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Economic aspects of the activities of the rural population in the Medieval Serbian lands
No full textAgriculture was a dominant enterprise in Slavic countries during the Middle
Ages. In the Serbian lands, all the groups of the dependent people - serfs
had labor duties towards their master. In medieval sources they are frequently referred to as “rabotnici” (workers), whereas their duty towards
the feudal master is “rabota” (work, labor). It may be said that the Medieval
Serbia tax system was not primarily based on barter or money (although
there were such obligations), yet the focus was on the villagers work on feudal landlord’s field. Social differences inside serf layers were expressed by
the quantity of labor they owe to their masters.
The aim of this paper is to view economic contribution of the serfdom work
duties. We shall try to compare this system with that of giving a tenth of the
field yield (“desetak”), which was present in the Byzantine Empire7th Biennial Conference of the European Rural History Organisation [EURHO] Rural History 2025, 9 – 12 September 2025 Coimbra, Faculty of Arts and Humanities & Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, Portugal - Abstrac
Héritage politique de Đinđić dans la Serbie de Vučić. Contribution à la compréhension de la dynamique de rotation révolutionnaire
No full textU radu autor zastupa tezu da današnji autoritarni režim Aleksandra Vuči-ća sprovodi politiku koju je inaugurisao Zoran Đinđić dok se nalazio na mestu predsednika Vlade Republike Srbije (2001–2003). Po autoru, ta politika ima tri osnovna princi-pa: 1) brzinu u pridruživanju Srbije Evropskoj uniji (koja se pokazala da nije ništa više do brzina u dobijanju i trošenju novca iz fondova Evropske unije), 2) reorijentaciju od globalnih ideologija na konkretne „programske koncepcije“ i 3) obezbeđivanje političke stabilnosti borbom za neki vid nadomestka u nepovrat izgubljene pokrajine Kosovo i Metohija. Zbog te politike, Srbija je u periodu 2000–2003. propustila priliku da svoju revoluciju uspešno okonča ustavnom konsolidacijom državnih institucija i krenula na put revolucionarne rotacije, u kojoj je autoritarni režim Slobodana Miloševića obnovljen u autoritarnom režimu Aleksandra Vučića (2012–2025).In the paper, the author advocates the thesis that today’s authoritarian regime of Aleksandar Vučić implements the policy inaugurated by Zoran Đinđić while he was the Prime Minister of the Republic of Serbia (2001–2003). According to the author, that policy has three basic principles: 1) the speed in Serbia’s accession to the European Union (which proved to be nothing more than speed in getting and spending money from the funds of the European Union), 2) reorientation from global ideologies to concrete “program concepts”, and 3) en-suring political stability by fighting for some form of compensation for the lost province of Kosovo and Metohija. Because of that policy, Serbia in the period 2000–2003. missed the opportunity to successfully end its revolution with the constitutional consolidation of state institutions and embarked on the path of revolutionary rotation, in which the authoritarian regime of Slobodan Milošević was renewed in the authoritarian regime of Aleksandar Vučić (2012–2025).Dans cet article, l’auteur soutient la thèse selon laquelle le régime autoritaire actuel d’Aleksandar Vučić poursuit la politique inaugurée par Zoran Đinđić lors-qu’il était premier ministre du gouvernement serbe (2001–2003). Selon l’auteur, cette politique repose sur trois principes fondamentaux: 1) la rapidité du proces-sus d’adhésion de la Serbie à l’Union européenne (qui s’est révélée n’être rien d’autre qu’une rapidité dans l’obtention et l’utilisation des fonds de l’Union européenne); 2) une réorientation des idéologies globales vers les « conceptions programmatiques » concrètes; et 3) l’assurance de la stabilité politique par la lutte pour une forme de compensation pour la perte irréversible de la province de Kosovo-Métochie. A cause de cette politique, entre 2000 et 2003, la Serbie a manqué l’occasion de conclure sa révolution par une consolidation constitu-tionnelle des institutions étatiques et s’est engagée sur la voie d’une rotation révolutionnaire, dans laquelle le régime autoritaire de Slobodan Milošević a été reconduit sous la forme du régime autoritaire d’Aleksandar Vučić (2012–2025)
Recostruction of the dietary habits of the inhabitants of the Central Balkans (9500-5300 calBC) : patterns of microweare on the dental enamel
No full textNeolitska demografska tranzicija predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih događaja u ljudskoj prošlosti, budući da je u velikoj meri uticala na biologiju, zdravlje i ishranu ljudi. Neolitizacija je proces koji podrazumeva više kompleksnih mehanizama, uključujući i promenu u načinu života, odnosno prelazak sa lovačko-sakupljačkog, na sedentarni način života. O važnosti promena koje je neolitizacija donela svedoči porast ljudske populacije u periodu od nekoliko hiljada godina, što je dalje značajno uticalo na pomeranje stanovništva i širenje novog, neolitskog načina života. Ovaj proces širenja neolita, moguće je pratiti kroz proučavanje promena u proizvodnji i načinu pripreme hrane putem analize ljudskih skeletnih ostataka. Analize ishrane zajednica u prošlosti moguće je proučavati indirektno analizom abrazije zuba, karijesa, zubnog kamenca, kao i raznih patoloških stanja koje mogu biti posledica ishrane. Pored toga, prehrambene navike se mogu se istraživati direktno, analizom stabilnih izotopa, kao i analizom mikrostrija. Mikrostrije su mikroskopski vidljivi tragovi na površini gleđi zuba, koji nastaju kao posledica mastikacije hrane koja je sadržala određene količine abrazivnih čestica. Abrazivne čestice mogu biti endogene, kao što su fitoliti u biljkama, i egzogene, poput silikatnih čestica i peska na koži ribe ili čestica kamena u mlevenim biljkama. Dosadašnje analize mikrostrija su pružile značajne dokaze o ishrani zajednica u prošlosti i pokazale su da dolazi do promena u abrazivnosti hrane i tehnikama pripreme sa prelaskom na lova i sakupljnja na poljoprivredu. Prednost analize mikrostrija je to što njihovi obrasci prikazuju ne samo sastav ishrane, već i tehnologije pripreme hrane, što ih čini veoma korisnim za proučavanje procesa koji su bili potkovani promenama u prehrambenim navikama, poput neolitizacije. Imajući ovo u vidu, u okviru ovog istražvanja analize mikrostrija su primenjene kako bi se istražili obrasci i promene u ishrani i tehnikama pripreme hrane u toku neolitizacije centralnog Balkana.Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrdi: a) kakve su bile prehrambene navike novopridošlih neolitskih indivdua na teritoriji Đerdapske klisure gde su došli u kontakt sa lokalnim mezolitskim stanovništvom i kakva je bila njihova ishrana na teritorijama van Đerdapa, gde nema dokaza o kontaktu; b) u kojoj meri su lokalne mezolitske zajednice prihvatile novine koje su individue nelokalnog porekla donele.Rad obuhvata analizu stanovnika centralnog Balkana koji su nastanjivali dve različite oblasti. Prvu oblast predstavlja Đerdapska klisura, za koju postoje dokazi o naseljavanju od mezolita do neolita (9500-5500. god. p.n.e.) i gde je blizina reke značajno uticala na razvoj prehrambenih navika lokalnih zajednica. Druga oblast, koju predstavljaju Šumadija i južni deo Panonske nizije, gde je neolit trajao od 6200. do 5300. god. p.n.e., a tragovi mezolita su retki, bila je mnogo pogodnija za razvoj poljoprivrede.Analize mikrostrija primenjene su na 52 individue koje pripadaju mezolitu i neolitu Đerdapa i 18 individua sahranjenih na neolitskim lokalitetima van Đerdapske klisure. Rezultati su pokazali da postoje jasne razlike u abrazivnosti hrane između mezolitskog i oba neolitska uzorka, da su mezolitske individue imale značajno abrazivniju ishranu od neolitskih. S druge strane, razlika u abrazivnosti ishrane između dva neolitska uzorka ne postoji. Na celokupnom uzorku testirano je i da li se abrazivnost hrane menjala u skladu sa godinama, i rezultati su ukazali da je ishrana dece bila najmanje abrazivna, dok su starije individue imale abrazivniju ishranu. Ovo može ukazivati da je hrana za decu bila posebno pripremana i veoma obrađena. Nasuprot obrascima mikrostrija, rezultati analize stabilnih izotopa pokazali su da su individue svih uzrasta imale istu ishranu. Nepodudaranje rezultata ove dve analize dodatno potvrđuje da je smanjena abrazivnost hrane najmlađih individua bila posledica tehnologija pripreme hrane.Obrasci mikrostrija pokazali su specifične obrasce ishrane mezolitskih zajednica koje su naseljavale teritoriju Đerdapske klisure. Velika gustina mikrostrija ukazuje na to da je ishrana bila zasnovana na veoma abrazivnoj hrani. Broj vertikalnih mikrostrija pokazuje da se ishrana najverovatnije zasnivala na mesu, dok pojava značajnog broja horizontalnih mikrostrija pokazuje da je i hrana biljnog porekla imala udeo u ishrani. Imajući u vidu ove rezultate, kao i ostale dokaze o ishrani u mezolitu Đeradapa, može se zaključiti da je ishrana u ovom periodu bila zasnovana presvega na sušenom mesu ribe. Meso samo po sebi nije abrazivno, ali proces sušenja mesa povećava tvrdoću, ali dovodi i do uvođenja većeg broja abrazivnih čestica. Kada je reč o udelu biljaka u ishrani, mikrostrije su mogle nastati kao posledica konzumiranja divljih biljaka koje su sadržale fitolite, ostatka sedimenta na korenju ili kao posledica obrade biljaka kamenim žrvnjevima. Kako bi se ustanovilo da li su pol, starost ili poreklo imali uticaja na ishranu u mezolitu, poređeni su obrasci mikrostrija muškaraca i žena, individua u različitim starosnim kategorijama i lokalnih i neolokalnih individua. Rezultati su pokazali da nije bilo razlike u abrazivnosti i da su se sve individue bez obzira na pol, starost i poreklo hranile podjednako abrazivnom hranom, koja je pripremana na isti način.Sa dolaskom neolita u Đerdapskoj klisuri dolazi do značajne promene u prehrambenim navikama stanovništva. Smanjena gustina mikrostrija ukazuje na manju abrazivnost hrane, dok manji broj vertikalnih i horizontalnih mikrostrija ukazuju na smanjen unos mesa i biljaka. Imajući u vidu da druge analize nisu pokazale da u Đerdapu dolazi do značajne promene u eksploataciji akvatičkih resursa, može se pretpostaviti da su razlike koje se vide u odnosu na prethodni period zapravo posledica promene u tehnologiji pripreme hrane. Naime, neolitski došljaci su sa sobom doneli novu tehnologiju pripreme hrane, odnosno kuvanje u keramičkim posudama, koju je lokalno stanovništvo prihvatilo, što se odražava kroz smanjenu gustinu mikrostrija. Pored toga, dolazi do pojave individua koje su preferirale kopnene resurse, što je takođe moglo da utiče na formiranje obrazaca mikrostrija. Kada je reč o udelu biljaka u ishrani, rezultati arheobotaničkih i analiza stabilnih izotopa pokazali su da one nisu imale značajnu ulogu u ishrani.Slični obrasci ishrane se primećuju i kod neolitskih individua sahranjenih van Đerdapske klisure. Gustina mikrostrija je bila značajno manja nego kod mezolitskih individua, što ukazuje da je ishrana bila manje abrazivna. Neolitske zajednice van Đerdapa su ishranu u velikoj meri zasnivale na kopnenim resursima poput žitarica, sa izuzetkom lokaliteta koji su bili pozicionirani blizu reka, gde su rezultati analiza stabilnih izotopa pokazali veći udeo akvatičkih resursa u ishrani. Na osnovu ovih rezultata se može zaključiti da su žitarice, koje su mogle biti kuvane, bile manje abrazivne od sušene ribe koja je konzumirana u mezolitu.Ukoliko se porede obrasci mikrostrija individua sahranjenih na području Đerdapa i neolitskih individua sahranjenih van Đerdapske klisure primećuje se nedostatak razlike, za šta postoji više razloga. Kao što je već pomenuto, iako se neolitske zajednice u Đerdapu u neolitu i dalje pretežno hrane ribom, dolazi do pojave individua koje preferiraju kopnene reusrse. S druge strane ishrana na teritorijama van Đerdapa se zasnivala na kopnenim resursima, ali na lokalitetima koji su bili blizu reka postoji povećan unos akvatičkih proteina. Imajući u vidu da su individue iz oba neolitska uzorka u ishranu uključivale i ribu i kopnene resurse, kao i veliku verovatnoću da su ovi resursi bili obrađivani na isti način, ovo bi moglo da bude objašnjenje za nedostatak razlike u abrazivnosti ishrane.Individue iz oba neolitska uzorka imaju manje abrazivnu ishranu u odnosu na mezolitske individue sa teritorije Đerdapa, ali kada se porede sa neolitskim individuama sa drugih lokaliteta u Evropi i na Bliskom istoku, primećuje se da je njihova ishrana abrazivnija. Ovo može biti posledica specifičnih uslova u kojima se nalaze analizirani lokaliteti i može ukazivati na tehnike obrade hrane koje su u namirnice uključivale veće količine abrazivnih čestica.Kako bi se ustanovilo da li je pol uticao na prehrambene navike poređeni su obrasci mikrostrija muškaraca i žena u oba neolitska uzorka. Na teritoriji Đerdapa žene su imale abrazivniju ishranu od muškaraca, kao i veći udeo biljaka u ishrani. Slična slika se primećuje i kod neolitskih individua sahranjenih van teritorije Đerdapa, gde obrasci mikrostrija ukazuju na to da su muškarci imali veći procenat mesa u ishrani. Primećene razlike u obrascima mikrostrija muškaraca i žena mogu biti posledica njihovih društvenih uloga, koje bi dovodile do različite dostupnosti određenih namirnica.Obrasci mikrostrija poređeni su kod indiviuda koje su pripadale različitim starosnim kategorijama, kako bi se utvrdilo da li se abrazivnost menjala u skladu sa godinama. Kod individua sa teritorije Đerdapa nema razlike u abrazivnosti ishrane dece i odraslih individua što može ukazivati da su imali podjednako abrazivnu ishranu. Kada je reč o individuama sahranjenim na teritorijama van Đerdapske klisure uočene su razlike u abrazivnosti ishrane kod individua različitih starosnihkategorija. Kod najmlađih individua zabeležena je najmanja abrazivnost, koja je rasla u skladu sa godinama, te najstarije invididue imaju značajno abrazivniju ishranu.Za teritoriju Đerdapa poređeni su obrasci mikrostrija neolitskog stanovništva lokalnog i nelokalnog porekla, i rezultati su pokazali da ne postoji razlika u abrazivnosti hrane. S druge strane, rezultati analiza stabilnih izotopa pokazali su da razlika u ishrani jeste postojala. Ovakvi rezultati mogu biti posledica toga što analize mikrostrija i analize stabilnih izotopa pokazuju ishranu u različitom periodu pred smrt individue. Odnosno, lokalno stanovništvo je vremenom moglo da prihvati nove tehnologije pripreme hrane, dok je deo novopridošlog stanovništva mogao da konzumira lokalno dostupne resurse, što bi dovelo do stvaranja sličnih obrazaca mikrostrija.Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da analize mikrostrija na bukalnoj strani zuba predstavljaju veliki potencijal za razumevanje kompleksnih procesa poput neolitizacije. Ovaj proces podrazumevao je promene u ishrani, ali proučavanje prehrambenih navika ima više aspekata, te pored sastava ishrane, bitnu ulogu imaju i tehnologije pripreme hrane. Prednost analize mikrostrija je što one pored sastava ishrane, omogućavaju uvid i u tehnologije pripreme hrane, što omogućava stvaranje šire slike o procesima koji su se dešavali u toku neolitizacije. Sprovedeno istraživanje je otvorilo nov ugao posmatranja procesa neolitizacije i pružilo je direktne podatke o ishrani mezolitskih i neolitskih zajednica sa ove teritorije. Posmatranjem obrazaca mikrostrija stečen je uvid u to kako je prelazak sa mezolita na neolit izgledao sa aspekta prehrambenih navika. Analizirane individue potiču iz različitih okolina koje su imale specifične ekološke i kulturološke uslove i posmatranjem ishrane ovih individua moguće je bolje razumeti kako je izgledao kontakt između prvih neolitskih poljoprivrednika i lokalnih mezolitskih lovačko sakupljačkih zajednica i koje je sve procese uključivao. Naime, neolitske pridošlice su sa sobom ponele svoje prehrambene navike i tehnologije obrade, koje je lokalno stanovništvo prihvatilo. S druge strane, novopridošlo stanovništvo se takođe prilagodilo lokalno dostupnim resursima. Ove analize istakle su koliki je značaj ekoloških uslova u kojima su se zajednice razvijale i da kulturna pozadina značajno utiče na stvaranje prehrambenih navika. Pored toga, posmatranje mikroskopski vidljivih tragova na zubima proširilo je saznanja o tome kako su pol i kulturne uloge uticali na ishranu članova zajednice. Takođe, pokazale su i kako su zajednice u prošlosti tretirale najmlađe članove zajednice, odnosno da je njihova hrana bila posebno pripremana, što je rezultat zajedničke brige zajednice o deci.The Neolithic demographic transition represents one of the most significant events in human history, as it greatly influenced human biology, health, and diet. Neolithisation is a process encompassing several complex mechanisms, including a shift in lifestyle, from a hunter-gatherer way of life to a sedentary one. The importance of the changes brought by Neolithisation is evidenced by population growth over several thousand years, which significantly impacted population movements and the spread of the new Neolithic way of life. This process of Neolithic expansion can be traced through studying changes in food production and preparation by analyzing human skeletal remains. It is possible to study the diet of past communities through indirect methods such as examining tooth abrasion, dental caries, dental calculus, and various pathological conditions that may result from diet. In addition, dietary habits can be analyzed through direct methods, including stable isotope analysis and microwear analysis. Microwear represents microscopically visible traces on the surface of tooth enamel, formed due to the mastication of foods containing specific quantities of abrasive particles. These abrasive particles can be endogenous, such as phytoliths in plants, or exogenous, such as silicate particles and sand on fish skin or stone particles in ground plants. Previous microware analyses have provided significant evidence on past communities' diets and shown that changes occur in food abrasiveness and preparation techniques with the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. The advantage of microwear analysis is that the patterns reflect not only the composition of the diet but also food preparation technologies, making it extremely useful for studying processes that were underpinned by changes in dietary habits, such as Neolithisation. Thus, within this research, microwear analyses were applied to investigate patterns and changes in diet and food preparation techniques during the Neolithisation of the Central Balkans.The aim of the research was to determine: a) the dietary habits of the newly arrived Neolithic individuals in the territory of the Danube Gorges, where they came into contact with the local Mesolithic population, and what was their diet like in areas outside of the Danube Gorges, where there is no evidence of such contact; b) to what extent local Mesolithic communities adopted the innovations introduced by individuals of non-local origin.The study encompasses an analysis of the inhabitants of the central Balkans who lived in two distinct regions. The first region is the Danube Gorges, where the evidence for continuity of occupation from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic period (9500–5500 cal BC) exists and where proximity to the river significantly influenced the development of dietary habits within local communities. The second region is Šumadija and the southern part of the Pannonian Plain, where the Neolithic period lasted from 6200 to 5300 cal BC, and traces of the Mesolithic are rare, was much more suitable for the development of agriculture.Microwear analyses were conducted on 52 individuals from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods of the Danube Gorges and 18 individuals buried at Neolithic sites outside of the Danube Gorges. The results showed clear differences in the food abrasiveness between the Mesolithic sample and both Neolithic samples, indicating that the Mesolithic individuals had a significantly more abrasive diet. On the other hand, there was no difference in the abrasiveness of the diet between the two Neolithic samples. Across the entire sample, it was tested whether food abrasiveness changed with age. The results indicated that children had the least abrasive diet, whereas older individuals had a more abrasive diet. This could indicate that food for children was specifically prepared and highly processed. Contrary to the microwear patterns, the results of stable isotope analysis showed that individuals of all ages had the same diet. The discrepancy between the results of these two analyses further confirms that the lower abrasiveness of food among the youngest individuals resulted from food preparation technologies.Microwear patterns revealed specific dietary habits among the Mesolithic communities that inhabited the Danube Gorges. A high density of microwear features indicates that their diet was based on highly abrasive foods. The number of vertical microwear features suggests that the diet was mostlikely based on meat, while the presence of a significant number of horizontal features indicates that plant-based foods were also included in the diet. Considering these results and other evidence of Mesolithic diet in the Danube Gorges, it can be concluded that the diet during this period was primarily based on dried fish. The meat itself is not abrasive, but the drying process increases its hardness and introduces a larger quantity of abrasive particles. As for the contribution of plants in the diet, the microwear could have resulted from consuming wild plants containing phytoliths, residual sediment on roots, or from the processing of plants using stone grinders. To determine whether sex, age, or origin influenced Mesolithic dietary patterns, the microwear patterns of men and women, individuals of different age categories, and both local and non-local individuals were compared. The results showed no difference in food abrasiveness, indicating that all individuals, regardless of sex, age, or origin, consumed equally abrasive foods that were prepared in the same way.With the arrival of the Neolithic in the Danube Gorges, there was a significant shift in the population's dietary habits. The reduced density of microwear features indicates lower food abrasiveness, while the smaller number of vertical and horizontal microwear features suggests decreased intake of meat and plants. Given that other analyses did not reveal any significant change in the exploitation of aquatic resources in the Danube Gorges, one can infer that the differences observed compared to the previous period result from changes in food preparation technology. Namely, the Neolithic newcomers brought new food preparation technology, cooking in ceramic vessels, which the local population adopted, as reflected in the reduced density of microwear features. Additionaly, individuals who preferred terrestrial resources appeared, which could have also influenced the formation of microwear patterns. When it comes to the contribution of plants in diet, results from archaeobotanical and stable isotope analyses have indicated that plants did not play a major role in nutrition.Similar dietary patterns are observed among Neolithic individuals buried outside the Danube Gorges. The density of microwear was significantly lower than in Mesolithic individuals, indicating a less abrasive diet. Neolithic communities outside the Danube Gorges primarily based their diet on terrestrial resources such as cereals, except at sites located near rivers, where stable isotope analyses showed a higher input of aquatic resources in the diet. Based on these results, it can be concluded that cereals, which could have been cooked, were less abrasive than the dried fish consumed in the Mesolithic period.When comparing the microwear patterns of individuals buried in the Danube Gorges with those of Neolithic individuals buried outside the Danube Gorges, no notable differences are observed, and there are several reasons for this. As already mentioned, although Neolithic communities in the Danube Gorges continued to predominantly consume fish during the Neolithic period, individuals who preferred terrestrial resources also emerged. On the other hand, while the diet in territories outside the Danube Gorges was based on terrestrial resources, sites located close to rivers show an increased intake of aquatic proteins. Given that individuals in both Neolithic samples included fish and terrestrial resources in their diets, and considering the strong possibility that these resources were processed similarly, this could explain the lack of differences in diet abrasiveness.Individuals from both Neolithic samples had a less abrasive diet compared to the Mesolithic individuals from the Danube Gorges. However, compared with Neolithic individuals from other European and Near Eastern sites, their diet appears more abrasive. This may be a consequence of the specific local site conditions and suggest food processing techniques that introduced larger quantities of abrasive particles into their food.To determine whether sex influenced dietary habits, the microwear patterns of men and women in both Neolithic samples were compared. In the Danube Gorges, women had a more abrasive diet than men and a higher proportion of plant-based foods. A similar trend was observed among the Neolithic individuals buried outside the Danube Gorges, where the microwear patterns indicate that men had a higher percentage of meat in their diet. The observed differences in the microwear patterns of men and women could result from their social roles, which would have led to differing access to certain food resources.Microwear patterns were also compared among individuals of different age categories to determine whether abrasiveness changed with age. Among individuals from the Danube Gorges, there was no difference in the abrasiveness of the diet between children and adults, which could suggest that they consumed an equally abrasive food. In contrast, among individuals buried outside the Danube Gorges, differences in dietary abrasiveness were observed across various age categories. The youngest individuals showed the lowest level of abrasiveness, which increased with age, and t
L’aristocratisme chez Nietzsche et la démocratie – une relation symbiotique ?
No full textIn this article, I will delve into Friedrich Nietzsche’s views on democracy in light of his professed aristocratism. First, I will discuss Nietzsche’s perfectionism, meaning his belief that humankind can be justified only by its perpetual advancement, made manifest in exceptional individuals. Afterwards, I will inquire into how this belief affected Nietzsche’s political views, particularly his notoriously critical stance towards democracy. This will be followed by a discussion of Herman W. Siemens’s arguments that Nietzsche’s views on democracy and their relationship with his aristocratic leanings are nuanced, as well as of the limitations of Siemens’s reading of Nietzsche. Finally, the article will show how Thomas Fossen expands upon Siemens’s analysis to include Nietzsche’s notable pathos of distance, as well as indicate directions for further research on this subject.U ovom ću članku razmotriti stavove Friedricha Nietzschea o demokraciji u svjetlu njegova
deklariranog aristokratizma. Najprije ću se osvrnuti na Nietzscheov perfekcionizam, tj. njegovo uvjerenje da se čovječanstvo može opravdati jedino putem neprestanog napretka koji se
očituje u iznimnim pojedincima. Zatim ću ispitati kako je to uvjerenje oblikovalo Nietzscheove
političke stavove, osobito njegovu zloglasno kritičku poziciju prema demokraciji. Nakon toga
slijedi rasprava o argumentima Hermana W. Siemensa, koji tvrdi da su Nietzscheovi pogledi na demokraciju i njihov odnos prema njegovim aristokratskim sklonostima nijansirani, kao i
o ograničenjima Siemensova čitanja Nietzschea. Na koncu, članak će pokazati kako Thomas
Fossen nadograđuje Siemensovu analizu uključivanjem Nietzscheova značajnog patosa distance te naznačiti smjerove za daljnja istraživanja ove teme.In diesem Beitrag werde ich mich in Friedrich Nietzsches Ansichten zur Demokratie im Lichte
seines erklärten Aristokratismus vertiefen. Zunächst werde ich auf Nietzsches Perfektionismus
eingehen, womit seine Überzeugung gemeint ist, dass die Menschheit einzig durch ihre fortwährende Höherentwicklung gerechtfertigt werden kann, die sich in außergewöhnlichen Individuen
manifestiert. Anschließend werde ich untersuchen, wie sich dieser Glaube auf Nietzsches politische Ansichten auswirkte, im Besonderen auf seine berüchtigt kritische Haltung gegenüber
der Demokratie. Darauf folgt eine Erörterung der Argumente von Herman W. Siemens, wonach Nietzsches Auffassungen zur Demokratie und deren Verhältnis zu seinen aristokratischen
Neigungen differenziert zu betrachten sind, sowie eine Diskussion über die Einschränkungen von
Siemens’ Nietzsche-Deutung. Abschließend wird der Beitrag darlegen, wie Thomas Fossen die
Analyse von Siemens erweitert, indem er Nietzsches bemerkenswertes Pathos der Distanz einbezieht, und zugleich Richtungen für weiterführende Forschungen zu diesem Thema aufzeigen.Dans cet article, j’examine les positions de Friedrich Nietzsche sur la démocratie à la lumière de son aristocratisme revendiqué. Je commencerai par analyser le perfectionnisme de
Nietzsche, c’est-à-dire sa conviction que l’humanité ne peut être justifiée que par son progrès
perpétuel, qui s’incarne chez des individus exceptionnels. J’étudierai ensuite l’impact de cette
conviction sur les vues politiques de Nietzsche, en particulier son attitude notoirement critique
envers la démocratie. S’ensuivra une discussion des arguments de Herman W. Siemens, selon
lesquels les positions de Nietzsche sur la démocratie et leur rapport à ses inclinations aristocratiques sont nuancées, ainsi que des limites de la lecture de Nietzsche proposée par Siemens.
Enfin, l’article montrera comment Thomas Fossen enrichit l’analyse de Siemens pour inclure
le pathos de distance caractéristique de Nietzsche, et indiquera des pistes pour des recherches
ultérieures sur ce sujet
For liberation and unification: volunteer units from Serbia in the 1875 uprising in the Vilayet of Bosnia
No full textРад се бави анализом активног учешћа Кнежевине
Србије у устанку српског народа у Босанском вилајету 1875. године.
Акценат је стављен на организовање и пребацивање добровољачких
чета преко српске границе, с циљем да се одржи и разбукта устанак у Босанској Крајини и прошири западно и јужно од граница Србије. Пажња је посвећена организованом прикупљању добровољаца
и формирању чета, улози српских цивилних и војних власти у том
подухвату, начинима и путевима пребацивања чета преко границе,
као и њиховим борбеним дејствима против нерегуларних и регуларних турских трупа у Новопазарском санџаку и Босанској Посавини.
Посебно је истакнута улога пуковника Ранка Алимпића у организацији и надзору над добровољцима. Истраживање указује на сложени однос између унутрашњег родољубивог набоја у Србији, реалполитичких ограничења и међународног притиска. Рад је заснован на
необјављеним и објављеним изворима домаће и стране провенијенције, те на релевантној литератури.Following the outbreak of the uprising in Bosnian Krajina
on August 16, 1875, the Principality of Serbia systematically organized,
financed, and supported the deployment of volunteer units into the
territory of the Vilayet of Bosnia. The primary objective of this initiative
was to sustain and expand the rebellion west and south of Serbia’s
borders—particularly in Bosnian Posavina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar
– in anticipation of a favorable moment, namely the spring of 1876, when
Serbia planned to initiate war against the Ottoman Empire in pursuit of
national independence and the liberation of the Serbian people.
After the successful deployment of volunteer units to Bosnina Posavina
and the Novi Pazar Sanjak, the Serbian government centralized the entire
operation under the command of Colonel Ranko Alimpić to improve
coordination. He was granted authority over both military and civil
institutions in the border region – from Rača on the Drina River to Raška on
the Ibar River – as well as access to volunteer committees and substantial
financial resources.
Despite initial enthusiasm and temporary achievements, the actions
of the volunteer detachments failed to evolve into a sustained insurgent
movement. This was largely due to insufficient weaponry, lack of discipline,
fragmented leadership, and, most critically, the absence of coordination
with the Serbian army, which was not expected to be combat-ready until
the spring of 1876. The buildup of Ottoman forces along the Serbian border,
combined with diplomatic pressure from the Great Powers and the onset of
winter, ultimately forced the suspension of the campaign – though Serbia’s
support for the insurgents in Bosnian Krajina continued
Etničke i lične granice u Mostaru u filmu „Obrana i zaštita“
No full textIstraživanje podeljenih gradova stvara nepresušni opseg tema koje se mogu uvek iznova (re)interpretirati u naučnom smislu. Jedna od takvih tema jesu etničke granice koje mogu da se razumeju ne samo uz pomoć makrokonteksta na političkom i društvenom nivou, već i uz pomoć mikrokonteksta – ličnih granica. Na primeru filma „Obrana i zaštita“ moguće je istražiti oba nivoa granica u Mostaru. Podela u ovom gradu izražena je u neformalnom, odnosno simboličkom smislu, budući da je u administrativnom pogledu u pitanju jedinstveno urbano područje. Dakle, Mostar je celovit „na papiru“ ali je „u glavama ljudi“ (p)ostao podeljen nakon rata, zbog čega se etničke granice između Hrvata i Bošnjaka često prepliću sa ličnim granicama onih pripadnika dvaju naroda koji se svakodnevno ili povremeno kreću duž čitavog grada. Film „Obrana i zaštita“ prikazuje glavnog junaka koji se suočava sa prelaskom oba pomenuta nivoa granica, trudeći se da na spoljašnjem planu pred okolinom ostane dosledan pred „obe strane“, dok na unutrašnjem planu
vodi borbu sa samim sobom zbog svojih postupaka i razmišljanja.Nacionalni naučni skup Popularna kultura, folklor, komunikacija Beograd, 5-6 decembar 2025. - Saopštenje štampano u izvod
Social Dreaming: Exploring the Possibility of Using Dreams as a Source of Knowledge About Social Reality
No full textU radu se bavimo teorijskim postavkama i praksom društvenog sa njanja, nastojeći da odgovorimo na pitanje mogu li snovi imati društve no-saznajnu vrijednost? Društveno sanjanje predstavlja praksu dijeljenja
snova u društvenom prostoru. Gordon Lawrence, utemeljivač ovog vida
grupnog rada na snovima, smatra da je društveni prostor zapravo svoje vrsni matriks u kojem su snovi inkubirani. Oni nisu vlasništvo pojednica
koji ih sanja, već su zajedničko dobro čitavog kolektiva. Ispričani snovi
komuniciraju jedni sa drugima, i kroz slobodne asocijacije grade matri ce nove spoznaje o društvenom. Ovaj konceptualni okvir smo testirali u
praksi, slušajući i pričajući snove sanjane u kontekstu aktuelnih društve nih dešavanja – studentskoj blokadi Beogradskog, i drugih univerziteta u
R. Srbiji. Aspekte društvenog, kolektivno nesvjesnog u snovima učesnika
prepoznavali smo, tragali zajedno za njihovim simboličkim značenjima i
razumijeli u grupi – tom polju razmijene ideja, u skladu sa principima
analize društvenih snova. Ključni metod koji su koristili učenici grupe su
asocijacije na snivani sadržaj i zajednička refleksija o tome šta snovi mogu
govoriti o društvu, zajednici, vremenu u kojem živimo. Proces rada u gru pi je zabilježen audio tehnikom, isključivo za potrebe naknadne analize
procesa koji su se dešavali u grupi i zaključaka vezanih za društvenu pri rodu snovnog materijala učesnika, sa ciljem da odgovorimo na jedno pita nje: da li metoda društvenog sanjanja može biti (i) za sociologiju validan
izvor saznanja o društvenoj stvarnosti?This paper explores the theoretical foundations and practical application of social dreaming, aiming to answer the question: Can dreams hold
socio-epistemological value? Social dreaming is a practice of sharing dreams
within a social space. Gordon Lawrence, the founder of this type of group
work with dreams, considers the social space to be a kind of matrix in which
dreams are incubated. These dreams do not belong to the individual who
dreams them; rather, they are the shared property of the entire collective.
Narrated dreams communicate with each other and, through free associa tions, construct matrices of new understanding about the social. We tested
this conceptual framework in practice by listening to and sharing dreams
dreamt in the context of current social events—specifically, the student
blockade of the University of Belgrade and other universities in the Republic
of Serbia. Aspects of the social and the collective unconscious within partici pants’ dreams were identified, searched together for their symbolic mean ings, and understood them through group work—a space for the exchange
of ideas, in accordance with the principles of social dream analysis. The key
method used by the group involved free associations related to the dream
content, and collective reflection on what these dreams might reveal about
society, the community, and the time we live in. The group process was re corded using audio equipment solely for the purpose of re-analyzing the
processes that occurred within the group and drawing conclusions related
to the social nature of the participants’ dream material. The central question
we sought to answer was: Can the method of social dreaming be a valid
source of knowledge about social reality—even for sociology?Naučna konferencija Studentski protesti 2024/25: BloKADA, ako ne SADA?, Beograd, 22. i 23. novembar 2025., Saopštenje štampano u izvod
Teeth in Transition: Odontometric Analysis of Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Neolithic Agricultural Communities in the Danube Gorges (9500-5500 CAL. BC)
No full textThe Mesolithic-Neolithic transition is one of the most significant processes in human history, profoundly impacting human biology, health, and dietary choices. During this transformative period, communities shifted from hunting and gathering to a sedentary, agricultural lifestyle, further influencing human development. In many regions, the transition to food production was accompanied by a reduction in craniofacial and dental dimensions. In this study, we investigate whether the Neolithic transition affected tooth dimensions in the Central Balkans, a key area for examining Neolithisation due to its strategic position at the crossroads of the Near East and Europe. To assess this, an odontometric study was conducted on the teeth of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and the newly arrived Neolithic population in the Danube Gorges (9500–5500 cal. BC).
To investigate potential differences in odontometric parameters between these two groups, we measured the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters of permanent maxillary and mandibular molars using an optical digitizing device. Our sample includes individuals from Padina, Vlasac, Lepenski Vir, and Hajdučka Vodenica, for whom absolute dates and aDNA genotyping data are available. Previous studies enabled us to genetically determine whether individuals belonged to the hunter-gatherer or agricultural population. By comparing tooth size between these groups, we aim to reconstruct how the mixing of populations, lifestyle shifts, and dietary changes affected teeth dimensions in the Danube Gorges.The 31th European Association of Archaeologists Annual Meeting (Interwined pasts), Belgrade Virtual, 2-6 September 2025 - Saopštenje štampano u izvod
Machine learning for estimating chronological Age in Children using the London Atlas and dental Radiographs
No full textThis study aims to evaluate convolutional neural network models for automated
estimation of chronological age in children using dental radiographs. A dataset of 28
pediatric dental radiographs were collected from individuals with known chronological
ages. Using the London Atlas, dental development stages were annotated. Before training
the CNN models, preprocessing and segmentation techniques were applied. For
supervised learning models were used: MobileNetV2, DenseNet121, EfficientNet B0
and ResNet34. Performance was evaluated using parameters, such as accuracy,
precision, sensitivity and specificity. Among the models, the MobileNetV2 architecture
achieved the best performance, with high correlation between predicted and actual age
with 95% accuracy. The integration of machine learning with dental radiographic
analysis provides a promising tool for accurate, age estimation. This approach may
enhance diagnostic workflows in pediatric dentistry and forensic identification practices.69. konferencija ETRAN i 12. međunarodna konferencija IcETRAN, Čačak, 9-12. juna 2025. - Saopštenje štampano u izvod
