendly when allowed to operatefree from political interference, focused on delivery of services to the peopleand equipped with modern knowledge of management and governance. Thatis possible when their recruitment and selection as well as training anddevelopment is based on fundamentals of Quran
Performance of Land Revenue Administration in Faisalabad (2001-2013): An Overview of Collection of Water Rate Abiana
No full textEvery government needs resources to run the country. In an agrarianeconomy like Pakistan collection of revenue from landed property becomesmore significant. Land revenue generated from the landed property used to bethe main source of revenue in the united Punjab during colonial era. That erawitnessed unprecedented rise in revenue by means of digging up a network ofan extensive canal system from rivers thereby rendering vast plains of Punjabcultivable. However, it is noted that this quite efficient and effective system ofcollection of land revenue has been underperforming. This paper tries to findand analyze the reasons of institutional deterioration and underperformance(of revenue department) through its focus on the revenue receipt andexpenditure in Faisalabad
Pakistan-China Relations from Distant Past to the Present: A History of the Silk Route
No full textPakistan and China are two neighboring countries who have been connectedvia land routes through extremely difficult terrain since ancient times. Thisfriendship was started through what is historically called the Silk Route.Starting from the times of the Han dynasty (207 BCE – 220 CE) to thecontemporary times China has been connected through its trade links with theWest and the East including the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. Thus Buddhismspread from Indo-Pakistan to Central Asia and reached the Far East throughChina. This paper attempts to trace the origin and development of historical,socio-cultural, religious and economic ties between China and Pakistan. Whiletracing the development of historical ties the emphasis would be on theestablishment of the China- Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Therefore, itis important to understand the precedents of the contemporary Silk Routewhich will continue an ancient tradition