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Transformations of the Notion of Landscape in the Context of Nature–Culture Relation
No full textThe landscape has been of particular interest since the 1970s, and this is largely due to the threats to nature resulting from the climate crisis. The axis of the argument is the assumption of a significant relationship between the concept of landscape and the nature-culture relationship in the modern era and today. The text reflects on the meaning of the concept of landscape in aesthetic and cultural terms and within the framework of contemporary environmental aesthetics and the philosophy of natural heritage. Landscape as an aesthetic idea emerged in the modern era with the development of landscape painting. In J. Ritter’s approach, the concept of landscape focuses, as in a lens, on the modern-era attitude of man to nature. Landscape as a medium is not only a genre of art but also becomes a carrier of ideas, social needs and political aspirations. The content of the article refers to the concept of W.J.T. Mitchell and S. Pietraszko. Landscape as an environment and natural heritage will be discussed in the example of A. Carlson’s concept and approach to nature and landscape which is reflected in UNESCO conventions
Kontrreformacja i herezja w tekstach Leszka Kołakowskiego. Próba przebudowy terytorium
No full textLeszek Kołakowski (1927–2009) is known primarily as a researcher and critic of Marxism. However, his research on the philosophy of religion, especially the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, is less known. The text presents the Polish philosopher’s position on the phenomenon of heresy and orthodoxy, showing the role of both phenomena and their mutual interpenetration. Orthodoxy is a function of heresy, and heresy is a causative function of orthodoxy. The Reformation is considered a reaction to the tension between the religious consciousness of the individual and the social bond built by the institutional Church. The Reformation can therefore be considered an act of building a new quality of bond between the individual and the church institution. In turn, the Counter-Reformation consists in expanding the field of orthodoxy by accepting, in part, what the Reformation had developed. The author proposes to use the Russian term “perestroika” known from the Gorbachev era to refer to the Counter-Reformation. In this sense, counter-reformation can be defined as an attempt to introduce a new quality in the relationship between the individual and the leader, and an attempt to rebuild trust
Hipotetyczna metafizyka kultury
No full textForming any statement about culture we enter metaphysics, understood as a reflection on the substance of being taken in its entirety. That is why every theory of culture is metaphysical or has metaphysical foundation, which still is worth taking into consideration. Though Karl Popper has separated theory and metaphysics drawing the line of falsifiability between them, he also stressed importance of metaphysical horizon in scientific practice. Similar approach to the subject could be found in the work of Mścisław Wartneberg’s, Polish philosopher from the turn of 19th century, especially in his concept of the hypothetical metaphysics. This proposition is worth of rethinking in order to reflect on metaphysical nature of modern and possible theories of culture.Formułując jakiekolwiek stwierdzenie na temat kultury wkraczamy w obszar metafizyki — namysłu nad całością substancjalnie traktowanego bytu. Tym samym każda teoria kultury ma charakter metafizyczny lub przynajmniej z fundamentu metafizycznego wyrasta, co wciąż warte jest przemyślenia. Wprawdzie Karl Popper rozdzielił teorię i metafizykę granicą falsyfikowalności, jednak podkreślał równocześnie wagę i znaczenie horyzontu metafizycznego dla uprawiania nauki. Nieco podobną drogą podąża Mścisław Wartenberg w swojej koncepcji metafizyki hipotetycznej. Warto powrócić do tej propozycji, aby zastanowić się nad metafizycznym charakterem współczesnych, możliwych teorii kultury
Konserwatyzm — naród, tradycja, przesąd
No full textCulture, formed by an infinite number of means, goals, functions, values and patterns of behaviour, is the result of conscious and unconscious social acceptance or lack of acceptance of its elements. Undoubtedly, the language we use creates an image of the world, but it is also a product of the patterns of behaviour and non-verbal signs present in the world of culture. In response to the expansion of individualism and liberal rationalism, conservatism tried to emphasise the existence of that which is collective and unconscious. The Enlightenment brought with it a growing wave of changes in worldviews and customs, perceived by conservatism as a threat to the previous order and eternal values. Conservatism is characterised by an emphasis on the irrational area of forces in the life of the state, where the state is understood as completely supra-rational, subject only to the action of traditionally inherited instincts, spiritual forces, and the spirit of the nation. Social order is the work of the “democracy of the dead”, the sum of proven wisdom, considered opinions, and the experience of many generations. Tradition is the most important factor integrating a community, whose prosperity does not depend on individual achievements of reason (for its potential is limited) but on the intellectual achievements of generations. In this context, social order is shaped by authority, customs, religion, spiritual ties, and traditional family ties — as opposed to force, decrees, ideology, and contractual relationships. It is a common belief amongst conservatives that nationalised education, even if that is not its intended purpose, fulfils the function (not so much from the educational angle, but from a pastoral one) of popularising Enlightenment ideas and forming a “progressive” New Man. In this way, it has become one of the causes of the destruction of culture. The concept of tradition is connected with the concept of prejudice, which is the wisdom of the illiterate. Prejudice, i.e. a judgment made earlier and its institutionalised prescription at the social level, are taken from the authority of tradition. It is the collective wisdom of generations transformed into customs, rituals, norms, rules, institutions, and structures
Odpowiedzialność nieletnich w Odrodzonej Rzeczpospolitej
No full textThis article discusses the issue of juvenile legal and criminal liability in the inter-war period and during the Second World War. Particular attention is paid to the issue of reactions criminal acts committed by juveniles on the grounds of the regulations of the 1932 Penal Code. The paper offers a complex presentation of said solutions implemented in the Second Republic of Poland’s penal system
Literackie realizmy przełomu wieków. Cz. I: Prolegomena teoretyczne
No full textThe article is an introduction to a series of papers devoted to the realisms of the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, for which the point of reference, beyond the realist tradition itself, is postmodern literature and the era of late capitalism. In the text, the author looks at the notion of realism in twentieth-century literary theory, its re-evaluations caused by changes in the field of literature as well as science and technology – especially in the modernism. The author focuses primarily on the theories developed in the 20th century, which in a way extend the concept of realism, analysing the “realist impulse” from ethical-epistemological, but also formal perspectives. The presentation of the process of loosening the traditional framework of realism is crucial, as it is this process that allowed for the emergence of various appendageally-defined realisms of the late 20th century (e.g. hysterical realism, degenerative realism, mythorealism, Russian new realism), often constituting not so much a literary trend as a critical-literary label.Artykuł stanowi wstęp do cyklu poświęconego realizmom przełomu XX i XXI wieku, dla których punktem odniesienia, poza samą tradycją realistyczną, jest literatura postmodernistyczna oraz epoka późnego kapitalizmu. W tekście autor przygląda się pojęciu realizmu w teorii literatury XX wieku, jego przewartościowaniom spowodowanym zmianami zarówno w polu literatury, jak i nauki oraz techniki – zwłaszcza w okresie modernizmu. Autor koncentruje się przede wszystkim na teoriach rozwiniętych w XX wieku, które w pewien sposób rozszerzają koncepcję realizmu, analizując „impuls realistyczny” z perspektyw etyczno-epistemologicznych, ale też formalnych. Przedstawienie procesu rozluźniania tradycyjnych ram realizmu jest kluczowe, gdyż właśnie ten proces pozwolił na pojawienie się różnych przydawkowo dookreślanych realizmów końca XX wieku (między innymi realizm histeryczny, realizm degeneratywny, mitorealizm, rosyjski nowy realizm), stanowiących często nie tyle nurt literacki, ile krytycznoliteracką etykietę
Symbolika zwierząt w marzeniach sennych w starożytności grecko-rzymskiej
No full textA dream has always been perceived as something extraordinary, it stimulated the human imagination and was attributed divine and magical meanings. From time immemorial, people have tried to interpret dreams. In the life of the ancients, dreams played an important role. The belief in them was very widespread and great importance was attached to it, as an accurate analysis of dreams influenced personal, political and economic decisions. The inhabitants of ancient Greece probably felt an attachment to the earth, broadly understood nature and animals, which probably resulted in giving them human features by ancient authors and the symbolic translation of the appearance of animals in dreams
Wybrane aspekty treści ideowych w dekoracji kaplicy św. Franciszka Ksawerego przy kościele pw. Najświętszego Imienia Jezus we Wrocławiu
No full textThe university church, together with the Collegium Maximum, was the most important foundation of the Wrocław Jesuits, which was reflected in the rich ideological programme of the decoration of this building complex. The aim of this article is to analyse selected aspects of the ideological content contained in the decoration of the chapel of St. Francis Xavier in the Church of the Most Sacred Name of Jesus in Wrocław, which has not yet received a monographic study. The literature on the subject emphasises how much attention the Jesuits paid to the message inscribed in the decoration of their buildings, and how they used the power of art to this end. Within this context, religious and political themes have been read and their authors identified. The source material for the analysis of the content of the chapel’s decoration consisted of fragmentary preserved Jesuitica, including Litterae annuae and an inventory of the Jesuit library in Wrocław from 1707. Indirect evidence suggests that the ideological programme and artistic expression of this interior was heavily influenced by the college rector Friedrich Wolff von Lüdinghausen (1643–1708) and prince bishop Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg (1664–1732). The article also identifies the formal patterns of these ornaments
Cztery miecze księcia Jerzego II brzeskiego w drezdeńskiej zbrojowni (Rüstkammer)
Get PDFThe article focuses on a group of four longswords at the Dresden Armoury, which, according to an early inventory entry, came from the possession of Duke George II of Brzeg (1523–1586). The group is identified as a likely diplomatic gift by the Silesian duke to the elector of Saxony; the political backdrop of such a gift is discussed, and a possible occasion proposed. After a typological and functional analysis of the swords, the article places the objects in the context of the German fencing culture of the Renaissance. An excursus identifies two further gifts from the dukes of Legnica and Brzeg in the Dresden Rüstkammer