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Analysis of knowledge level and preventive actions undertaken by elderly people
No full textThe aim of this article was to determine the level of knowledge and preventive actions undertaken by elderly individuals. The research was conducted using a proprietary survey questionnaire, which consisted of a demographic section and the main part of the survey. The questions were concerned with current government preventive programs; participation in them; and health-promoting actions undertaken by elderly individuals. The studied population included individuals aged 60 to 90 years. The study was anonymous, and participation was preceded by obtaining participants’ informed consent to take part in the research. The research conducted in 2024 concluded with 128 correctly completed questionnaires. The majority of survey participants have a positive attitude towards participating in preventive examinations. The level of knowledge among the respondents varies. Despite having knowledge about preventive examinations, the respondents do not utilize them
New and future consumer trends and the impact of AI on seniors’ consumer behaviour and health care
No full textThis is a theoretical study whose purpose is to outline new and future consumer trends among the elderly. Current innovations and technologies, changes in society, and greater attention to consumers’ lifestyles have undoubtedly allowed for a gradual increase in the average life expectancy of individuals and in the number of older people. Some new patterns of consumer behaviour can be noticed among seniors; these have not yet been fully recognised or ultimately well understood. Seniors were chosen in this instance in view of their growing importance and decision-making power in today’s societies and the fact that, as market participants, they respond to the changing environment, globalisation and its impacts on consumption, lifestyle and emerging new consumer trends with more and more intensity. The analysis shows that the development of neurobiology and neuroscience as well as new technologies for studying consumer behaviour will contribute to the evolution of consumer trends based on emotional stimuli and relying on brain examination and experimental methods. New technologies will be increasingly used as a tool in the recovery of the elderly. Gerontechnology will certainly contribute to this, as it aims at adapting technical measures that support the lives of elderly people in regard to their health, housing, mobility, communication, free time, and work. It is conceivable that with significant progress in the above-mentioned field, personal robots will be able to perform complex tasks and help seniors in their everyday existence, while improving their quality of life. The more common use of 3D printers among seniors over the next dozen or so years will lead to the development of a digital personalised consumer trend that in turn will contribute to a reduction in consumerism and a modification of cocooning
Artificial intelligence and digital inequalities: new challenges for Poland
No full textThe article deals with the problem of digital inequalities that may develop in Poland due to the widespread introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) in all areas of contemporary social and economic life. In addition to the existing forms of digital inequalities, new ones are emerging, related to the dominance of a group of countries with the highest technological level, which are able to effectively impose new standards of economic and social development. New forms of digital inequalities, emerging alongside the rapid development of AI, go beyond the traditional issues of Internet connectivity or hardware availability. They include disparities in access to the high-quality training data, limited national capacities to develop and deploy large language models (LLMs), unequal availability of high-performance computing infrastructure, and gaps in algorithmic transparency as well as AI governance. The concise analysis presented in this article aims at indicating the strategies that Poland has implemented in the third decade of the 21st century to enable the inclusive development of AI at the national level. The research explores how Poland’s national AI strategy can address internal barriers — such as underdeveloped infrastructure, limited computing capacity, and uneven distribution of digital skills — to promote more inclusive and equitable AI development. The central research question is: What strategic actions should Poland undertake to ensure a more inclusive development of artificial intelligence? The analysis uses a descriptive method to understand the factors that have a particular impact on the occurrence of digital inequalities in Poland. The results of the study show that Poland still faces many technological delays, including those in the implementation of AI solutions. This may result in a deepening of digital inequalities in the sphere of business as well as society. One strategy that seems to have the greatest positive impact on the inclusive development of AI is national and international cooperation between the public and private sectors in this area.
 
Attitudes towards working with older people of health and care professions students — the case study of Podlaskie Voivodeship
No full textThis article investigates attitudes toward working with older people among university students and post-secondary school students in medical and care-related educational programs in Podlaskie Voivodeship. Drawing on data collected via a CAWI survey (N=811), the study assesses four dimensions of an attitude: behavioural intentions, perceived attractiveness, as well as perceived positive and negative aspects of work with older adults. The findings reveal a predominance of skeptical attitudes, particularly among university students in academic medical programs (e.g., medicine, nursing), while more positive attitudes are found among those post-secondary school students who were in vocational, care-focused tracks. Based on cluster analysis, three attitudinal profiles were identified: Skeptics, Ambivalents, and Enthusiasts. While the Skeptics form the largest group overall, substantial proportions of Ambivalents and Enthusiasts suggest that attitudes may shift under favourable educational conditions. The study underscores the critical need to shape positive professional attitudes through targeted gerontological education and practical engagement with older adults
Health literacy of Polish seniors in the light of the scoping review
No full textThis article synthesises the state of knowledge about Polish seniors’ health literacy (HL) and identifies key socio-demographic and health-related factors influencing HL. A scoping review was conducted following a six-step process and applying the PRISMA framework for article selection. HL was conceptualised as a multidimensional construct, including functional, communicative, and critical levels, and its significance for patient empowerment and healthcare delivery was highlighted. The review results confirm that health literacy among Polish seniors is generally inadequate and shaped by variables such as age, education, place of residence, and access to health information. These findings underscore a significant research gap, particularly in studies assessing HL’s functional, communicative, and critical levels. They also point to the need for initiatives and programmes targeting seniors in rural areas and those with lower levels of education to improve their health literacy and support healthy ageing
Poles’ attitudes towards saving for retirement
No full textSaving for retirement involves reducing consumption during a given period, meaning refraining from spending a portion of current income to use it for expenses after ceasing to be professionally active. The primary driver of retirement savings should be a rational calculation to offset the anticipated decline in income after retirement. The saving motives are shaped by socioeconomic, demographic, and psychological factors, with income and assets being key economic determinants. This paper focuses on the attitudes of Poles toward voluntary saving for retirement. The empirical research utilizes standard statistical and econometric techniques, including independence tests and logistic regression. It is based on a quantitative study conducted in December 2023 with a representative sample of 1,010 adult Poles. Its results show that fewer than 20% of Poles save specifically for retirement, and only 12% use financial instruments dedicated explicitly to retirement savings. Those who save are typically highly educated, urban residents, employed, or economically inactive but financially supported by another member of their households. More juvenile household members and low incomes decrease the likelihood of saving for retirement, while higher incomes increase it. The macroeconomic perspective indicates that despite the growing stock of financial assets dedicated to retirement savings, the savings rate of Polish households is one of the lowest in Europe. The decline in the savings rate in recent years is especially concerning in the face of the deepening ageing process of Polish society.
 
Розвиток сучасної юридичної освіти в Чехії
No full textThe beginnings of modern legal education in the Czech Republic began in 1882, with the establishment of the Czech University in Prague. In Czechoslovakia, the Austrian model of legal education was adopted, which survived throughout the interwar period. The aim of the article is to determine whether the education of lawyers in independent Czechoslovakia after World War I differed from the model developed in Austrian times, and to what extent the takeover of power by the communists in 1948 resulted in a break with the previous method of educating lawyers. The problem raised in the article is also the transformation of law education in the Czech Republic over the last 30 years. The author points out that the Czech model of legal education is quite conservative, and after 1998 references were made to institutions known from the period before 1948. At the same time, didactic methods known from Anglo-Saxon countries began to be introduced.Початки сучасної чеської юридичної освіти сягають 1882 року, коли празький університет було поділено на два заклади — чеський (Universitas Carolo-Ferdinandea Bohemica) і німецький (Universitas Carolo-Ferdinandea Germanica). Освіта на юридичному факультеті чеського університету базувалася на засадах доволі типового для австрійських університетів правового позитивізму. Після утворення Чехословаччини модель підготовки юристів, успадкована з австрійських часів, не змінилася протягом усього міжвоєнного періоду і базувалася на державних іспитах та отриманні ступеня доктора права на основі складання іспитів, які називалися ригозорами (у польських університетах у Кракові та Львові, підпорядкованих австрійському праву, така модель зберігалася фактично до 1924 року). У Чехословаччині нові юридичні факультети були створені в тодішніх університетах у Братиславі та Брні. Особливу роль відіграв центр у Брні, де Франтішек Вейр створив школу нормативізму («чистої науки права»), що спиралася на концепцію Ганса Кельзена. Як і в Польщі, у міжвоєнний період широко обговорювали реформу юридичних студій. Після приходу комуністів до повної влади в Чехословаччині 1948 року було запроваджено радянські зразки навчання юристів, а з програми видалено римське право, включено натомість, крім предметів марксистського характеру, сімейне право та право соціального забезпечення. Іншим новим предметом стала історія політичних та правових доктрин, що з’явилася з 1957/1958 навчального року. Було введено обов’язкові семінари, лекції та практичні заняття, а також іспити після кожного семестру. Студенти також мали проходити студентські практики. У середині 1950-х років з’явилася вимога надавати письмові роботи, зокрема дипломну. Лише 1966 року отримання ступеня доктора права (JUDr.) було прив’язане до подання роботи. Юридичні студії тривали чотири роки до середини 1950-х, протягом наступних двох десятиліть — п’ять років, а з середини 1970-х — знову чотири роки. У першій половині 1990-х, уже після розпаду Чехословаччини, у Чехії сформувалася система юридичної освіти, що базувалася на чотирьох державних університетах: у Празі, Брні, Оломоуці та Пльзні. У 1990 році було скасовано ступінь доктора права (JUDr.), який відновили 1998 року. Нині існує так званий малий доктор права, який не є науковим ступенем, і для його отримання потрібно подати дисертацію та скласти іспити, а також великий докторат, який є науковим ступенем (philosophiae doctor — Ph.D.). Закон про вищі навчальні заклади 1998 року визначив, що юридичні студії (právo a právní věda — право і наука права) тривають 10 семестрів, тобто 5 років. Залишком австрійської традиції є проведення державних іспитів (statní závěrečná zkouška), хоча, на відміну від XIX та початку XX ст., у комісіях беруть участь лише викладачі університетів, а не державні чиновники. Модель юридичної освіти є доволі консервативною, хоча в другому десятиріччі XXI століття університети почали пропонувати програми англійською мовою LL.M. (Master of Laws), здебільшого в партнерстві із закордонними закладами. У юридичній літературі останніх двадцяти років відновилися дискусії навколо реформи юридичних студій. Наявну модель часто критикують як позитивістську, формалістську та догматичну. Деякі автори вважають, що одним із способів, хоч часткового, покращення юридичних студій є впровадження в сучасну модель методів навчання, що виникли в англосаксонських країнах, таких як юридичні клініки або симуляції судових процесів із підготовкою відповідних процесуальних документів (moot courts)
Odpowiedzialność za śmierć i uszkodzenie zwierzęcia w prawach starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu
No full textThe wording of the legal regulations concerning liability for death or damage to the health of coupled and farm animals indicates their important role in the societies of the ancient Near East, which did not undergo major changes in the millennium between the arrival of the Amorites in the south of Mesopotamia and the fall of the Hittite state in Anatolia. Draft animals working in the field or used to transport goods, such as donkeys, oxen and horses, sheep, whose herds were often the basis of property, and in some cultures were an indicator of social status, or dogs, especially shepherd and hunting dogs, protecting farm animals and helping to secure the existence of the community, were particularly protected. Liability for the death or damage of an animal was of a private and financial nature, consisting predominantly in the return of a live animal in place of the dead one, or the payment of compensation to compensate the owner for the loss in his property. It can also be noted that the amount of compensation depends not only on the extent of the loss, but also on its cause – if the damage was caused by force majeure, there was no premise entitling the animal owner to pursue his claims. The article discusses the laws recorded in selected Mesopotamian and Hittite sources, with special regards to the Code of Hammurabi
„Wojna ze zwierzętami” — prawo do polowania i prawne środki ochrony przed kłusownictwem w rewolucyjnej Francji w latach 1789–1790
No full textThe article explores the transformation of hunting law in France during the French Revolution (1789–1790), focusing on the abolition of royal and feudal hunting privileges. The author examines how revolutionary ideals expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen redefined the right to hunt as a property-based entitlement. A new mixed system of anti-poaching measures combining public and private sanctions is also described. Despite the abolition of the ancien régime, the king retained limited hunting rights in designated areas. The study reflects the broader cultural and legal changes of the era
UE w świetle wojny w Ukrainie: aspekty współpracy, integracji i bezpieczeństwa
No full textThe article analyzes the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the policies of the European Union and its member states. Key trends in the responses of EU countries are identified: the redefinition of policy towards Russia (Germany, France), anti-Russian mobilization (Poland, Baltic countries), transformation of the security concept (Sweden, Finland), and deviations from the European consensus (Hungary, Austria). The analysis covers the period up to March 2023 and shows that the war became a catalyst for breaking the integration deadlock since 2007, accelerating integration processes in defense, foreign policy, and energy. However, the conflict also revealed structural weaknesses of the EU, limiting its ability to act effectively as a unified international actor.Artykuł analizuje wpływ rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę na politykę Unii Europejskiej oraz poszczególnych państw członkowskich. Zidentyfikowane zostają kluczowe trendy w reakcjach państw UE: redefinicję polityki wobec Rosji (Niemcy, Francja), mobilizację antyrosyjską (Polska, kraje bałtyckie), transformację koncepcji bezpieczeństwa (Szwecja, Finlandia) oraz odstępstwa od europejskiego konsensusu (Węgry, Austria). Analiza obejmuje okres do marca 2023 roku i wykazuje, że wojna stała się katalizatorem przełamania impasu integracyjnego po 2007 roku, przyspieszając procesy integracyjne w obszarach obronności, polityki zagranicznej i energetyki. Konflikt ujawnił jednak również strukturalne słabości UE, ograniczające jej zdolność do skutecznego działania jako jednolity aktor międzynarodowy