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Zagadnienie zła a teodycea w myśli muzułmańskiej
No full textThe existence of evil in our world seems to pose a serious challenge to belief in the existence of a perfect God. If God were all-knowing, it seems that God would know about all of the horrible things that happen in our world. If God were all-powerful, God would be able to do something about all of the evil. Moreover, if God were morally perfect, then surely God would want to do something about it. These facts about evil seem to conflict with the Islamic theist claim that there exists a perfectly good God. Several solutions to this problem have been proposed in Islamic thought. Ibn al-Arabi’s thought on evil goes as far as to say that what is seen as evil is actually illusory and has no reality. According to Ibn al-Arabi, existence is all good. Evil has no existence and belongs only to non-existence. The thoughts of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash‘ari can also be said to have caused a kind of moral conventionalism. Ash‘arism, unlike Mu‘tazilite thought, claims that the task of revelation is not only to explain moral statements but to impose and determine them. We encounter Neoplatonist point of view in Islamic thought. Avicenna says that evil has no positive existence or reality of its own. Evil is the incomplete realization of a good or existence. As maintained by him, evil arises when something does not show the full characteristics of its nature or type. There is no pure evil in the absolute sense. Solutions to the problem of evil do not always resort to the idea that evil is an illusion or an accidental element. According to Mu‘tazila and Maturidism, evil actually exists in this world; for conceptions of evil as an illusion or an accidental element do not adequately meet the conditions of being a free agent. According to this understanding, in order for an agent to have free will, it must not have been caused by external factors, e.g. God or the laws of nature
В поисках пограничной территории. Новая локальность на примере города Влодава и Влодавского повята
No full textThe borderland is the subject of research interests of many scientific disciplines, and the capacity of the term, while making it difficult to define, allows for a variety of approaches and reflections. In this article, I draw attention to several problems that, regardless of the existing concepts and theories of borderland (anthropological, sociological or geographical), in my opinion should be acknowledged by researchers dealing with similar issues. I am not redefining the borderland, but pointing to those elements of culture that contribute to the fact that sometimes that what we think of as the borderland is merely an artificially created area to which such as status has been ascribed, if only by arbitrary political decisions. To illustrate this, I use the analysis of the results of my own research conducted in the city of Włodawa and the Włodawa district located in the Polish-Belarusian borderland, which showed, among other things, that the basic understanding of the term borderland in the spatial-geographical sense has long been considered insufficient, and that borderlandness has acquired new characteristics, such as fluidity, mobility or variability, which are becoming culturally common features nowadays.Пограничье является объектом исследовательского интереса многих научных дисциплин, а емкость этого термина, затрудняющая его однозначное определение, допускает разнообразие подходов и размышлений. В этой статье автор обращает внимание на несколько проблем, которые, независимо от существующих концепций и теорий пограничья (антропологических, социологических или географических), должны, на наш взгляд, осознаваться исследователями, занимающимися подобными вопросами. Мы не даём нового определения пограничной территории, но указываем на те элемен- ты культуры, которые иногда, когда мы думаем о пограничной территории, означают, что мы имеем дело с созданной областью, которой по разным причинам придан такой статус, хотя бы из-за произвольных политических решений. В качестве примера представляем результаты исследования, проведенного в городе Влодава и Влодавском повяте, расположенном в польско-белорусском пограничье, которое показало, в частности, что базовое понимание термина пограничье в пространственно-географическом смысле уже давно считается недостаточными что пограничность приобрела новые черты, такие как текучесть, подвижность или изменчивость, которые становятся культурно распространенными чертами в настоящее время
Нагорно-карабахский конфликт — история и политика
No full textThe article presents the historical and political context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The author proves that the ethnic conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis has a decidedly negative impact on the political system of Armenia. This conflict has become the most important element of Armenian national identity and determines domestic and foreign policy. He points to examples of negative events in the recent history of Armenia caused by the conflict (forced resignation of the president, assassination attempt in the parliament). Another war in 2020 in Nagorno-Karabakh further complicated the political reality in Armenia and put the country in a very difficult internal and international situation.В статье представлен историко-политический контекст нагорно-карабахского конфликта. Автор доказывает, что этнический конфликт между армянами и азербайджанцами оказывает негативное влияние на политический строй Армении. Этот конфликт стал важнейшим элементом армянской национальной идентичности и определяет внутреннюю и внешнюю политику государства. Автор указывает примеры негативных событий в новейшей истории Армении, вызванных конфликтом:насильственная отставка президента, покушение в парламенте. Очередная война 2020 года в Нагорном Карабахе еще больше осложнила политическую реальность в Армении и привела страну в очень тяжелое внутреннее и международное положение
Nadzór legalności kontroli sprawowanej przez społecznego inspektora pracy
No full textThe aim of this article is to demonstrate the difficulties in regards to enforcing social control that is part of Poland’s labour protection system. The article is divided into three parts. In the first part, social control over working conditions is defined in historical and teleological terms. The second part refers to the legal act as a guarantor of the rights to life, health, and safe and hygienic working conditions. Additionally, it ensures effective state supervision over working conditions. The third part outlines the practical problems of social control supervision from the point of view of labour inspector as a state body, enforcing the implementation of social power on the employer.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wykazanie trudności w egzekwowaniu społecznej kontroli prawa pracy, która jest częścią systemu ochrony pracy w Polsce. Artykuł składa się z trzech części: w pierwszej zdefiniowana została społeczna kontrola nad warunkami pracy w ujęciu historycznym i celowościowym. Druga część odnosi się do ustawy zasadniczej jako gwaranta praw: do życia, zdrowia i do bezpiecznych i higienicznych warunków pracy oraz zapewnienia skutecznego nadzoru nad warunkami pracy. W dalszej części artykułu przedstawiono praktyczne problemy nadzoru kontroli społecznej z punktu widzenia inspektora pracy jako organu państwowego egzekwującego realizację społecznego władztwa w zakresie prawa pracy u pracodawcy
Determinants of educational and career decisions as well as educational migration based on the example of medical students at the Medical University of Lodz
No full textCareer decisions are most often made when taking up higher education. This is particularly true for medical students, especially medical practice students. Many factors influence the decisions made by young people. The subject literature mainly points to the importance of one’s own predisposition and interests, but also to the role of remuneration and the situation of a particular profession in the labor market. The case of people who take up the medical practice course of the Ministry of National Defense (MND) at the Medical University of Lodz in Poland is particularly interesting. The purpose of this paper is to show the reasons identified during the pilot study for taking up the analyzed course, the choice of university, and the university city. The pilot study, designed in principle to verify the validity of the prepared survey questionnaire, was conducted among 29 third-year students of the MND medical practice course at the Medical University of Lodz. It was conducted using a diagnostic survey method in the form of a questionnaire with over a dozen questions. The questions addressed the factors related to the students’ choice of medical practice course, determinants affecting their choice of the Medical University of Lodz and the university city. The questionnaire also contained questions about the respondents’ post-graduation plans and demographics. The results of the study allowed for the identification of the most important factors that affected the respondents’ choice of the medical practice course. These included personal interests, predisposition, the profession’s prestige, family traditions, and the physician’s remuneration. Other aspects included the factors affecting the choice of university and Łódź as the university city. The results of the study proved that the respondents chose the medical university in Łódź due to the availability of the MND medical practice course, as it is the only course of its kind in Poland. The high quality of the learning facilities, the university’s prestige, and the high level of teaching were also of great importance. Łódź was chosen as the university city primarily because of its university and the availability of the MND medical practice course
Interface aesthetics in interactive media
No full textThe introduction to the thematic number of “Quart”, entitled Interface aesthetics in interactive media, presents the title issue of interfaces from the perspective of interdisciplinary humanities research. The author points out that interfaces are the basic tool for users’ interaction in the digital space, and at the same time they perform various cognitive, communication and aesthetic functions. Due to the multifunctionality, variability and reconfigurability of interfaces, reflection on them integrates knowledge and methodology from various areas of science. Therefore, the articles published in this volume were prepared by specialists representing various fields and disciplines of research
Cubism in Sweden – from experimental to moderate
No full textIn this article, examples of various forms of cubism practiced by Swedish artists are described and analyzed regarding form, content and reception in the field. A certain emphasis is placed on female artists, since there is a need for differencing the narrative of modernism regarding women’s contributions, often disregarded in their own contexts as well as in the writing of art history. Attention has also been paid to changing notions of cubism in the field of art.
In the early years of cubism, from the 1910s, a considerable number of Swedish artists experimented enthusiastically with prismatic and other cubist effects in their paintings. Many of them went to Paris, Berlin and Copenhagen to see the new art, and brought new ideas to Sweden. For most of the artists who experimented with different kinds of cubism, it was a temporary activity, although many of them felt they had acquired new insights concerning artistic form. Some of them further developed their findings into new directions of modernist art, such as post-cubism, purism and concrete art. Women artists were active in all of these movements.
The art market in Stockholm thrived in the 1910s and 1920s. Several of the art critics and large parts of the art audience had difficulties understanding cubism, and rejected the non-figurative art exhibited at the Stockholm exhibition in 1930. However, most Swedish cubism proved to be of a moderate sort, such as the works by Georg Pauli. On the other hand, Agnes Cleve, Siri Derkert, Gösta Adrian-Nilsson (GAN), and Otto G. Carlsund never ceased to generate bold forms and compositions. Regardless, it took a long time for Swedish art audiences to accept this form of visual art