CNS Czasopisma Naukowe w Sieci
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Collocations of light verbs have, do/make, get and give in Czech and Russian. Contrastive and second language acquisition perspectives
No full textČlánek se zaměřuje na osvojování českých analytických predikátů se slovesy mít, dělat, dostat a dát urodilých mluvčích ruštiny. Zabývá se vlivem frekvence kolokací a míry asociace kolokátů (měřené pomocí metriky LogDice) na interferenci z L1 a proces akvizice těchto struktur. Výzkum je založen na datech z českého a ruského národního korpusu, na jejichž základě byly identifikovány analytické predikáty, které mohou být problematické pro ruské mluvčí, buď z důvodu negativního transferu z ruštiny, nebo kvůli jejich absenci v L1. Kolokační test obsahující 30 vět s potenciálně obtížnými analytickými predikáty byl poté předložen 33 rodilým mluvčím ruštiny, jejichž úkolem bylo doplnit příslušná funkční slovesa. Výsledky ukazují, že snadnost osvojování analytických predikátů stejně jako míra interference prokazatelně závisí na frekvencích kolokací a míře jejich asociace v obou jazycích.The paper focuses on the L2 acquisition of Czech light verb constructions (LVCs) with the verbs have, do/make, get and give by Russian learners. It investigates the impact of collocation frequency and the strength of association of the collocates (measured using LogDice) on L1 interference and the acquisition process. The study is based on corpus data from Czech and Russian national corpora, which were used to identify the LVCs that may be problematic for Russian learners, either because of negative transfer from Russian, or due to their absence in L1. A collocation test including 30 sentences with potentially difficult LVCs was then presented to 33 Russian learners who were asked to supply the appropriate light verbs. The results show that the ease of acquisition of the LVCs, as well as the degree of interference, clearly depends on the frequency of collocations and the strenght of their association in the two languages
Directionality of the rise of the causative/inchoative alternation with verbs suffixed with -ate, -ize, and -(i)fy
No full textThis study examines the historical development of the causative/inchoative alternation licensed by English verbs ending in -ate, -ize, and -(i)fy. While lexicalist theories (see, among others, Hale and Keyser 1986, Jackendoff 1990, Levin and Rappaport Hovav 1995, 2005, 2011) focus on deep-structure derivation from causative to inchoative forms, this analysis emphasizes the necessity of both variants being attested in surface syntactic structure for such a derivation to occur. Drawing on diachronic evidence from the “Oxford English Dictionary” (OED) and the “Early English Books Online” (EEBO) corpus, the analysis shows that the direction of emergence of the syntactic variants attested by verbs with these suffixes was not uniform. Some verbs follow the traditional causative- to-inchoative direction, others exhibit the reverse pattern, while a third group shows a simultaneous appearance of both forms. This observation raises questions about the unidirectional derivation model in deep-structure and may be interpreted as supporting more flexible, bidirectional, or non-derivational approaches, as proposed by Beavers and Koontz-Garboden (2020) and as suggested by the diachronic evidence in Lavidas (2013). It also appears consistent with the claim made by Rappaport Hovav (2014) that changes in the speakers’ perception of causation may influence the development of alternating syntactic variants. In all, the paper concludes that the causative/inchoative alternation is historically dynamic and calls for theoretical models that integrate diachronic data and account for lexical, morphosyntactic, and usage-based variation
Liberalne pierwiastki w nieliberalnym reżimie. Zjawisko ograniczania wpływu francuskich zasad ustroju sądowego i prawa procesowego, jako skutek utraty siły przez ruch frankofoński w samodzierżawnej Rosji w XIX wieku
No full textThe article is an attempt to show the key moments of the influence of French legal thought on selected legal institutions in Russia in the 19th century. The analysis was carried out based on the main thesis that quite liberal legal solutions of French origin were initially taken into account on the basis of the dynamically developing Francophone movement in the Russian Empire in the 18th and early 19th centuries. They were therefore accepted by the autocratic Russian emperors and the bureaucratic apparatus subordinate to them. However, over time, with the development of new social groups – the Russian intelligentsia – and the local culture, often based on traditional folk factors and concepts, the strength of the Francophone movement was less than before. For this reason, in the second half of the 19th century in autocratic Russia, legislation was quite often based on occidentalist French models, but clearly confronted with traditional solutions, most often affirmed by ukazs of Russian emperors
Dyfuzja autorytaryzmu? Geopolityczna bitwa o Mołdawię i jej możliwe implikacje
No full textSecurity, both at national and international level, is undergoing dynamic changes as a result of the emergence of new threats and challenges. In the field of international security architecture particular attention is drawn to the growing need of building resilience of a state. It is important not only to focus on the policies of the great powers but to also pay attention to small and vulnerable states that have intensified their actions on the international stage, increasing efforts particularly to strengthen their own security. In the face of Russian aggression against Ukraine, there is an emerging need to identify key security challenges. In Republic of Moldova not only has the aggression exacerbated the already current threats, but it has also precipitated new challenges, forcing the republic to rethink its European Union integration strategy. The activity of Russian Federation in the region has a significant impact on the level of security of Moldova as well as that of other states, which makes an analysis of these activities extremely relevant. Analysis the situation of Moldova in the light of the opportunities and threats related to the European integration process and Russia’s destabilising activities is an important area of research, especially in the period of systemic transformation, during which the country encounters numerous barriers, including those of an authoritarian nature.
The Republic of Moldova has embarked on a difficult process of integration into the EU and faces authoritarian obstacles, stemming from both the destabilising actions of Russia and the attitudes of a section of Moldovan society that does not support the chosen path. Therefore, how do external actors, in particular Russia, and internal conditions influence the inhibition of political transformation processes and what are the consequences of these actions, especially at the political and social levels? Based on the research question, the following assumption was made: Russia influences Moldovan politics and society through the tools and mechanisms used in hybrid warfare aimed at destabilising the state and, consequently, distancing it from EU integration. The main thesis of the article is that the effectiveness of EU integration depends mainly on the ability to counter external destabilising influences and the role of the political elite in shaping the state’s domestic and foreign policy. Therefore, the aim of the research is to characterise and analyse Russia’s destabilising activities and their potential consequences for the integration process, as well as to assess Moldova’s adaptability to the changing international security environment and the EU in the study area. The research focuses on the interplay of domestic events and changing external influences, including an analysis of the phenomenon of hybrid warfare, which affects all spheres of social and political life.
First, the political system of Moldova is discussed, identifying the key factors influencing the situation in the country. One of the key elements of this article is the discussion of the phenomenon of hybrid warfare, which is at the centre of the research, so the next section focuses on the characteristics and analysis of the threats resulting from Russia’s actions, which have a destabilising effect on the situation in the country, while taking into account the activities of internal actors. Key importance was also attributed to the activities of the European Union, whose support for European standards in the systemic transformation process is significant. Accordingly, the final part of the paper is devoted to selected EU actions in favour of Moldova that enhance its chances of building resilience and deepening its integration processes with the EU and adapting to changes in the international security environment. The paper concludes with a summary along with key conclusions.
The research is conducted basing on the desk research method and critical analysis of documents
Ostatnie tygodnie niemieckiego Strzelina (Strehlen) w relacji miejscowego dygnitarza
No full textThe end of World War II in Lower Silesia is described from the perspective of bloody battles and the tragic fate of the civilian population. The scarcity of source materials makes it difficult to study the activities of Nazi officials, so the report of Adolf Andreisk—acting mayor of Strzelin and local NSDAP leader—gives us a rare opportunity to look at events from the perspective of a local Nazi dignitary, as well as the tasks assigned to him at the time
Postanalityczna teoria wykładni prawa wobec rywalizacji demokracji agonistycznej z autorytaryzmem
No full textThe research problem undertaken in the article is the profound crisis of foundationalist theories of legal interpretation, triggered by the poststructuralist turn in the humanities. This turn radically undermined the traditional ideals of objectivity, neutrality, and predictability in law by rejecting the concept of meaning as an entity existing independently of the act of interpretation. Consequently, this led to the loss of epistemological justification for classical methods of interpretation and called into question the very legitimacy of judicial decisions, which, in this new light, appear not as atechnical discovery of truth, but as an act of power. The main hypothesis of the article is the claim that aconstructive response to this crisis can be apost-analytical, agonistic theory of interpretation that redefines the goals and tasks of jurisprudence in the era “after the end of foundations.” To verify this thesis, the method of theoretical analysis was used, drawing from post-analytic philosophy, including hermeneutic universalism, and from Chantal Mouffe’s agonistic theory of the political. The first part of the article presents the sources and nature of the crisis, showing how poststructuralism exposes the inevitable political character of interpretative processes. The most important findings of the article, presented in the subsequent sections, primarily include the proposal of anew theoretical model. The second part of the text characterises the four key functions of the new agonistic postanalytical theory of legal interpretation: mapping interpretative conflicts to reveal the underlying disputes over values and interests; articulating the ethical-political stakes of the dispute by asking “Who gains and who loses from agiven interpretation?”; promoting mutual recognition between adversaries to transform destructive antagonism into productive rivalry; and critiquing the institutional and discursive conditions of the debate that favour some voices at the expense of others. The third and fourth parts of the article expand on these findings, showing the model’s consequences: the redefinition of the theorist’s role as an “engaged cartographer of the battlefield of meaning,” who recognises that their analyses are not neutral, and basing the legitimacy of law not in the illusion of objectivity, but in the transparency of the agonistic dispute itself. As demonstrated in the fourth and final part, akey finding is the diagnosis of the limits of agonism when confronted with the threats posed by authoritarianism, which rejects the democratic framework of the dispute. In such conditions, the role of the judge-interpreter must be redefined— they adopt the figure of the katechon , aforce restraining the disintegration of the legal order. This requires them to adopt a“post-analytic ethics of restraint” and to apply judicial minimalism to protect the legal arena from destruction. The conclusions from the analysis indicate that the evolution towards the political is not the end of the theory of interpretation, but the beginning of its more self-aware and responsible form, which recognises conflict as the essence of life in apluralistic society. The proposed model of agonistic theory constitutes acoherent response to the post- foundationalist crisis, and its supplementation with the ethics of restraint for the judge-katechon becomes crucial for protecting the democratic framework of dispute in times of emerging authoritarianism
O potrzebie nowelizacji art. 894 §2 Kodeksu cywilnego i usunięcia zwrotu „właściwy organ państwowy” jako pozostałości poprzedniego ustroju
No full textThe subject of this article is the need to amend Article 894 §2 of the Civil Code by removing the phrase “competent state authority”, a remnant of the previous system and replacing it with another, more appropriate term. The publication demonstrates that the provision granting, after the donor’s death, the right to demand the fulfilment of charges settled in the public interest not only by the donor’s heirs but also by the competent state authority reflected the realities of the previous system. This is because the Civil Code was adopted during the period of the Polish People’s Republic, within the context of a centrally controlled socialist economy. Currently, in light of the political and socio-economic changes since the adoption of the Civil Code, including the develop-ment of local government, other forms of self-government and association, as well as the growth of civil society and private institutions tasked with implementing social goals, the phrase “competent state authority” should be removed from Article 894 §2 of the Civil Code due to the lack of a purposeful justification for its inclusion and the interpretative doubts raised by its current wording. It is desirable to amend the current legal regulation by granting the right to demand the fulfilment of such a charge after the donor’s death– not only to the donor’s heirs, but also to any person or institution tasked with addressing the social needs intended to be met through the execution of the charge. The basis for such a de lege ferenda proposal is considerations of expediency. The current regulation is inconsistent with afunctional interpretation of Article 894 §2 of the Civil Code, and remedying its deficiencies through a teleological interpretation is an imperfect solution, especially since it is not widely accepted in the doctrine. The article proposes an amended wording of Article 894 §2 of the Civil Code, corresponding to its teleological interpretation, which, due to the political and socio-economic changes that have taken place, currently requires intensified interpretative efforts in the doctrine and jurisdiction. Moreover, the proposed de lege ferenda change would eliminate the interpretative doubts arising de lege lata under Article 894 §2 of the Civil Code, because it would be clear that active legitimacy would be available not only to state authorities in the strict sense, but to all bodies whose functions are substantially related to the purpose of the charge, namely the public interest it is intended to serve. The proposed change would also mean extending active legitimacy to private institutions whose tasks include implementing the social goals to which the charge relates. As a result of the proposed amendment to Article 894 §2 of the Civil Code, it would also be decided that active legitimacy may be vested– in addition to the donor’s heirs– to several bodies or institutions, which in turn is consistent with the ratio legis of this provision, as it helps to increase the probability of executing the donor’s will as expressed in the charge
Ryzyko prania pieniędzy lub finansowania terroryzmu a prewencyjna odmowa zawarcia umowy z klientem przez instytucję finansową
No full textThis article provides a normative analysis of the preventive denial of access to financial services or termination of business relationships with clients on the basis of money laundering and terrorist financing (ML/TF) risks under European Union law and Polish law. The study is premised upon the obligations imposed on regulated institutions and the risk-based approach requirement established in EU legislation, as well as international standards promulgated by FATF. Adopting a public law perspective, the analysis examines the implications of such practice for the freedom of association guaranteed under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and the criteria of legality, legitimate aim, necessity, and proportionality as developed in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
Polityka państwa totalitarnego wobec mniejszości narodowych. Status prawny mniejszości serbołużyckiej w Niemieckiej Republice Demokratycznej
No full textThe Sorbian minority was the only national minority recognized by the totalitarian government of the German Democratic Republic. They were granted constitutional rights by the GDR government, which allowed them autonomy in terms of culture, language and education. This was an unusual solution in the Eastern Bloc of socialist states. In fact, the authorities of the GDR exploited the Sorbian people and used them to promote socialist ideas. Paradoxically, it was this subordination to socialist ideology that allowed the Sorbs to preserve their national identity until the present day
The Female Work Ethos in Carl Hauptmann’s Late Prose: “Das Kostümgenie and Wer sah je diese arme Marthe?”
No full textDer vorliegende Aufsatz thematisiert das weibliche Arbeitsethos in den letzten Erzählungen Carl Hauptmanns: Das Kostümgenie (1920) und Wer sah je diese arme Marthe? (1920). Mit diesen Texten schreibt sich der Autor in die aktuelle Diskussion über die Frau im Beruf ein und leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Geschlechterdiskurs der Zwischenkriegszeit.This essay addresses the female work ethic in Carl Hauptmann’s last stories: The Costume Genius (1920) and Who ever saw this poor Marthe? (1920). With these texts, the author inscribes himself into the current discussion about women in the labor market and makes an important contribution to the gender discourse of the interwar period