CNS Czasopisma Naukowe w Sieci
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Bezwzględne dożywotnie pozbawienie wolności. Uwagi na tle orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka
Full text linkThe aim of this article is to analyse the compatibility of the changes that have taken place in the institution of conditional release through the introduction of Article 77 § 3 and § 4 by the Act of 7 July 2022 amending the Act—Penal Code and certain other acts, which entered into force on 1 October 2023, with the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The author strongly criticises the current legal solutions as inconsistent with the standards arising from the guidelines adopted by international organisations and the ECHR case-law. In particular, she points out the inadmissibility of the existence in the legal order of the possibility of adjudicating irreducible life imprisonment with the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The author also justifies the view that the possibility of the President of the Republic of Poland to apply the power of pardon does not remedy the flaws of Article 77 § 3 and § 4. The article also addresses the problem of further changes in the institution of conditional release and indicates possible solutions allowing to shape this institution in accordance with practice and international standards.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zgodności zmian wprowadzonych w art. 77 ustawą z dnia 7 lipca 2022 roku o zmianie ustawy — Kodeks karny oraz niektórych innych ustaw (zmiany weszły w życie dnia 1 października 2023 roku) z orzecznictwem Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka. Autorka poddaje zdecydowanej krytyce wprowadzone rozwiązania prawne jako niezgodne ze standardami wynikającymi z przyjętych przez organizacje międzynarodowe wytycznymi oraz z orzecznictwem trybunału. W szczególności wskazuje na niedopuszczalność możliwości orzekania nieredukowalnego dożywocia z Europejską konwencją praw człowieka, a także Konstytucją Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Autorka uzasadnia pogląd, zgodnie z którym możliwość stosowania przez Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej prawa łaski nie sanuje ułomności art. 77 § 3 i § 4. W artykule poruszono również problematykę dalszych zmian w instytucji zwolnienia warunkowego oraz wskazano możliwe rozwiązania pozwalające ukształtować tę instytucję w zgodzie z praktyką i standardami międzynarodowymi
Retirees’ expenditure on the purchase of consumer goods and services in the background of their incomes
Full text linkMost societies in developed countries are ageing and facing new economic as well as social challenges associated with the growing population of elderly individuals. Challenges also arise from the functioning of pension systems and the ability to ensure an adequate standard of living for the retirees. The study aims to determine changes in the level and structure of consumption expenditures in Polish retiree households. The assessment covers the overall level of expenditures and by individual categories in nominal and real terms, as well as changes in the level of these expenditures. Statistical data for 2013–2022 regarding household budgets collected and provided by Statistics Poland were used in the study. Our study found that real monthly per capita incomes in retiree households increased by 24% during the study period and amounted to 2281 zloty in 2022. Expenditures on consumption purposes increased by 6% in real terms to 1560 zloty per person per month. The share of expenditures on consumption purposes relative to incomes decreased by 11 percentage points from 80% to 69%, indicating an increase in the wealth of the surveyed households. In the structure of expenditures on consumption purposes, the share of expenditures on food increased (from 28% to 30%), but the share of expenditures on housing and energy decreased from 25% to 24%. Expenditures on education; clothing and footwear; recreation and culture also had a decreasing share in expenditures. Taking into account the multifaceted changes, it can be observed that from 2013 to 2022, the wealth of retiree households increased due to the growth of real disposable incomes, an increase in consumption expenditures, and a decrease in the share of expenditures on current consumption in relation to income
Model of innovation process used by the enterprises in Poland
Full text linkThe purpose of the article is to identify actions which make up the innovation process of companies and to verify the hypothesis that majority of the surveyed companies use demanding models of the innovation process. Innovation process usually begins with research on consumer needs, which indicates the use of a demand-driven innovation model. Furthermore, the more steps an innovative process has, the less willingly it is used by companies, especially micro and small companies. This is primarily due to the fact that with more phases in an innovation process, the expenses tend to rise and the fi nancial issues usually are of big importance to the smaller companies
Rademenes – bohater fantastyczny w serialowym przedstawieniu rzeczywistości PRL lat 80. XX wieku
Full text linkThe article takes a look at Rademenes – a fantasy character who was involved in the fictional reality of the Polish People’s Republic in the 1980s. The television series was a prelude of new trends in domestic television productions, while at the same time corresponded to the reality of that era
Transmission of Mental Images as a Mechanism of Composition in Performance in Oral Tradition on the Analysis of Homeric Poems
Full text linkWplątanie. Derridiańska demaskacja funkcji figury „Boga” w metafizyce obecności
No full textThis article is a systematic analysis of Derrida’s concept of deconstruction in terms of its critical implications regarding the function of the concept of „God” in Western theology. First, the concept of „metaphysics of presence” and its significance for the topic is explained. Then, the article considers the structure of metaphysical discourse exposed by Derrida, along with its indispensable concept of the „Absolute”. This figure turns out to have the logos function, consisting in stabilizing meanings, centralizing the discursive system, and containing the influence of chaotic différance. Finally, Derridean criticism of the figure of „God” is related to an existential problem that he discovers. This concept, thanks to its centralizing function, turns out to be a response to the terrifying experience of being entangled in the unceasing game of differentiation, a response to the instability of discourse and, finally, to human finitude
Neuronauka poznawcza z punktu widzenia Mocnego Programu Socjologii Wiedzy Naukowej
No full textThis article aims to apply the main theses of the finitist account of knowledge of the Strong Programme of the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SPSSK) to cognitive neuroscience, understood as a methodologically advanced, transdisciplinary research enterprise belonging to the tradition of natural sciences. The text reconstructs the argumentative line of the Strong Programme’s finitism, pointing to its theoretical sources: the late Wittgensteinian semantic concepts together with his rule-following considerations and the network concept of language proposed by Mary Hesse. The application of the conceptual grid of the Strong Programme to contemporary neurocognitive sciences suggests that the natural science scientific and research enterprise on the neurophysiological substrate of cognition is a collective, institutionalised thought process that can be described as a social practice of concept (kind terms) application. This social process of using concepts proceeds in accordance with the concept of meaning- and rule-finitism. Grounded in this concept, the normativity of reference is explained based on the community thesis. If the finitist approach to meaning and knowledge proposed by the Edinburgh School is correct, two conclusions follow. The first directly follows from the formulation of the theses of classification and knowledge finitism: both the future use of neurocognitive terms and the future implications of neuroscientific beliefs are open-ended. The second is that any potential neurocognitive attempts to establish the neuronal mechanism behind meaning determinism are inevitably conducted in the mode of meaning finitism. Consequently, SPSSK seems to precede, in a logical order, all possible results of neurocognitive research, which turns out, like allnatural sciences, a conceptually open-ended and indeterminate system. In traditional epistemic terms, SPSSK claims that no cognitive neuroscientific claim is ever indefeasibly true or false. The crucial conclusion is that any potential neurocognitive attempts to account for the idea of meaning determinism and pinpoint the neuromechanism of semantic closure must themselves be semantically open-ended
Bojkot Rosji i rosyjskiego rynku przez podmioty wolnorynkowe Zachodu w dobie wojny w Ukrainie w polskich memach
No full textThe events currently unfolding in Ukraine may well seem unprecedented when viewed from the 21st-century perspective. As such, Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine resonates deeply with public interest, which in the West—especially in Poland—expresses itself as steadfast solidarity with Ukraine and a strong, almost unanimous criticism of Russia. States, international organizations, political authorities, or NGOs are expected to support the embattled Ukraine while it tries to fend off the invasion. Similar actions are also demanded from free market actors. Investors, companies, brands can show their disapproval of Russia by targetting Russian customers and contractors with retaliatory measures, i.e. de facto boycotting the aggressor’s market. According to an analysis of Internet memes in image format, such an attitude is expected by Internet users and popularized online. The withdrawal of Western business from Russia is visualized as strongly inconvenient for Russian consumers, as it results in shortages of goods and services to which they have been accustomed for years, which are also despite the attempts of the domestic market non-equivalent.Wydarzenia rozgrywające się na terytorium Ukrainy mogą z perspektywy XXI wieku zdawać się bezprecedensowe. Zbrojna agresja Rosji na Ukrainę rezonuje zatem zainteresowaniem opinii publicznej, na Zachodzie — szczególnie w Polsce — przynosząc dominujący solidaryzm z Ukrainą i silną, niemal jednogłośną krytykę Rosji. Od państw, organizacji międzynarodowych, władz politycznych czy organizacji pozarządowych oczekuje się wsparcia Ukrainy w dobie inwazji. Analogicznych działań upatruje się także wśród podmiotów wolnorynkowych. Inwestorzy, przedsiębiorstwa, marki mogą okazać swą dezaprobatę Rosji, uderzając w rosyjskich klientów i kontrahentów, czyli de facto bojkotując rynek agresora. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonej analizy internetowych memów obrazkowych — taka postawa jest oczekiwana przez internautów i popularyzowana w sieci. Wycofywanie się zachodniego biznesu z Rosji wizualizowane jest jako silnie uciążliwe dla rosyjskich konsumentów, gdyż skutkuje deficytami dóbr i usług, do których byli oni od lat przyzwyczajeni, które są też — pomimo prób rodzimego rynku — nieekwiwalentne
Disadvantaged yet Dignified: Reaffirming Humanity through Companionship in Kazuo Ishiguro’s “Klara and the Sun”
No full textThis paper explores the implicit role of companionship in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Klara and the Sun (2021) by examining the bond between two technologically marginalized characters: Klara, an outdated Artificial Friend, and Rick, an “unlifted” boy who has not undergone genetic enhancement. While existing scholarship has focused on the bond between Klara and her owner Josie, this study shifts attention to Klara’s interaction with Rick, arguing that their common experience of social exclusion fosters a unique form of companionship. Drawing on Hannah Arendt’s theories of companionship as a means of transcending exclusive social stratification, I demonstrate how the companionship between Klara and Rick, rooted in physical and emotional support, mitigates their sense of loneliness while critiquing the social atomization and interpersonal indifference of the privileged elites. A further comparison with Ishiguro’s earlier novel Never Let Me Go (2005) reveals how Ishiguro depicts humanity as challenged in a posthuman society shaped by technologies, and needs to be reaffirmed on the basis of empathy and mutual care. By underscoring humanity as a dialogically constructed trait, this essay aims to contribute to ongoing discussions on literary reconceptualization of (non-)humanity, a central theme of both Ishiguro’s oeuvre and posthuman literature.
Niezależność Krajowej Rady Radiofonii i Telewizji: Uwagi na tle wdrożenia Europejskiego Aktu o Wolności Mediów do polskiego porządku prawnego
No full textThe European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) points up the independence of regulators, which is very important for the proper functioning of the European media market. The article describes the provisions of the Polish Constitution and the Broadcasting Act providing guarantees of the independence of the National Broadcasting Council and some changes planned to Polish law in this area. Taking into consideration the importance of the EMFA regulations, the article contributes to the legal discussion on the condition of the National Broadcasting Council (KRRiT) to redefine its place in the Polish legal system for the constantly growing audiovisual media market.
Europejski akt o wolności mediów (EMFA) kładzie duży nacisk na niezależność regulatorów, która jest istotna dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania europejskiego rynku medialnego. Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza przepisów Konstytucji RP i ustawy o radiofonii i telewizji przewidujących gwarancje niezależności Krajowej Rady Radiofonii i Telewizji (KRRiT) oraz proponowane zmiany prawa w tym zakresie, związane z koniecznością wdrożenia EMFA do polskiego porządku prawnego. Wskazując na znaczenie regulacji zawartej w EMFA, artykuł stanowi głos w dyskusji na temat kondycji KRRiT z punktu widzenia legislacyjnego, dla ponownego zdefiniowania jej miejsca w polskim systemie prawnym na stale powiększającym się rynku mediów audiowizualnych.