CNS Czasopisma Naukowe w Sieci
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Wpływ Państwowej Inspekcji Pracy na kształtowanie form prawnych zatrudnienia
No full textThe purpose of this text is to answer the question of whether the State Labour Inspection should have an influence on the shaping of legal forms of employment, and what such influence should consist of. The point of reference of the considerations is the relationship between employment relationship and forms of employment of a civil law nature. The author evaluates the means of legal influence to which the State Labour Inspection is entitled in this regard, and expresses the view that the existing legal state is not satisfactory and requires the intervention of the legislator, which, however, should not lead to a chaotic multiplication of legal means at the disposal of the Inspectorate.Celem niniejszego opracowania jest uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytania, czy Państwowa Inspekcja Pracy powinna mieć wpływ na kształtowanie prawnych form zatrudnienia oraz na czym taki wpływ powinien polegać. Punktem odniesienia rozważań jest relacja między zatrudnieniem na podstawie stosunku pracy a niepracowniczymi formami zatrudnienia o charakterze cywilnoprawnym. Autor poddaje ocenie środki oddziaływania prawnego przysługujące w omawianym zakresie Państwowej Inspekcji Pracy oraz wyraża pogląd, że istniejący stan prawny nie jest optymalny i wymaga interwencji ustawodawcy. Taka interwencja nie powinna jednak prowadzić do chaotycznego mnożenia narzędzi prawnych leżących w gestii Inspekcji
Kary za wykroczenia przeciwko prawom pracownika jako skuteczne, proporcjonalne i odstraszające sankcje
No full textThis study addresses the effectiveness and proportionality of penalties for violations of labour rights in European Union law, with particular emphasis on Poland. Labour inspections play a crucial role in enforcing laws that implement EU directives. Although these directives mandate the introduction of “effective, proportionate, and deterrent” sanctions, member states retain the discretion to choose the type of sanction. An analysis of the penalty system in Poland reveals a variety of available sanctions. Among these, fines for offences and misdemeanours are the most widely applied. However, the effectiveness of these penalties may be questionable, particularly when considering their magnitude in relation to the minimum wage. This situation undermines the assumption regarding the effectiveness and deterrent nature of the current sanctions system.W opracowaniu podjęty został temat skuteczności i proporcjonalności kar za naruszenia praw pracowniczych w prawie Unii Europejskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski. Inspekcje pracy odgrywają kluczową rolę w egzekwowaniu ustaw implementujących dyrektywy unijne. Choć dyrektywy nakładają obowiązek wprowadzenia sankcji „skutecznych, proporcjonalnych i odstraszających”, państwa członkowskie zachowują swobodę w ich wyborze. Analiza systemu kar w Polsce ujawnia różnorodność dostępnych sankcji. Wśród nich najszerzej stosowane są grzywny za przestępstwa i wykroczenia. Jednak skuteczność tych kar może być wątpliwa, zwłaszcza przy uwzględnieniu relacji ich wysokości do minimalnej płacy. Ta okoliczność podważa założenie o skuteczności i odstraszającym charakterze obecnego systemu sankcji
Konsensus, kolonizacja, kontrwładza? Nieodkryta ewolucja demokracji deliberacyjnej a jej potencjał do bycia zdekolonizowaną
No full textThe article explores the trajectory of deliberative democracy as a response to contemporary political challenges within liberal, representative systems, with the debate on the possible decolonization of this concept being among its latest theoretical developments. Anchored in mini-public-based experiments, deliberative democracy seems to be – for most scholars – the chief remedy for the prevailing political crises of late capitalism, although its embedding in a colonial imaginary poses a fundamental obstacle. This article maps the evolution of the concept of deliberative democracy and its implementation in the present day, contending that the Western adoption of deliberative ideals into feasible practices has selectively incorporated the notion of public reasoning while sidelining the anarchist and autonomous implications inherent in consensus-based frameworks, which are recognizable in Indigenous political practices. While decolonizing public deliberative processes toward subversive practices has recently been subjected to theoretical debate, we also examine instances such as bottom-up deliberations in forest occupations. These not only exemplify queer, inclusive, and democratic decision-making, but also harness deliberation as a tool to counter private, political, and police authority in a way that is unavailable for public deliberations. But the question remains, how feasible is it as a democratizing practice beyond such niches?Proponowany artykuł bada trajektorię demokracji deliberacyjnej jako odpowiedzi na współczesne wyzwania polityczne w systemach liberalnych i przedstawicielskich. Osadzona w eksperymentach z udziałem mini-publik, demokracja deliberacyjna jawi się większości badaczy jako znaczący środek zaradczy na obecne kryzysy polityczne późnego kapitalizmu. Choć jej korzenie sięgają ideałów Oświecenia, obserwacje dokonane m.in. przez Davida Graebera i Davida Wengrowa sugerują alternatywną narrację. Ujawniają oni, że kolonialne spotkania z opartymi na konsensusie praktykami politycznymi ludów rdzennych wprowadziły deliberację do wczesnej nowoczesności. Niniejsze badanie mapuje ewolucję tego konceptu i jego implementację aż do dnia dzisiejszego, argumentując, że zachodnia adaptacja praktyk rdzennych selektywnie przejęła ideę publicznego rozumowania, jednocześnie pomijając anarchistyczne i autonomiczne implikacje wpisane w ramy oparte na konsensusie. Podczas gdy dekolonizacja procesów deliberacyjnych w kierunku praktyk subwersywnych stała się ostatnio przedmiotem debat teoretycznych, analizujemy także przypadki oddolnych deliberacji w okupacjach lasów. Przykłady te nie tylko ilustrują queerowe, inkluzywne i demokratyczne podejmowanie decyzji, ale również wykorzystują deliberację jako narzędzie do przeciwdziałania władzy prywatnej, politycznej i policyjnej w sposób, który nie jest dostępny w ramach deliberacji publicznych. Pozostaje jednak pytanie, na ile praktyka ta jest realna jako środek demokratyzujący poza takimi niszowymi kontekstami
Macierzyństwo w mediach społecznościowych. Kilka refleksji z badań pilotażowych
No full textThe development of social media has contributed to the growth of new social and virtual spaces, which complete nearly all areas of life: work, education, guidance, shopping, and entertainment. Social media is also a space in which women share their concerns and happiness as well as search for advice on motherhood. The pilot survey has allowed us to determine what content on motherhood is searched on the Internet by mothers and how they assess the quality of the information found, which is related to the ability to verify the said content. A review of several popular parenting blogs has also been conducted, allowing us to understand how social media show pregnancy, motherhood and various aspects related to child rearing and child development.Rozwój mediów społecznościowych przyczynił się do powstania nowych przestrzeni wirtualno-społecznych, które wypełniają niemal wszystkie obszary życia, poczynając od pracy przez naukę, porady, zakupy, a na rozrywce kończąc. Media społecznościowe są również miejscem, w którym kobiety dzielą się swoimi troskami, szczęściem oraz szukają porad dotyczących macierzyństwa. Przeprowadzone pilotażowe badanie sondażowe pozwoliło ustalić, jakich treści o macierzyństwie poszukują w Internecie kobiety matki oraz jak oceniają jakość tych informacji, co wiąże się z umiejętnością weryfikacji określonych treści. Dokonano także przeglądu kilku popularnych blogów parentingowych, który pozwolił na zrozumienie, jak w mediach społecznościowych ukazywana jest ciąża, macierzyństwo i różne aspekty związane z wychowaniem i rozwojem dzieci
Introspecció lingüística en els reculls de lèxic ribagorçans
No full textThis article shows evidence about the building process of a linguistic perception regarding the Ribagorçan variety of Catalan. We consider it under the theoretic scope of chronotope, as a spatiotemporal frame that confers the value of social indicators to the linguistic variables. This evidence comes partly from the participatory observation into activities that several social entities have been developing regarding the dialect. Our main source are amateur compilations of lexicon that give us evidence (1) about the awareness of language change from the introspective work of their authors along two generations, and (2) about the identification of some elements that have become overtly emblematic of the geolect. The awakening of such an awareness is attributed to the contrasting presence of the standard variety. This would be confirmed by contrasting different cases in the area: the case of Catalan under Catalonia’s administrative context, the neighbouring context of Occitan in the Aran Valley, and that of Catalan under the Aragonese administration. Only in the first case the language is present in formal and academic uses and we find lexical compilations as those described above.Aquest article aporta evidències en relació amb la varietat ribagorçana del català. En concret, sobre quina percepció en tenen els seus parlants. Ho observem sota l’abast teòric del concepte de cronotop, com a marc espaciotemporal que confereix el valor d’indicadors socials a les variables lingüístiques. Aquestes evidències venen, en part, de l’observació participativa d’activitats que entitats socials o individus han anat desenvolupant en relació amb el dialecte. La nostra font principal són compilacions de lèxic, fetes espontàniament per parlants no especialistes en llengua, que ens donen dades (1) sobre la consciència de canvi lingüístic des de la introspecció dels seus autors al llarg de dues generacions, i (2) sobre la identificació d’alguns elements que han esdevingut clarament emblemàtics del geolecte. El desvellament d’aquesta autopercepció s’explica per la presència contrastiva de la varietat estàndard. Aquest és el cas en el context administratiu català, on aquella varietat és present en els usos formals i acadèmics. Es pot confirmar en comparar el cas amb els contextos veïns de l’occità a l’Aran i del català sota l’administració aragonesa, on no trobem compilacions com les que hem assenyalat més amunt.Aquest article aporta evidències en relació amb la varietat ribagorçana del català. En concret, sobre quina percepció en tenen els seus parlants. Ho observem sota l’abast teòric del concepte de cronotop, com a marc espaciotemporal que confereix el valor d’indicadors socials a les variables lingüístiques. Aquestes evidències venen, en part, de l’observació participativa d’activitats que entitats socials o individus han anat desenvolupant en relació amb el dialecte. La nostra font principal són compilacions de lèxic, fetes espontàniament per parlants no especialistes en llengua, que ens donen dades (1) sobre la consciència de canvi lingüístic des de la introspecció dels seus autors al llarg de dues generacions, i (2) sobre la identificació d’alguns elements que han esdevingut clarament emblemàtics del geolecte. El desvellament d’aquesta autopercepció s’explica per la presència contrastiva de la varietat estàndard. Aquest és el cas en el context administratiu català, on aquella varietat és present en els usos formals i acadèmics. Es pot confirmar en comparar el cas amb els contextos veïns de l’occità a l’Aran i del català sota l’administració aragonesa, on no trobem compilacions com les que hem assenyalat més amunt
Los pluralia tántum en español y polaco
No full textThe objective of this research is to carry out a comparative study of Spanish and Polish nouns that tend to be used in the plural. These do not constitute a homogeneous group and, for this reason, in the first stage certain questions are presented, on the one hand, to the grammatical category of number, and, on the other hand, to the term pluralia tantum. These include names that lack the singular number as well as those that are preferably used in the plural. In the second stage of this research, a comparative study of the Spanish and Polish pluralia tantum is carried out. The lexical classes in which it is possible to find this type of nouns are distinguished, and certain differences and similarities in their functioning between Spanish and Polish are indicated.El objetivo de esta investigación es llevar a cabo un estudio comparativo de los sustantivos españoles y polacos que tienden a usarse en plural. Estos no constituyen un grupo homogéneo y, por esta razón, en la primera etapa se presentan ciertas cuestiones relativas, por un lado, a la categoría gramatical de número, y, por otro lado, al término pluralia tantum. Estos sustantivos engloban los nombres que carecen del número singular así como los que se emplean preferentemente en plural. En la segunda etapa de esta investigación, se realiza un estudio comparativo de los pluralia tántum españoles y polacos. Se distinguen, entonces, las clases léxicas en las que es posible encontrar este tipo de sustantivos y se indican ciertas diferencias y semejanzas en su funcionamiento entre el español y el polaco.El objetivo de esta investigación es llevar a cabo un estudio comparativo de los sustantivos españoles y polacos que tienden a usarse en plural. Estos no constituyen un grupo homogéneo y, por esta razón, en la primera etapa se presentan ciertas cuestiones relativas, por un lado, a la categoría gramatical de número, y, por otro lado, al término pluralia tantum. Estos sustantivos engloban los nombres que carecen del número singular así como los que se emplean preferentemente en plural. En la segunda etapa de esta investigación, se realiza un estudio comparativo de los pluralia tántum españoles y polacos. Se distinguen, entonces, las clases léxicas en las que es posible encontrar este tipo de sustantivos y se indican ciertas diferencias y semejanzas en su funcionamiento entre el español y el polaco
Prawnicy tylko dla Żydów. Konsulenci z okręgu Wyższego Sądu Krajowego w Katowicach
No full textThe article is devoted to the issue of consultants, an institution introduced in the Third Reich to represent Jews in legal matters. Some of the Jewish lawyers excluded from the German bar became consultants. The article presents the legal regulation, the reasons for its issuance and its effects. Based on the personal files of three consultants from the district of the Higher National Court in Katowice, the procedure of admitting them and the conditions of their activity were presented. On the basis of court files, the manner in which they conducted their work in criminal cases was analyzed and assessed.
A significant amount of anti-Jewish legislation was passed in Germany after Hitler seized power. Some of the newly introduced regulation also targetted lawyers of Jewish origin, whose professional activities were hindered, and eventually banned. In 1938 Jews were definitively removed from the German bar. At the same time, it was ensured that Jews would be provided with legal assistance and represented by consultants, i.e. lawyers of Jewish origin. There were clearly fewer consultants than Jewish lawyers (several in the districts in which individual higher national courts operated). Their admission was discretionary. According to sparse findings in the literature, consultants were treated adequately by the German courts and were not hindered in their access to court files, contact with clients or the possibility of submitting lawsuits. Three examined cases of consultants from the district of the Higher National Court in Katowice indicate that they enjoyed similar freedoms while performing their functions in the courts, as described in the literature. In their daily activities, however, they had to struggle with difficulties of an administrative or factual nature, which were a manifestation of discrimination and bans against Jews. Based on these three cases, it could be concluded that they were admitted to consular activity due to positive opinions among the population, the judiciary and the Gestapo, as well as their patriotic attitude during the First World War and during the Silesian Uprisings. Their exemplary professional conduct, war decorations, and even injuries sustained on the front of the Great War did not prevent the consultants from sharing the tragic fate of European Jews. The article is devoted to the issue of consultants, an institution introduced in the Third Reich to represent Jews in legal matters. Some of the Jewish lawyers excluded from the German bar became consultants. The article presents the legal regulation, the reasons for its issuance and its effects. Based on the personal files of three consultants from the district of the Higher National Court in Katowice, the procedure of admitting them and the conditions of their activity were presented. On the basis of court files, the manner in which they conducted their work in criminal cases was analyzed and assessed.
A significant amount of anti-Jewish legislation was passed in Germany after Hitler seized power. Some of the newly introduced regulation also targetted lawyers of Jewish origin, whose professional activities were hindered, and eventually banned. In 1938 Jews were definitively removed from the German bar. At the same time, it was ensured that Jews would be provided with legal assistance and represented by consultants, i.e. lawyers of Jewish origin. There were clearly fewer consultants than Jewish lawyers (several in the districts in which individual higher national courts operated). Their admission was discretionary. According to sparse findings in the literature, consultants were treated adequately by the German courts and were not hindered in their access to court files, contact with clients or the possibility of submitting lawsuits. Three examined cases of consultants from the district of the Higher National Court in Katowice indicate that they enjoyed similar freedoms while performing their functions in the courts, as described in the literature. In their daily activities, however, they had to struggle with difficulties of an administrative or factual nature, which were a manifestation of discrimination and bans against Jews. Based on these three cases, it could be concluded that they were admitted to consular activity due to positive opinions among the population, the judiciary and the Gestapo, as well as their patriotic attitude during the First World War and during the Silesian Uprisings. Their exemplary professional conduct, war decorations, and even injuries sustained on the front of the Great War did not prevent the consultants from sharing the tragic fate of European Jews
Book studies in Poland between 1945 and 2015: The sources of theoretical inspiration
Get PDFThe aim of the paper is to picture a retrospective panorama of the theoretical legacy of post-war Polish book studies. Of key importance to the author is the question of the object of the discipline and, consequently, its scope. The author discusses directions in book studies and the bibliological process making up — starting in the 1930s and with Jan Muszkowski’s concept — the core tradition and foundation of book-studies theories: the theories built around the paradigm of ‘life of the book,’ looking at it as an integrally defined process of production, dissemination and consumption; Karol Glombiowski’s functional theory, thanks to which ‘systemic’ and ‘functional’ approaches became a commonly accepted methodological premise in book studies; the concepts formulated by Janusz Dunin, who linked the bibliological tradition of historical source studies of editorial forms of books to the functional theory and to ‘communication’ perspective; the theory formulated by Radoslaw Cybulski, who, in combining the established morphology of the book with a semiotic and communication perspective, adopted ‘book consumption,’ that is, an ‘integrated system of satisfying the needs of book users,’ as a functional category to describe the behaviour of participants in the book market; the concepts focused on the ‘social communication situation’ as a research concept and perspective stemming from the sociological and semiotic reorientation of humanistic thinking. At the end, the author discusses the trends which have considerably expanded research perspectives in recent years: books in the media space; the ‘culture of the book’ paradigm, which is conducive to an ‘anthropologisation’ of the bibliological process, perceived no longer only institutionally, from the perspective of social communication, but also through relations, interactions and value judgements of people participating in it, which shifts research priorities towards the questions of reading and often also towards ‘regional’ approaches; and the theory of book art and research into book aesthetics. At the various stages of the development of bibliology and in relation to respective research approaches, the focus shifted from the book as a cultural artefact and its ‘life,’ that is, the bibliological process with its institutions, to the functions of the book with regard to the public in the process of social and cultural transmission, and, finally, to the public as the creator and user of the culture of the book, whose actions are ‘recorded’ in bibliological documentation.The aim of the paper is to picture a retrospective panorama of the theoretical legacy of post-war Polish book studies. Of key importance to the author is the question of the object of the discipline and, consequently, its scope. The author discusses directions in book studies and the bibliological process making up — starting in the 1930s and with Jan Muszkowski’s concept — the core tradition and foundation of book-studies theories: the theories built around the paradigm of ‘life of the book,’ looking at it as an integrally defined process of production, dissemination and consumption; Karol Glombiowski’s functional theory, thanks to which ‘systemic’ and ‘functional’ approaches became a commonly accepted methodological premise in book studies; the concepts formulated by Janusz Dunin, who linked the bibliological tradition of historical source studies of editorial forms of books to the functional theory and to ‘communication’ perspective; the theory formulated by Radoslaw Cybulski, who, in combining the established morphology of the book with a semiotic and communication perspective, adopted ‘book consumption,’ that is, an ‘integrated system of satisfying the needs of book users,’ as a functional category to describe the behaviour of participants in the book market; the concepts focused on the ‘social communication situation’ as a research concept and perspective stemming from the sociological and semiotic reorientation of humanistic thinking. At the end, the author discusses the trends which have considerably expanded research perspectives in recent years: books in the media space; the ‘culture of the book’ paradigm, which is conducive to an ‘anthropologisation’ of the bibliological process, perceived no longer only institutionally, from the perspective of social communication, but also through relations, interactions and value judgements of people participating in it, which shifts research priorities towards the questions of reading and often also towards ‘regional’ approaches; and the theory of book art and research into book aesthetics. At the various stages of the development of bibliology and in relation to respective research approaches, the focus shifted from the book as a cultural artefact and its ‘life,’ that is, the bibliological process with its institutions, to the functions of the book with regard to the public in the process of social and cultural transmission, and, finally, to the public as the creator and user of the culture of the book, whose actions are ‘recorded’ in bibliological documentation
Skutki prawne faktycznego niewykonywania przez skazanego kary ograniczenia wolności
Get PDFOne of the basic principles of executive penal law is the principle of immediate initiation of enforcement proceedings (as expressed in Article 9 § 1 of the Executive Penal Code), the aim of which is to serve the implementation of another principle — humanitarianism and respect for the human dignity of the convicted person. The very nature of restriction of liberty as a punitive measure, in particular its emphasized special-preventive and educational purpose and its flexibility emphasized by the provisions of the Act, mean that in the case of implementation of this penalty, we encounter many derogations from the principle of penalty execution immediacy. Depending on the stage of the enforcement proceedings and the circumstances causing a breach in its implementation, it may lead to both positive and negative legal effects for the convicted person. The presented article pays attention to said effects.Jedną z podstawowych zasad prawa karnego wykonawczego jest wyrażona w art. 9 § 1 k.k.w. zasada bezzwłocznego wszczęcia postępowania wykonawczego, która służyć ma realizacji innej zasady — humanitaryzmu i poszanowania godności ludzkiej skazanego. Specyfika kary ograniczenia wolności, w szczególności uwydatniony jej prewencyjno-wychowawczy cel i podkreślona przepisami ustawy elastyczność w jej wykonaniu, sprawia, że w przypadku realizacji tej kary spotykamy wiele odstępstw od zasady bezzwłoczności wykonania kary. W zależności od etapu postępowania wykonawczego oraz okoliczności powodujących wyłom w jej wykonywaniu skutki prawne dla skazanego mogą być zarówno pozytywne, jak i negatywne. W przedstawionym artykule zwrócono na nie uwagę
Szpiegostwo w znowelizowanym Kodeksie karnym
Get PDFThis article discusses the amendment to Article 130 of the Penal Code, which introduced new forms of the crime of espionage while tightening criminal liability. Some of the new legal solutions are controversial.Przedmiotem rozważań jest nowelizacja art. 130 k.k., która wprowadziła nowe postaci przestępstwa szpiegostwa, jednocześnie zaostrzające odpowiedzialność karną, niektóre z nowych rozwiązań prawnych są kontrowersyjne