CNS Czasopisma Naukowe w Sieci
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Neopronouns and Gender-Related Language in “Beneath the Burning Wave” by Jennifer Hayashi Danns as a Translation Problem
No full textThe present article examines how the tools offered by speculative fiction or, more precisely, by the mode of fantasy are employed in a literary text to address the topic of gender perception in society and the ways of expressing it through language and translation. Beneath the Burning Wave (2022) by Jennifer Hayashi Danns serves as an example of a contemporary fantasy novel that uses neopronouns and other neologistic elements to reinvent the social perspective on existing gender-based divisions. The understanding of the novel and its traits, enabled by critical discourse analysis, is crucial in achieving the set objectives, which is to characterize specific instances of gender-related language from the book, ponder the possible options of their translation and investigate the importance of establishing equivalence in the target text. The attempt to understand the connections between the literary genre, the subject matter discussed in its framework and the translator’s work is complemented by reflection on responsibility in choosing the right approach towards the gender-focused translation
Rewriting Narratives: Detecting Gender Bias in Czech Media Headlines with Machine Learning
No full textThe study examines gender bias in Czech media headlines through a combination of linguistic analysis and advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. A key focus involves the development of a transformer-based text classifier trained on a curated dataset of headlines to identify gender bias. Results demonstrate the classifier’s effectiveness in detecting bias, achieving strong performance metrics, though challenges such as over-sensitivity to nuanced linguistic features remain. The research underscores the active role of language in shaping public perceptions, with media frequently framing female politicians through gendered narratives that detract from professional achievements
Beyond Enforced Collectivism and Alienating Individualism: Companionship in Totalitarian and Digital Dystopia
No full textThe article discusses the representation of companionship in totalitarian and digital dystopias. It starts by arguing that the origins of modern dystopias in the totalitarian systems of the early twentieth century inscribe in the genre’s DNA a deep mistrust of all social groups and sociability as such. The human being in the dystopian world balances between enforced collectivism and alienating individualism; the sense of companionship becomes impossible, as do friendship and love. In the paradigmatic totalitarian dystopia, George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, any attempt at forging meaningful relationships ends up in the ultimate destruction of the self. Winston’s dream of the companionship of the mind takes the most gruesome, degenerate form based on violence, destruction and fear. The main part of the article analyzes Ben Elton’s 2007 novel, Blind Faith in terms of the conflict between enforced collectivism and isolating individualism. The key question concerns the possibility of a true companionship as a solution to the radical alienation and the shallow relations imposed by networking platforms. The article locates the analysis of Elton’s novel in a broader context of the debate about the impact of social media on interpersonal and social relations.
Priorytety polityki zagranicznej państw posttotalitarnych po 2022 roku. Zarys problematyki
No full textThe article aims to outline the changes in foreign policy priorities of post-totalitarian states after 2022. After the collapse of the USSR, they were shaped to a noticeable extent by the colonial interdependence on the Russian Federation. The article attempts to verify the following hypotheses:
Russian aggressive policy has produced the opposite effect from what was intended. Post-totalitarian states that were considered by Russia to be within its sphere of influence started to create new strategic partnerships that balance or neutralize Russian influence.
The intersection of interests of powers and international entities within post-totalitarian states provides these states with greater opportunities for expanding economic, military, or cultural cooperation that is not associated with Soviet or Russian dominance.
Post-totalitarian states strongly emphasize their subjectivity and autonomously declare preferred directions of foreign policy, where the Russian vector is just one among many.
The methodology of the presented considerations is based on the analysis of selected documents regarding the foreign and security policy of post-totalitarian states. This also includes scientific dissertations, reports, statistical data and press information. To analyze the specifics of the foreign policy of post-totalitarian states, the theory of neorealism was turned to, as the theoretical framework organizing the problem highlighted in the title.
Verifying the hypotheses, it was found that post-totalitarian states, taking advantage of Russia’s weakness and its involvement in the war against Ukraine, more decisively implement their priorities in foreign policy, which significantly diverge from those that had been dictated by Russia for years
Ochrona miejsc pamięci i trudnego dziedzictwa na przykładzie Auschwitz-Birkenau. Studium administracyjnoprawne – część II
No full textThe article addresses the consequences of the instrumentalization of administrative law, used as a “tool” for achieving the objectives of power in a totalitarian regime. It also examines the methods and scope of dealing with the remnants of historical events associated with such instrumentalization, focusing on their preservation, dissemination, and appropriate presentation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the existing legal provisions aimed at protecting the material substrates of specific events and ensuring the lasting commemoration of facts, occurrences, and individuals related to them. The research seeks to determine whether these provisions provide a sufficient legal foundation for fulfilling the functions for which they were enacted. The study also explores the legal meaning of the concepts of difficult heritage and sites of memory, with particular emphasis on their normative context. Additionally, the article discusses the legal status of elements of difficult heritage and memory sites, along with current issues concerning their management. The conclusions drawn from this study are of a universal nature, although the research is limited in scope to the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz, and the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Memorial established on its grounds. This selection is not incidental: the camp has a deeply symbolic dimension, serving as an example of the consequences of using law instrumentally under totalitarian rule, and of legal norms being infused with axiological anti-values. It concerns a situation in which legally codified lawlessness was made the formal basis for crimes against humanity (the extermination of populations). These sites also constitute elements of difficult heritage that contemporary society continues to con-front—heritage that must be protected and properly interpreted to serve as a warning for future generations. To achieve the stated objectives, the study will employ the dogmatic method, involving the analysis and interpretation of legal texts, as well as the historical-legal method, which considers the evolution of legal institutions over time. The analysis will be supplemented with necessary references to the practice of law, particularly in the field of heritage management. The application of research methods made it possible to determine the legal meaning of the terms “site of memory” and “difficult heritage”, as well as to compare difficult heritage with other types of heritage, including cultural heritage and heirless heritage (heritage without heirs). It was found that the analyzed legal provisions provide a sufficient basis for carrying out the functions for which they were introduced—both those concerning the protection of such sites and those aimed at shaping specific interpretations of historical facts (the educational function). However, an examination of current practical challenges in the operation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum revealed that this area is subject to considerable change. The currently binding legal norms do not always guarantee full protection of difficult heritage from inappropriate use or instrumentalization. Therefore, it is essential to continuously adapt the existing legal framework to the changing social and cultural reality and to seek new tools for effective governance. Such efforts will enable the preservation of the most fundamental values associated with protection: historical truth and the memory of the victims. It was also noted that, in certain cases, the role of law becomes secondary. Consequently, the most crucial element is the continuous raising of public aware-ness, education, and sensitization of society to the historical events connected to sites of memory
Prawa człowieka jako sprzeciw oświeconych wobec tyranii absolutnego państwa w świetle Deklaracji Praw Wirginii z 1776 roku i francuskiej Deklaracji Praw Człowieka i Obywatela z 1789 roku
No full textThis article offers an interdisciplinary study of the Enlightenment doctrine of the rights of man as a normative form of opposition to absolutist monarchy and broader authoritarian tendencies and practices of governance. To this end, the author undertakes a thorough analysis of two eighteenth-century documents: the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the 1789 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. These acts became the cornerstones of formal and legal efforts to reevaluate the existing doctrinal assumptions in Europe and the Americas. Their fundamental nature has secured them a lasting and unique position in the history of law and the development of legal culture. Through comparing both texts, the author outlines the similarities and differences between them. A robust methodological toolkit was applied, most prominently comparative legal studies and exegesis of normative texts. This allows for formulating conclusions not only de lege lata, but also de lege ferenda
Władysław Leopold Jaworski obolszewizmie, faszyzmie i totalizmie
No full textThis article offers a new interpretation of the statements made by Polish lawyer and professor at the Jagiellonian University, Władysław Leopold Jaworski, on Bolshevism and fascism, during the 1921–1929 period. They were analyzed through the methodology of the history of ideas—from a comparative perspective. Jaworski’s main thesis was that the Soviet system was the ultimate expression of rationalism, which had been proclaimed as the guiding principle in the organization of social relations and state systems by Enlightenment philosophers and leading figures of the French Revolution. Italian fascism, on the other hand, was a political project aimed at creating an “organic state” that rejected individualism and rationalism, but without resorting to religion. The views of the Polish thinker remain an original and inspiring position, grounded in conservatism and a Christian vision of the human condition
Karalność zachowań propagujących faszyzm i totalitaryzm (art. 256 k.k.) jako przejaw kryminalizacji symbolicznej
No full textSince the entry into force of the current Penal Code, Article 256 has been expanded so many times that it is now one of the most extensive provisions of the Code, divided into five further editorial units. Recent amendments, including the Act of 6 March 2025, focus solely on expanding the scope of criminal behaviour. In this context, the aim of this article is to argue against this process of systematically increasing criminalization, especially since the criminalization of behaviours related to the promotion of fascism, totalitarianism, other dangerous ideologies, or their symbols, as defined in the provision, bears all the hallmarks of so-called “symbolic criminalization”. This type of criminalization raises serious doubts and is widely criticized as characterized by a discrepancy between reality and the appearance of effective protection, between manifest and latent functions of laws, and between normatively declared and actually occurring effects. Increasingly, the legislative response to the growing fear of crime or other problems is so-called “symbolic laws,” which have little or no impact on crime rates or solving a given problem, but are intended to reassure society. These laws contradict the rationality of criminalization decisions, including the limits set by the paradigm of protecting legal goods and the principle of proportionality, along with the subsidiarity of criminal law. Symbolic legislation is therefore linked to the erosion of traditional criminal law in today’s risky society. For this reason, the article proposes to remove all elements of symbolic criminalization from Article 256 of the Penal Code and to transform it into a less content-based, but more coherent and effective instrument aimed at counteracting hate crimes
Międzynarodowoprawne aspekty polskich starań dotyczących szczątków ofiar rzezi wołyńskiej
No full textThe aim of the present text is to verify whether Polish demands to exhume and provide a civilised burial to the victims of the Volhynia slaughter may be supported by arguments referring to public international law. This slaughter was organised in the 1940s by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army with an intent to kill all persons having the Polish nationality and living in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. Their bodies were put into mass unnamed graves the precise location of which remains uncertain. The thesis of the text is that there is a great number of legal titles allowing Poland to demand respect for the bodies of the victims of the Volhynia slaughter. The conditions of the application of those legal rules may differ from each other. The author applies the method of dogmatic and formal analysis of public international law. He applies the norms of written and unwritten international law to the historical facts and the factual state of affairs as it stands nowadays. The main part of the text confronts the situation of the bodies of the victims of the Volhynia slaughter and their mass graves with several branches of public international law. They include the rules of diplomatic protection, the humanitarian law, the law of human rights and new trends of international law theory. The conclusion is that the utility for Poland of those rules is different. On the one hand the applicability of the rules of international humanitarian law should be excluded, as the victims were not participants of any conflict but the victims of mass ethnic cleansing. On the other hand a support for the Polish demands can be found in the field of human rights, although the bases is to be found in the rights of the living persons. The traditional basis of making claims namely diplomatic protection seems to be very promising. It is especially suited to a State taking directly a case of its national– a living one or a dead one. It must be stressed, however, that there is an important trend to fill up the gaps in the traditional law as applied to the treatment of the killed persons. One of those trends refers to mass graves and advocates a set of legal obligations of States with respect to them. Another trend goes as far as to extend the set of human rights so as to attach some of them to the dead people. In this sense the Polish arguments are very well founded not only in the sphere of morality and decency but also in the sphere of law
Podatki dochodowe w Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej jako instrument osiągania celów niefiskalnych i realizacji idei socjalistycznej
No full textIncome taxes in the Polish People’s Republic were aimed at achieving non-fiscal goals related to the implementation of the idea of a socialist state. The basic functions of taxes were non-fiscal functions, and not the fiscal function as in democratic states of law. Elements of the totalitarian state in the Polish People’s Republic manifested themselves not only in the sphere of creating a new tax system, but of course reached the foundations of the state’s political system. Tax law was only an emanation of the functioning of anon-democratic state. Taxes were introduced with disregard for the principles of tax certainty, social justice (in its modern understanding), and non-retroactivity of the law. Taxes were treated as an important instrument for eliminating the private sector from the national economy. The feature of fairness in taxes was attributed to the tax system, which enabled highly discriminatory taxation of the private economy, the suppression of which was considered fair