UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
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PAKISTAN’S SECURITY PERCEPTIONS
No full textNumerous factors shape a country’s defence policy. The major among these inciude goo-strategic location of a country, nature of its territorial boundaries and pattern of relations with its neighbours. Though ,.there have been revolutionary changes in means of communication, geography still plays quite an important role in influencing decisions on strategic options. industrial development and the nature of miiitary establishment quantity, quaiity of manpower weapons and equipment are important determinants of defence policy. Since its inception, Pakistan has diverted a large section of its budget towards its defence requirements. This clearly shows the importance of security concerns of Pakistan, being a developing state this is being done at the cost of development and eradication of poverty
Parasitic fungi of sweet grain sorghum in Burkina Faso: risks of its consumption in the absence of hygienic rules
Get PDF Sweet grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a staple food in rural Africa and is mainly grown for its grains, which are consumed in a paste-like state. It is nowadays attacked by numerous parasitic fungi, hence this study was carried out with the objective to characterize the fungal pathogens associated with this crop from the seed, vegetative stage, to the doughy grain stage at harvest. For this purpose, 37 genotypes of seeds of this crop, obtained from the Genebank of the Plant Genetics and Breeding team, Biosciences Laboratory of the Joseph KI-ZERBO University of Burkina Faso, were subjected to sanitary analysis. All the genotypes were tested during the 2021 rainy season using an alpha lattice design with three replications. From the 30th day of the rainy season, symptomatic leaves were randomly collected from 11 genotypes of each replicate for the isolation and characterization of different fungal pathogens. Similarly, from day 90 onwards, the health status of the doughy grains was analyzed on the same genotypes. The results obtained revealed a diversity of fungal pathogens both on seeds in pre-sowing, on symptomatic leaves and on doughy grains in pre-harvest. Indeed, 10 fungal species were found on the selected genotypes, among which seven species of fungi were identified as pathogens of sweet grain sorghum, namely Bipolaris sp., Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, Phoma sorghina, Colletotrichum graminicola, Nigrospora oryzae and Exserohilum sp. In addition, three saprotrophic fungi namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus sp., which account for 30% of the pre-sown seed and pre-harvest doughy grain, were also identified. Curvularia lunata (61.61%), Fusarium moniliforme (53.53%) and Phoma sorghina (42.42%) were the most abundant and common fungal pathogens at the development stages studied. To sum up, the existence of a number of parasites and saprotrophs fungi on grains of this crop, generally consumed in their fresh state, is a significant threat to humans because they could secrete mycotoxins, mainly fusariotoxins, which could lead to the occurrence of certain mycoses in humans in the long term. Hence there is a need to apply basic hygiene rules for a healthy consumption of these grains.  
An investigation of informational/learning resources and infrastructure for the effective implementation of new B.Ed. (Hons.)/ADE ( Elemenatary) Program in Balochistan
Get PDF This research aimed at investigating current status of informational/learning resources and infrastructure of teacher education institution in Baluchistan for the implementation new B.Ed. (Hons.)/ADE Programs in Baluchistan. This research not only investigate the current status of informational/learning resources and infrastructure but also investigate the reasons if these resources are not in suitable condition and are not playing any role in the effective implementation of new B.Ed. (Hons.)/ADE Programs. The research was conducted in 7 teacher education institution spread across Baluchistan. The data was collected through survey questionnaire from seven Heads of the institution and nine Teacher Educators, involved in teaching different courses of B.Ed. (Hones.)/ADE at different semesters. Focus group discussion with head and nine teacher educators/institution was also conducted. The quantitative and qualitative data from two instruments helped in-depth understanding of the reasons. The results indicates that teacher educators and administrators are trying their level best for the successful implementation of this new teacher education program. But they are facing many difficulties in getting fruitful results of this innovative teacher education program. Result showed that, lack of physical, (little number of rooms, space in rooms for using interactive pedagogies, no room for students to do their projects, little space in libraries etc.) financial and informational/learning resources is a serious problem and creating hurdles in the effective implementation of new ADE/B.Ed. (Hons.) program
Demilitarization of Siachen Glacier and Its Implications on the Defence Budget of Pakistan
Get PDFThis research paper focuses on demilitarization of Siachen Glacier and its implications on the defence budget of Pakistan. The government of India and Pakistan are hiking the defence budget to an extreme and in particular for Siachen that consequently it reveals that the glacier of Siachen retain massive geo- strategic significance for both the states. The data has been collected fromprimary and secondary sources. Moreover theory of disarmament has been adopted by the researcher in relation to Siachen conflict. An interview was conducted from military personnel to get aware of military’s stance with reference to Siachen Glacier. Thus it has been concluded that mutually both the states ought to look for an amicable solution as regard to glacier’s demilitarization furthermore generate a balance between defence and other main sectors so they might not face any negligence
Pakistan Counter Terrorism Policy since Zarb-i-Azab: Challenges and Prospects for Peace and Security
Get PDFTerrorism is not a new phenomenon in 21st century. It is as old as human nature has the lust to gain maximum power for maintenance of peace and security. Since 9/11 Islamabad is facing terrible and protracts acts of violence, extremism, abduction, target killing and explosions. Above mentioned factors became a reason to worsening the peace and security of the country. There aremany ways to eliminate the root causes of terrorism from negotiation to military operations. Pakistan has formulated a counter terrorism doctrine from 2002-2008. Former General Ashfaq Pervez Kiyani (Retired) initiated this doctrine and developed framework to stop further terrorists activities through political solutions, agreements, deals and last resort as military operations. Military operations intensified after beheading of soldiers, Pakistan 9/11 (APS), Char Sadh University attack and still these operations are on flow. So, it is difficult to evaluate success of Zarb-i-Azb led by retired General Raheel Sharif due to the start of combing operation as a lexicon to operation Zarb-i-Azb. The short comings are remained to achieve whole objective of operation Zarb-i-Azb in term of lack of trust among Pakistan’s military, civil government, in United States and Afghanistan. To the maintenance of peace and sustainability of the region thereshould adopt peace building measures
Diluted Federalism, the Cause of Spoiled Nationalism: a study of historical facts of weak federalism in Pakistan
Get PDFThe study covers the issues that Pakistan faced and is facing owing to the absence of federalism. This absence is becoming the cause of nonappearance of nationalism among the people of small provinces. The reasons for the obvious segmentation of the society have been explored. People are disintegrated and are indulged in pursing their regional status and goals. Their preference is tobe recognized by their region rather by their country. The study has also discovered the major causes of tremulous federalism in Pakistan and how they affected the community as a whole. The role of the regional/local politicians has also been observed throughout the study especially with reference to Balochistan. Some recommendations to bring federalism back in the country have been put forth. The terms ‘federal system’ and ‘federalism’ have been used interchangeably
Kashmir Conflict and South Asian Elite Press: A Framing Analysis
Get PDFUsing framing theory and discourse analysis, this study analyzed the editorials of elite English press of India and Pakistan regarding the Kashmir issue and the recent unrest and killings in the Indian -Held Kashmir. The study critically analyzed the mediated text to reveal the dominant frames used by elite newspapers of South Asia vis-à-vis the Kashmir conflict. The findings unveil that both the selected newspapers namely Dawn and The Hindu used different frames to conceptualize the Kashmir issue. The Hindu framed it as India’s internal law and order issue, while Dawn framed it as bilateral cum human rights issue having repercussions for regional peace. The study concludes that the elite press reproduced and reinforced the dominant narratives and closely followed the foreign policy discourse of their respective countries
Role of Leadership in Preferment of National Cohesion and Solidity: Theoretical Analysis
Get PDFA country without national integration is often implied as the country deprived ofsocial cohesion, sense of nationalism and with a failed socio-politico-economy. Inbringing up these values in front, there lies a strong leadership role behind it.Debates started to rise against the distorted and corrupt political structures where there is no national cohesion in the country. Hence, this paper will focus on the challenges and stratagems which the leaders of the country needs to embrace in order to guarantee accountability and the sense of nationalism among the citizens of the country. The strategies and methodologies for the advancement of national integration includes the legal framework, declaration of the transparent political policies, and a resilient platform for the societal transformation of the country. It was found out in the research that the sensitization of the integrated societies of the country basically ensures the sense of uniformity and is known to be the foremost contributor for the cohesion of communities of the nation and its development. If the leaders failed to do so, then this means that there are problems of polarization, self-interest, lack of ideology, weak governing institutions, failure to address the inequalities and injustices, substantial proliferation of militia power and lack of communication channels between the political leaders and citizens of the country. This paper studies and applies a verity of approaches existed in the literature on political science to give an inspective basis for the study of leadership role in regulating and reconciliating the differences among citizens.In this paper, the relationship between the dependent variable of the national cohesion/integration will be analyzed with the role of leadership. Moreover, a qualitative method will be adopted in order to examine the role of leadership in conflict resolving strategies which they adopt for implementation of good governing institutions which could ensure the empowerment of public communities and well-monitored evaluation systems at ground-level to safeguard national integration of the country
Resurgence of Russia: A case Study of Syrian Crisis
Get PDFThis explanatory study focuses on the main attributes of Russian policy towards the Middle East. The Russian resurgence in the Middle East and its defensive posture towards the western military and economic policies in the region depicts that Russia is overwhelmingly feeling insecure towards its international standing. Russia is running a foreign policy which is less aggressive towards the Middle East and Syria. Russo-Syrian relations have always been more strategically oriented rather than more economic or cultural. It is a fact that Syria will remain an important ally of Russia for the coming years because of the decades of old strategic partnership. Syrian Crisis has divided the world into two blocks, thus resulting into New Cold War. All the major powers should form an environment for negotiation with the help of UN, instead of doing politics to fulfill their strategic, economic and military interests
Kartarpur Corridor: A Gate Way to Peace in South Asia (Evolution, Development, Prospects & Implications)
Get PDFThe opening of kartarpur corridor project between India and Pakistan on Nov 9,2019 provides a rational and peace-loving response from the either side despite a complicated situation of trust deficit, antagonism and unsolved conflicts exist in the region. It becomes a passage of greater social and economic connectivity between the South Asian arch rival Nuclear States. It teaches the lesson for promulgation of secular ideas and tolerance towards minorities with in the religious democracy like Pakistan. How political and economic empowerment of the people in South Asia can be materialized without any religious discrimination by a courageous leadership? The kartarpur corridor has provided visa free access to the Sikh pilgrims from India and across theWorld to worship at their holiest shrine. The practical working of the corridor since its construction with certain modalities has proved as a remarkable foot in the context of people to people and bilateral relations between India and Pakistan. The qualitative, descriptive and comparative approaches have applied to examine, that the project can produce further opportunity to get forward for more peace in the region. There are other options of dialogue diplomacy, conflict resolution and bilateral trade to combat the evils of poverty, hunger and ignorance in South Asia