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Type III RTKs: PDGFR, CSFR, Kit, FLT3 receptor family in GtoPdb v.2025.3
Get PDFType III RTKs include PDGFR, CSF-1R (Ems), Kit and FLT3, which function as homo- or heterodimers. Endogenous ligands of PDGF receptors are homo- or heterodimeric: PDGFA, PDGFB, VEGFE and PDGFD combine as homo- or heterodimers to activate homo- or heterodimeric PDGF receptors. SCF is a dimeric ligand for KIT. Ligands for CSF1R are either monomeric or dimeric glycoproteins, while the endogenous agonist for FLT3 is a homodimer
Type VII RTKs: Neurotrophin receptor/Trk family in GtoPdb v.2025.3
Get PDFThe neurotrophin receptor family of RTKs include tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. Their cognate ligands are NGF, BDNF and neurotrophin-3, respectively. They are associated primarily with proliferative and migration effects in neural systems. Various isoforms of neurotrophin receptors exist, including truncated forms of TrkB and TrkC, which lack catalytic domains. p75 (TNFRSF16, also known as nerve growth factor receptor) can interact with neurotrophins and their propeptides. While p75 can lead to apoptosis, it can also form a complex with Trk receptors to mediate survival signalling [10]
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family in GtoPdb v.2025.3
Get PDFThe TNF receptor family has at least 29 genes, with diverse roles in cell death, inflammation and development. Dysregulated TNFR signalling is associated with many inflammatory disorders, including some forms of arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and targeting TNF has been an effective therapeutic strategy in these diseases and for cancer immunotherapy [5, 6, 53]
Delta subfamily in GtoPdb v.2025.3
Get PDFPKCδ and PKCθ are PKC isoforms that are activated by diacylglycerol and may be inhibited by calphostin C, Gö 6983 and chelerythrine
3.6.5.2 Small monomeric GTPases in GtoPdb v.2025.3
Get PDFSmall G-proteins, are a family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP). They are a type of G-protein found in the cytosol that are homologous to the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins, but unlike the alpha subunit of G proteins, a small GTPase can function independently as a hydrolase enzyme to bind to and hydrolyze a guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to form guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The best-known members are the Ras GTPases and hence they are sometimes called Ras subfamily GTPases
E3 ubiquitin ligase components in GtoPdb v.2025.3
Get PDFUbiquitination (a.k.a. ubiquitylation) is a protein post-translational modification that typically requires the sequential action of three enzymes: E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzymes), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes), and E3 (ubiquitin ligases) [50]. Ubiquitination of proteins can target them for proteasomal degradation, or modulate cellular processes including cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, DNA repair and signal transduction. E3 ubiquitin ligases, of which there are >600 in humans, are a family of highly heterogeneous proteins and protein complexes that recruit ubiquitin-loaded E2 enzymes to mediate transfer of the ubiquitin molecule from the E2 to protein substrates. Target substrate specificity is determined by a substrate recognition subunit within the E3 complex. E3 ligases are being exploited as pharmacological targets to facilitate targeted protein degradation (TPD), as an alternative to small molecule inhibitors [5], through the development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and molecular glues
Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) in GtoPdb v.2025.4
Get PDFSodium channels are voltage-gated sodium-selective ion channels present in the membrane of most excitable cells. Sodium channels comprise one pore-forming α subunit, which may be associated with either one or two β subunits [191]. α-Subunits consist of four homologous domains (I-IV), each containing six transmembrane segments (S1-S6) and a pore-forming loop. The positively charged fourth transmembrane segment (S4) acts as a voltage sensor and is involved in channel gating. The crystal structure of the bacterial NavAb channel has revealed a number of novel structural features compared to earlier potassium channel structures including a short selectivity filter with ion selectivity determined by interactions with glutamate side chains [298]. Interestingly, the pore region is penetrated by fatty acyl chains that extend into the central cavity which may allow the entry of small, hydrophobic pore-blocking drugs [298]. Auxiliary β1, β2, β3 and β4 subunits consist of a large extracellular N-terminal domain, a single transmembrane segment and a shorter cytoplasmic domain. Pharmacological targeting of voltage-gated sodium channels has long been a cornerstone of clinical treatment for a range of conditions. Classical sodium channel blockers, many of which act by occluding the central pore, are widely used as local anesthetics, antiarrhythmic agents, and anticonvulsants [135]. More recently, suzetrigine, a highly selective Nav1.8 inhibitor, received FDA approval for the treatment of acute post-operative pain [202, 419]. The nomenclature for sodium channels was proposed by Goldin et al., (2000) [155] and approved by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on sodium channels (Catterall et al., 2005, [54])
The Invisible Killings: The Epidemic of Transfemicide by Martina Semino
Get PDFThe killing of transgender women is a widespread social problem throughout the world. Nonetheless, these crimes are often made invisible by their mislabeling and the lack of research surrounding them. This paper provides a contribution which explores the reconceptualization of the killing of transgender women from anti-trans hate crimes to transfemicide. This paper uses a case-study approach to analyse the killings of transgender women in Argentina and specifically the case of Diana Sacayàn and its judgment. By exploring the differences that arise between naming the murder as a hate crime, femicide or transfemicide the paper positions itself in the politics of naming. Indeed, the argument is made that transfemicide is the only term able to capture the unique experiences of transgender women because of their inherent intersectional identities and the continuum of violence and discrimination they face in their day-to-day life often ending in their murder
The Mafia State: Criminal Governance in Sinaloa, Mexico, in 2006-2016 by Fracia Baeke
Get PDFOrganised crime has often adopted mixed characteristics, often shifting away from its central economic identity and evolving into a social and political actor. Mexican drug-trafficking organisations are one such manifestation of this mixed character, increasingly so since the 2006 militarisation of the War on Drugs during the Calderón administration. During the first 10 years, Mexico faced a sharp increase in violence and the pervasive influence of organised crime in politics, sparking debates of whether it has become a “narco-state” or a “mafia state.” This paper demonstrates that this development of the War marks an increasingly political nature of the Sinaloa Cartel in a two-level conflict against the federal government and other drug-trafficking organisations vying for power and influence. The research highlights that the political nature of drug-trafficking has been present in Mexico since the early 20th century but returned to strengthen and reinforce economic power derived from criminal activities. This historical political nature is only possible with the presence of a weak state, allowing for a crime-governance nexus to develop and embed the illicit drug trade in Mexican society, thereby further strengthening and legitimising the political character of the Sinaloa Cartel. Tackling drug-trafficking will remain at the top of the political and security agenda for the foreseeable future. However, understanding the political dynamics and interactions between organized criminal groups and the government will be crucial to comprehending the ongoing development of the War on Drugs
Paper Review of Maruna S. (2011) “Re-entry as a rite of passage” by Rebekka Marcuk
No full textThis paper critically examines Shadd Maruna’s (2011) “Re-entry as a Rite of Passage”, which explores how structured rituals can facilitate the reintegration of ex-prisoners by reducing stigma and promoting social acceptance. Maruna argues that the absence of such rites contributes to high recidivism rates, proposing public acts of remorse and community involvement as solutions. While his framework offers valuable insights, this review highlights key limitations, including the oversimplification of societal attitudes, the ambiguity of “community,” and the neglect of mental health challenges. It concludes that while reintegration rituals hold promise, they must be supported by systemic reforms and targeted social policies for lasting impact