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Propagowanie ustrojów totalitarnych i ich symboli w cyberprzestrzeni
No full textNowadays, electronic means of communication are the primary tool for communication, enabling the sharing, processing and storage of unlimited amounts of data. Computerisation has contributed to improving the functioning of public administration (the implementation of public affairs) and the provision of services (e-services). Unfortunately, cyberspace has also become a place for cybercriminals to operate in the information (disinformation) sphere, enabling, among other things, the dissemination of totalitarian content or symbols on an unprecedented scale. Currently, the Internet is often used as a tool in the so-called information war, and content shared online can be excellent propaganda material that serves to support a particular ideology or totalitarian regime.
The aim of this article is to determine whether, and if so, how electronic means of communication can contribute to the intensification of activities promoting totalitarian regimes and their symbols. The thesis of the article is that the protection of cyberspace is necessary not only because of the need to update information and protect data, but should also aim to eliminate content and symbols promoting totalitarian state systems from cyberspace. It was assumed that confirmation of the adopted thesis requires answers to the following questions: what aspects should be given special attention when ensuring the protection of network users, and how important is the role of the mass media, especially the Internet, in the dissemination and popularisation of slogans and symbols known to totalitarian regimes. The subject of the study focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of computerisation in terms of the use of information and communication technologies by public authorities and other Internet users. The analysis of the topic will answer the question of what organisational and legal methods and measures should be used to prevent or limit the propagation of totalitarian regimes and their symbols on the Internet. The first part of the work contains a general description of the positive and negative aspects of digital transformation. The second part presents the issue of cyberspace as a place for promoting policies characteristic of totalitarian regimes. Research methods include the analysis of basic legal acts, such as: Act of 6th June 1997—Penal Code, Act of 1st April 2016 on the prohibition of propagating communism or other totalitarian system by the names of organizational units, auxiliary units of the commune, buildings, public facilities and equipment, as well as monuments and the Act of 5th July 2018 on the national cybersecurity system using the literature on the subject
Problem ochrony byłych nazistowskich obozów pracy w Górach Sowich
No full textIn the Owl Mountains of Lower Silesia, numerous relics of Nazi labour camps associated with the so-called Riese complex remain. These relics are a testament to Nazi crimes. Traces of the former camp buildings are still visible. These structures lack any legal protection, including conservation. Construction projects and illegal searches for historical monuments pose a real threat to these disappearing and forgotten structures. It is urgent to provide legal protection for these sites and to undertake interdisciplinary research
Ewolucja statusu prawnego pracowników administracji państwowej w okresie PRL
No full textThis article aims to analyse the legal status of state administration employees in Poland from 1945 to 1989, covering three main stages: the period directly after World War II, the period of development of the socialist state and the period right before the 1989 political transformation. The evolution of the legal position of state administration employees in the context of the systemic and legal changes taking place in Poland during the period in question will be assessed. To obtain a complete view of the changes in the legal status of state administration employees, a brief characterization of the legal situation of public administration employees during the Second Republic will also be made. The research will use the historical-legal method and theoretical legal analysis of provisions of law and the views of the doctrine of law to understand the evolution of ideas about the role and position of state administration employees in the state
Sztuczna inteligencja a fundamenty odpowiedzialności karnej państwa demokratycznego
No full textThe author seeks to address the question of whether there exists a relationship between the growing importance of advanced algorithms (commonly referred to as “artificial intelligence”) and the currently prevailing foundations of criminal liability. The appearance of such a relationship may stem from the human tendency to personify artificial intelligence and, in some sense, to equate the “thinking” of a computer program with human thought. The author concludes that artificial intelligence— contrary to certain predictions found in the literature—will neither disrupt the foundations of contemporary criminal law nor lead to the rejection of the principles upon which the doctrine of liability for a prohibited act is built. This is because artificial intelligence is not capable of altering the system of values that we seek to protect through criminal law. However, the uncontrolled development of artificial intelligence could, under unfavorable conditions, signal the end of democracy in its current—albeit imperfect—form, due to the emergence of new forms of social pathology. Combating such pathologies could create a temptation to alter the very foundations on which modern criminal law rests, resulting in an unconstitutional modification of the criteria for the attribution of criminal liability
Traducir sin violencia. El lenguaje no binario en la traducción española de la novela “Girl, Woman, Other” de Bernardine Evaristo
No full textThis study examines how Julia Osuna Aguilar addresses the challenge of translating the non-binary language used in Bernardine Evaristo’s novel Girl, Woman, Other into Spanish. It analyses whether this translation can be considered non-violent – that is, whether it avoids the erasure of the non-binary character and preserves non-binary linguistic forms in the target text.
The author briefly discusses the most common linguistic strategies used in Spanish to represent non-binary individuals and compares them with those adopted by the translator. The aim is to determine whether the translation reflects the current linguistic reality of non-binary language in Spain, or rather follows the solutions found in the source text. The author refers to the concepts of documentary and instrumental translation proposed by Nord (1997), as well as the three modes of translating queer literary texts identified by Démont (2017).
The analysis shows that the translator seeks to reflect the current linguistic reality of non-binary language in Spain, employing linguistic resources commonly used by non-binary Spanish speakers and considering the communicative contexts in which they are typically applied. In particular, the translator has primarily opted for the pronoun elle and the morpheme -e, while restricting the use of the morpheme -x to digital discourse.El presente estudio propone examinar cómo Julia Osuna Aguilar enfrenta el desafío de traducir al español el lenguaje no binario empleado en la novela Girl, Woman, Other, de Bernardine Evaristo, publicada en 2019. Se analiza si esta traducción puede considerarse una traducción sin violencia, es decir, si no invisibiliza al personaje no binario, y si este mantiene en el texto meta, al igual que en el original, formas lingüísticas no binarias.
Asimismo, se presentan brevemente las estrategias lingüísticas más comunes utilizadas en español para representar a personas no binarias y se comparan con las soluciones adoptadas por la traductora, con el fin de determinar si la traducción refleja la realidad lingüística actual en España en lo que respecta al lenguaje no binario o si más bien sigue el modelo del texto original. En el análisis se toman como referencia las nociones de traducción-documento y traducción-instrumento propuestas por Nord (1997), así como los tres modos de traducción de textos literarios queer identificados por Démont (2017).
Como conclusión del análisis, se puede afirmar que la traductora ha intentado reflejar la situación lingüística actual del lenguaje no binario en España, utilizando recursos empleados habitualmente por personas hispanohablantes no binarias y considerando los contextos comunicativos en los que suelen aplicarse. Así, ha optado principalmente por el uso del pronombre elle y el morfema -e, mientras que ha restringido el uso del morfema -x al discurso digital
El crecimiento del libro-rizoma. Sobre la recepción de “Los libros de Jacob” en el mundo hispanohablante
No full textThe objective of this article is to analyze the reception of Olga Tokarczuk’s The Books of Jacob in the Spanish-speaking world. The research is based on the content analysis of a corpus of 25 journalistic texts published in 2023, based on the concept of the rhizome-book. Tokarczuk’s magnum opus functions as the rhizome-book, and its interpretation in the analyzed reviews focuses on words, which I call knots. The knots emerge in the form of multiple interpretations. The Books of Jacob are interpreted as a source of disturbing questions about life and death that demand active participation from readers. The knot-words activate chains of connotations that allow us to see the constellations in the light of ognosis.El objetivo del artículo es el estudio de la recepción de Los libros de Jacob de Olga Tokarczuk en el mundo hispanohablante. La investigación está basada en el análisis de contenido de un corpus de 25 textos periodísticos publicados en 2023 sobre la base del concepto del libro-rizoma. La obra magna de Tokarczuk funciona como el libro-rizoma y su interpretación en las críticas analizadas se enfoca en las palabras, que denomino raíces y nudos. Los nudos brotan en forma de múltiples interpretaciones. Los libros de Jacob son interpretados como fuente de preguntas inquietantes sobre la vida y la muerte que exigen una participación activa por parte de los lectores. Las palabras-nudo activan unas cadenas de connotaciones que permiten ver las constelaciones tokarczukianas a la luz de la ognosis
Streets Which Inhabit Us. Heimito von Doderer’s Diaristic Play with the Topography of the City of Vienna
No full textAusgehend von der in der Forschung wiederholt formulierten These, dass dem Schreiben des österreichischen Schriftstellers Heimito von Doderer eine therapeutische Funktion zukam, geht der vorliegende Aufsatz der Frage nach, wie diese Funktion in seinen späten Tagebüchern (1957–1966) realisiert wurde. Entgegen der Behauptung, dass das sich hier auffallend oft manifestierende Interesse an den einzelnen Wiener Örtlichkeiten als Mittel der Aktivierung der eigenen Erinnerung diente, zeigt die Analyse der entsprechenden Tagebuchstellen, dass die im Diarium stattfindenden topographischen Erkundungen Wiens vielmehr als ein Verfahren aufzufassen sind, das die im Prozess der Apperzeption immer wieder der Gefahr der Zersplitterung oder gar Auflösung ausgesetzte eigene Identität in der apriorisch gegebenen und „dichten“ Realität der Stadt zu verankern und zu stabilisieren hatte. Doderer betrachtete bestimmte Wiener Gassen und Gegenden nicht als Orte der Erinnerung, sondern suchte die mysteriöse räumliche Erinnerung der Orte zu vermessen, in die er sich zurückzog, um sich vor destruktiven Kräften der eigenen Kreativität zu schützen.Drawing on the existing research highlighting the therapeutic dimension of Heimito von Doderer’s work, this paper shows the therapeutic function of his late diaries (1957–1966). Against the claim that his striking interest in particular Viennese sites acted as a trigger of his memories, the analysis of diaristic accounts proves that Doderer’s mapping of Vienna should be approached as an identity- rooting process. Defining for his work, “apperception” was a position he considered a necessary condition of his writing. It nevertheless presented a threat for the integrity of the writing subject. In the topography of Vienna Doderer searched not the sites of memory but mysterious memory of sites which he attempted to trace in order to find shelter against destructive forces of his own creativity
Cognitive Apprenticeship as a Framework for Learning Environments in Foreign Language Teacher Training – Reflections on Implementation Possibilities
No full textDieser Artikel untersucht die theoretischen Grundlagen des Konzepts der kognitiven Meisterlehre (Cognitive Apprenticeship) als Modell zur Gestaltung effektiver Lernumgebungen und dessen Potenzial für die Ausbildung von Fremdsprachenlehrkräften. Die kognitive Meisterlehre, entwickelt von Collins, Brown und Newman (1989), betont die Bedeutung der Sichtbarmachung kognitiver und metakognitiver Prozesse durch Experten sowie die schrittweise Entwicklung von Problemlösungsstrategien bei Lernenden. Der Beitrag präsentiert ein Praxisbeispiel, das zeigt, wie angehende Lehrkräfte im Rahmen eines Seminars Kompetenzen im Entwerfen affektiver und referentieller Aufgaben erwerben können. Dabei wird detailliert beschrieben, wie heuristische und Kontrollstrategien gezielt eingesetzt werden, um kognitive Prozesse zu modellieren, zu reflektieren und schrittweise Autonomie bei den Lernenden zu fördern. Der Artikel unterstreicht die Relevanz authentischer, kontextbezogener Aufgaben sowie der sozialen Interaktion für die Entwicklung übertragbarer Kompetenzen. Die vorgestellte Methodik bietet innovative Ansätze, um Theorie und Praxis in der Fremdsprachendidaktik zu verbinden und zielt darauf ab, Lehrkräfte auf die Gestaltung effektiver und nachhaltiger Unterrichtseinheiten vorzubereiten.This article explores the theoretical foundations of the concept of Cognitive Apprenticeship as a model for designing effective learning environments and its potential in the training of foreign language teachers. Cognitive Apprenticeship, developed by Collins, Brown, and Newman (1989), emphasizes the importance of making cognitive and metacognitive processes visible through experts and the gradual development of problem-solving strategies among learners. The article presents a practical example illustrating how prospective teachers can acquire skills in designing affective and referential tasks within a seminar framework. It provides a detailed description of how heuristic and control strategies are purposefully applied to model, reflect on, and gradually promote autonomy in learners. The article highlights the significance of authentic, context-based tasks and social interaction for the development of transferable competencies. The proposed methodology offers innovative approaches to bridging theory and practice in foreign language didactics, aiming to prepare teachers for designing effective and sustainable teaching units
„Podniebnym igrać hukiem”. Jak brzmią Tatry w muzyce Karola Szymanowskiego?
No full textThe very first bars of Karol Szymanowski’s Violin Concerto No. 2 Op. 61 usher in a mood of melancholic “Tatra-decadence,” with the characteristic syncopations of a highland dance appearing in the third bar. One might say that the mood it sets is a combination of the highland vigour and “Young Poish” spleen seen through a Neo-Romantic lens. The creative process of Violin Concerto No. 2, known as the Zakopane Concerto, is attested to by the history of the composer’s friendship with the excellent violin virtuoso Paweł Kochański, to whom the work was dedicated and who took an active part in obtaining its final version. Kochański performed the piece on many occasions. One can hear in it (as in Szymanowski’s other works) a transcription of folklore with a dominant mood, illustrating the terror and monumentality of the mountains, an ornamentation of sonority towards the sounds of nature, the changing meteorological phenomena (the aesthetics of impressionism, present throughout Szymanowski’s oeuvre, play an important role here) and a meditative landscape. On this basis, one can conclude that Szymanowski used folklore to illustrate imaginative experiences, while referring to typically decadent semantics. How deeply Szymanowski was rooted in it is testified to by his unknown and forgotten, amateurish (one might even say graphomaniac) poetic work, derivative and dependent on poets of the period (mainly Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer and Tadeusz Miciński)
