7757 research outputs found
Sort by
A New Perspective on Gravettian and Epigravettian Occupation in the Central Balkans
No full textOver the past fifteen years, research has provided an entirely new perspective on the Gravettian and Epigravettian occupation of the central Balkans. This region appears to have been most intensively inhabited between 30 and 27.5 ka cal BP—somewhat later than much of Central Europe, but earlier than the Adriatic coast and its immediate hinterland. The spatial and temporal distribution of Epigravettian sites in the Balkans clearly suggests population movements toward the Adriatic zone, raising the possibility that the Paleo-Adriatic lowland and its periphery served as a center of population aggregation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The lack of substantial evidence for settlement in the interior Balkans after 20 ka cal BP, and even during the Late Glacial, remains unresolved, though several explanations have been proposed. The few known sites located deep in the Adriatic hinterland that date to this period may reflect the gradual recolonization of the peninsula from the Adriatic zone, rather than the persistence of local populations that may have hypothetically survived there beyond the LGM.Annual Meeting of UISPP Commission 8 „Recent Updates on Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic“ 13–17 October 2025, Dryanovo, Bulgaria - Saopštenje štampano u izvod
Teleology and Normativity in the Context of Kant’s Theory of Race
No full textO teleologiji u kontekstu Kantove teorije rase možemo govoriti u dva različita, ali međusobno povezana smisla. U užem smislu, jedini adekvatan metodološki princip izučavanja prirodne istorije, a onda i nastanka, razvoja i naslednosti karakteristika različitih rasa ljudske vrste, jeste teleološki princip. U širem smislu, prirodu možemo posmatrati kao jedinstven teleološki sistem, čija je krajnja svrha zajednica umnih bića pod moralnim zakonima. Približavanje ovom idealu Kant tumači kao istoriju postojanog, iako ne linearanog i kontinuiranog, napretka čovečanstva kroz faze discipline, kulture, civilizacije, u cilju moralizacije. Teleološka objašnjenja razvoja čovečanstva imaju, dakle, dva nivoa: prvi je biološki, a drugi istorijski. Fokus mog izlaganja biće na implikacijama njihovih potencijalno normativnih aspekata.
U biološkom smislu svrhovitost rasne diferencijacije se ispoljava kao optimalna adaptiranost različitih rasa na sredinske uslove podneblja u kome su formirane. Rase nastaju aktualizacijom pojedinih klica i prirodnih predispozicija izvornog ljudskog filuma. Jednom formirane, rasne karakteristike su nužno nasledne, a aktualizacija prirodnih predispozicija je ireverzibilna, bez obzira na promenu sredine u kojoj populacija živi. Iako sama po sebi nije normativna, brojni autori tvrde da ova biološka teorija ima sporne normativne implikacije kada se u obzir uzme Kantovo tumačenje uslova istorijskog napretka čovečanstva. Naime, ako prirodne predispozicije obuhvataju ne samo fizičke i fiziološke razlike među rasama, već i psihološke i mentalne karakteristike, onda se dovodi u pitanje sposobnost ne-belih rasa da zadovolje pojedine kriterijume različitih faza razvoja čovečanstva, ne bi li u moralnom smislu napredovale.
Da bismo odbacili prigovor da Kantova vizija istorijskog progresa ima negativne implikacije po moralne kapacitete ne-belih rasa, moramo objasniti zbog čega kultura i civilizacija nisu ni nužne ni dovoljne za napredak moraliteta. Iako se čini da je istorija normativna utoliko što postulira ciljeve ka kojima treba da težimo, pojedine razvojne faze mogu zahtevati da promenimo ciljeve, ukoliko se pokaže da su sredstva neophodna za njihovo postizanje nemoralna. Ako uspemo da pokažemo da je Kant ovoga bio svestan i da njegova filozofija istorije može na ovaj način biti fleksibilna, onda neka vrsta normativnosti koju ona možda podrazumeva ne osporava mogućnost kulturnog, civilizacijskog, a posebno ne moralnog napretka bilo koje populacije.In the context of Kant’s theory of race, teleology manifests in two distinct yet interconnected dimensions. In the more specific sense, the only adequate methodological principle for explaining natural history – and thus the origin, development, and heredity of traits specific to different races of the human species – is the teleological principle. In the broader sense, nature can be viewed as a unified teleological system whose ultimate end is a community of rational beings under moral laws. Kant understands humanity’s gradual approach to this ideal as the history of a steady, though neither linear nor continuous, progress through the stages of discipline, culture, and civilization, directed toward moralization. Teleological explanations of human development therefore operate on two levels: the biological and the historical. I will focus on the consequences of potentially normative aspects of these explanations.
At the biological level, the purposiveness of racial differentiation is reflected in the optimal adaptation of different races to the environmental conditions of the regions in which they were formed. Races develop through the unfolding of certain germs and natural predispositions present in the original human phylum. Once formed, racial characteristics are necessarily hereditary, and the actualization of natural predispositions is irreversible, regardless of any subsequent change in the environment in which a population lives. Although not normative in itself, many authors argue that this biological theory raises normative concerns when considered in light of Kant’s conception of humanity’s historical progress. Namely, if natural predispositions include not only physical and physiological differences among races but also psychological and mental characteristics, then the ability of non-white races to meet the criteria of the various stages of human development necessary for moral advancement becomes questionable.
To dismiss the objection that Kant’s vision of historical progress has negative implications for the moral capacities of non-white races, we must explain why culture and civilization are neither necessary nor sufficient for moral progress. Although history may seem normative in that it postulates ends to which we ought to strive, some developmental stages may demand that we revise those ends if the means necessary for accomplishing them turn out to be immoral. If we can show that Kant was aware of this and that his philosophy of history can be flexible in this way, then the kind of normativity it may imply does not undermine the possibility of cultural, civilizational, and, above all, moral progress of any population.Predavanje po pozivu na međunarodnom naučnom skupu: „Tri veka Kanta: saznanje, nauka i vrednosti“, održanom u Svečanoj sali Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti, u Beogradu, 10. i 11. decembra 2025. - Saopštenjne štampano u izvod
The recurrence of patriotic outbidding: contemporary Serbian nationalism
No full textThe chapter proposes that for understanding past and contemporary manifestations of Serbian nationalism the model of „patriotic outbidding“ is useful. It is a pattern of political behavior whereby actors compete with each other in patriotism, claiming the role of the best champion of the national interest. As a result, ethnonational identity becomes preponderant and comes to frame all other issues, arresting democratic development. While rooted in Serbian political history and culture, the model is not deterministic but rather resurfaces periodically, especially in times of crisis. Once it sets in, however, it gains ground quickly and is hard to reverse. The following historical and contemporary factors are identified as contributing to how the model plays out at present: porous identity boundaries and civilizational “in-betweenness”, undefined borders, ressentiment, the national church, the failure of liberal nationalism and the character of the regime currently in power
No Place Like Home: Epistemology as the General Methodology of Science
No full textIn the second half of the twentieth century, epistemology underwent profound transformations. At the center was Quine’s naturalistic turn (1969), which displaced the traditional foundations of epistemology – most notably conceptual analysis – in favor of a scientifically informed study of belief-formation. This shift was quickly interpreted, most prominently by Kim (1988), as entailing eliminativism about epistemic normativity. In retrospect, however, the lasting consequence has been the near-exclusive focus of contemporary epistemology on normativity as its central problem. Suppose, however, that we set this problem aside. What then remains for epistemology, if not prescribing how beliefs ought to be formed, justified, and turned into knowledge? This question reopens the terrain of the general methodology of science, where epistemology had been situated before the naturalistic turn (Carnap, 1928; Popper, 1934; Kuhn, 1962). The aim of this paper is to explore a radical consequence: that epistemic normativity is dispensable within naturalized epistemology (NNE). We then ask whether epistemology thereby forfeits its autonomy as a philosophical discipline. We argue that it does not; rather, only by abandoning normativity can epistemology’s genuine role be clarified. On our account, epistemology is best conceived as a general methodology applied to lower-order theories of knowledge developed within the sciences, particularly psychology and biology. In studying cognitive biases, mechanisms of belief formation, and the selective advantages of evolved cognitive functions, these sciences already articulate theories of the constituents of knowledge. Accordingly, epistemology has two primary functions:
(f_1) Metanormative general methodology, evaluating lower-order theories by criteria such as coherence, explanatory power, and evidential adequacy.
f_{NNE}^{\left(1\right)}:T_L\longrightarrow\mathcal{P}\left(K\right)
where T_L is the set of lower-order theories of knowledge, K the set of general methodological criteria (coherence, explanatory power, evidential adequacy, etc.), and f_{NNE}^{\left(1\right)} assigns to each theory its relevant criteria of evaluation. The aim is that, for every \forall t\in T_L, f_{NNE}^{\left(1\right)}\left(t\right) examines the methodological validity of the assumptions contained in t.
(f_2) Metatheoretical general methodology, synthesizing f_{NNE}^{\left(1\right)} theories into a higher-order, meta-integrative account of epistemic phenomena.
f_{NNE}^{\left(2\right)}:\mathcal{P}\left(T_L\right)\longrightarrow T_H, such that:
f_{NNE}^{\left(2\right)}\left(\{t_1,t_2,\ldots,t_n\}\right)=T_H
Here T_H represents a meta-integrative theory that explains and unifies epistemic phenomena at the higher-order level.
Finally, we distinguish this conception from general methodology, from the philosophy of a special science, and from the internal methodology of such sciences themselves. The proposal is that epistemology should be understood precisely as general methodology applied to the lower-order theories of knowledge that arise within the special sciences.Nauka, filozofija nauke I Naučna metodologija II, Podgorica, Crna Gora, 20. novembar 2025.
Univerzitet Crne Gore, Rektorat - Saopštenje štampano u izvod
Приступи популаризације и заштите културног наслеђа-искуство Фондације Неозоик
No full textПретходних година сведоци смо све веће девастације културног наслеђа и све већег броја у неповрат изгубљених споменика културе. Један од разлога занемаривања и случајне или намерне девастације споменичког наслеђа јесте слаба заступљеност ових тема у обавезном и високошколском образовању. Како се од најранијег узраста код деце постављају темељи вредносних система и обликују обрасци мишљења, а исто тако емпиријски знамо да деца кроз непосредно искуство, игру и идентификацију са одраслим особама најефикасније усвајају знања, ставове и понашања, Фондација Нeозоик је свој рад првенствено усмерила на младе. Са тим у вези, један од циљева Фондације Неозоик јесте ширење знања и свести о културном наслеђу и наукама које га проучавају и баштине.
Са идејом да се ове теме приближе младима у Србији, један од одабраних метода Неозоика јесу интерактивне тематске радионице у различитим градовима и мањим местима у нашој земљи. Посебно изазовно било је прилагођавање комплексних садржаја, протканих у овим темама, различитим узрастима полазника радионица. Овом приликом биће представљени неки од пројеката које је Фондација успешно реализовала од свог оснивања, 2021. године, па до данас. Поред тога, за даљи развој неформалног и формалног образовања битно је истаћи и изазове, као и успехе који су пратили спровођење ових радионица. На крају, оне нису биле корисне само за локалне заједнице у виду едукације и забаве, већ су и значајан показатељ нама, као стручњацима, на који начин се перцепирају ови проблеми у јавности, где лежи неразумевање између струке и грађана и шта је следећи корак ка побољшању очувања културно-историјских споменика.48. skupština i godišnji skup Srpskog arheološkog Trebinje, 29 – 31. maj 2025. godine - Saopštenje štampano u izvod
Teorije o nastanku kapitalizma. Poreklo savremenog sveta
No full textKnjiga je nastala sa namerom da se pruži sistematičan pregled dosadašnjih teorija o nastanku kapitalizma i time doprinese boljem informisanju stručne i šire javnosti o ovom pitanju. Stoga je osnovna težnja knjige da, pružajući detaljan uvid u stavove različitih teorijskih škola (marksističke, svetskosistemske, veberijanske, institucionalističke itd.) o jednom od najbitnijih pitanja istorijske sociologije, koristi studentima sociologije zainteresovanim za ovu temu i da osnaži domaću istorijsku sociologiju
Epidemic in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: News Media Framing of the MMR Vaccination Controversy in Serbia
No full textRising vaccine hesitancy is often related to negative vaccination media coverage. It is generally accepted that the
media played a great role in spreading the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) childhood vaccination scare first
in the UK and then worldwide. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the MMR vaccination rate dropped further in
some countries. This paper examines the Serbian news media framing of the MMR vaccination controversy in the
period 2019–2023 (periods of declining MMR vaccination rate, rising COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and the 2023
measles outbreaks). Furthermore, the paper questions whether the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the MMR
vaccine narrative in the newspapers. For this reason, quality content analysis of the press in combination with
framing approaches (diagnostic–prognostic–motivational framing tasks and responsibility framing) were used. In
total, 122 articles dealing with the MMR vaccine and measles epidemics were analysed. According to the press,
the most significant cause of the declining MMR rate is anti-vaccination campaigns and conspiracy theories by
the “anti-vax lobby” (diagnostic frames). The pandemic was the other significant cause for the intake drop.
Achieving herd immunity through vaccine uptake is offered as the best solution (prognostic frames). Finally,
MMR vaccination campaigns and penalties for non-compliant parents and vaccine refusers are proposed as calls
to action (motivational frames). During this period, the press did not publish any “sensational anti-vax stories”.
Considering the low MMR vaccine numbers in Serbia in this period, positive media messages did not have a
significant influence on improving the vaccination rate. Thus, I suggest that Serbian parents distrust vaccination
information presented by the dominant news, including the advice of health experts