CNS Czasopisma Naukowe w Sieci
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Indywidualnoprewencyjne cele kary pozbawienia wolności – wybrane problemy na tle poglądów doktryny i orzecznictwa
No full textThis article examines the individual preventive purposes in both the sentencing and execution of imprisonment. The analyses show that the greatest controversies arise when emphasis is placed on the educational aspect of the individual preventive effect of a prison sentence imposed on the offender. Regulation of this purpose in the context of sentence execution gives rise to entirely different disputes. Realising this purpose - which precludes treating prisons merely as ‘storage facilities’ for those requiring isolation - requires recognising that the measure of its achievement remains effectiveness, including the need for continuous improvement across a wide range of activities aimed at rehabilitating convicts. Consequently, a key role should be played by efforts to overcome the traditional barriers to rehabilitation, whose persistence significantly hampers the preparation of offenders to function properly in society after release.Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje rozważania na temat indywidualnoprewencyjnych celów wymierzanej, jak i wykonywanej kary pozbawienia wolności. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły zauważyć, że indywidualnoprewencyjne oddziaływanie wymierzanej sprawcy kary pozbawienia wolności wzbudza najwięcej sporów przy eksponowaniu jego wychowawczego aspektu. Zgoła odmienne kontrowersje generuje regulacja celu indywidualnoprewencyjnego na płaszczyźnie wykonywania kary pozbawienia wolności. Urzeczywistnienie niniejszego celu, niepozwalające na traktowanie zakładu karnego jako „przechowalni” dla osób wymagających izolacji, wymaga dostrzeżenia, że miarą jego realizacji pozostaje skuteczność, w tym potrzeba nieustannego doskonalenia szerokiego spectrum działań ukierunkowanych na resocjalizację skazanych. W rezultacie ważką rolę powinno odgrywać dążenie do przełamywania tradycyjnych barier resocjalizacyjnych, których obecność skutecznie utrudnia przygotowanie skazanych do prawidłowego funkcjonowania w społeczeństwie po opuszczeniu zakładu karnego
Logistical and organizational challenges experienced by seniors in medical institutions
No full textIn the third decade of the 21st century, it is evident that there has been a significant acceleration in economic and technological development on a global scale across all aspects of human life. Artificial intelligence, ChatGPT, autonomous robots, cloud data storage, and Google VR are solutions actively implemented in healthcare systems. At the same time, the world is ageing. It is estimated that by 2030—primarily in Europe, North America, and China—there will be 400 million more people over the age of sixty than there are in 2024. In this dynamically changing environment, the patient is situated within the healthcare institution. The attempt to answer the question of what logistical and organizational challenges exist in various areas of the functioning of healthcare institutions concerning senior patients has become an incentive to address the topic and compile a list of obstacles and limitations that seniors could face, as identified by them in medical processes
The role of digital competence and trust in technology in inclusive and sustainable e-health development for seniors
No full textThis article examines the significant demographic changes that European countries are experiencing due to population aging, which is considered one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. The study focuses on the dual nature of this phenomenon: the adverse effects that aging populations have on public budgets and healthcare systems, and the potential of the rapid growth of the “silver economy,” an economic sector linked to the needs and consumption behaviors of older adults. The primary objective is to analyze the role of digital competence and trust in technology in the implementation of e-health services, which are adapted to seniors’ needs. The research area encompasses digital inclusion, barriers to technology adoption among older adults, and the impact of digital health solutions on their quality of life and well-being. Using the Digital Competence framework, the article analyses dimensions of digital competence. It identifies both systemic and individual obstacles that hinder the implementation and use of e-health services among seniors. Based on this analysis, the article offers recommendations for creating sustainable, accessible and user-friendly digital health platforms. It emphasizes the importance of integrating digital education, systemic support, and inclusive software design, which can better meet the specific needs of the aging population. This comprehensive approach aims to support seniors’ active participation in the digital society and ensure the long-term sustainability
Deferred motherhood penalty: Simulation studies of women’s future pensions in defined contribution schemes
No full textThe paper discusses the results of a simulation study of the motherhood penalty that leads to lower pensions for women in defined contribution pension systems. The study uses a hybrid simulation model that combines forecasting demographic changes with modeling pension capital accumulation. The models were built using numerical simulation methods, i.e. discrete event simulation and system dynamics, and then fed with real data from 2000 to 2023. The demographic model forecasts the size of age-gender cohorts over a multi-decade horizon, allowing us to forecast the size of the working-age population which, in turn, is the basis for estimating the amount of pension contribution premiums. The annual amount of premiums written determines the values of indexes of pension capital accumulated in individual pension accounts. The simulation model monitors various women’s careers from the time they start working at age 25 until retirement. The simulation experiments are designed to study the causes of the motherhood penalty and determine the amount of the penalty under different scenarios of a woman’s career. The results show that the pension of a woman deciding to have one child will be lower than that of a childless woman by about 25%. For a woman raising two children, the difference drops to about 40%
Utilization of trichological services by elderly persons — case study of Hairmitage Clinic
No full textThe aim of this article is to explore the phenomenon of using the trichology services by the elderly 60+ customers. There are also some grounded assumptions that it grows under the impact of various factors: demographic factors, changing lifestyles and economic status and epidemiology of hair and head scalp diseases. In the theoretical part, the authors present the key theoretical frameworks and models that have so far been dedicated to explanation of various factors which could influence demand for various services among the elderly customers. These factors have been addressed in the Keynesian economic model, as well as in other varied socioeconomic approaches, such as “perpetual youth model” (Blanchard), “silver economy” concept, or public health approach represented in the concept of healthy active life expectancy (HALE) or the current progress in the way for the theory of ageing. Research method that has been used in this article is a case study, as the empirical part will cover the topic of utilization of (demand for) trichological services as recorded in the reservation system of Hairmitage Clinic, which specializes in various hair therapies. Time frame for the case study analysis will encompass 2021–2025 period (only 1st quarter at three Hairmitage locations [Warsaw, Gdynia and Katowice]) along with revenue of the whole company. This will be exploited for studying structure, dynamics of demand and for the comparative purposes (comparison of demand for trichological services between branches/offices, comparison of demand dynamics and revenue dynamics). As a result, the case study shows that demand in this age group grows faster than revenues of the whole company, showing elderly customers as a promise for future. This article is a call for further research on the market of trichology services and hair loss treatments.
 
Драганівка і Почапінці під час Другої світової війни. Історія і пам’ять у свідченнях очевидців
No full textThe article presents the history of two villages, Draganovka and Poczapiniec, during World War II. Until September 1939, the villages were part of the Second Polish Republic, inhabited by Poles, Ukrainians and Jews. The story is based on the accounts of an eyewitness, Rev. Jan Kowal, who described the dramatic events of the war, the Soviet, German and again Soviet occupation and the period of repatriation. The article is dedicated to the memory of the former residents of Draganovka and Poczapiniec and their descendants. For the author, this article has a personal dimension, as his ancestors came from these very villages. The main source used by the author in preparing the text of this article was a manuscript written by Rev. Jan Kowal in 1977 entitled “The history of Draganovka. From the history of Draganovka and Poczapiniec near Ternopil 1500 - 1945”.Шимона Рундштайна запам’ятали як одного з найвидатніших і водночас найуніверсальніших польських правників. У своїй науковій діяльності він надихався передусім правовою думкою Ганса Кельзена, зокрема нормативізмом, що є її невід’ємним елементом. Запозичена у Кельзена, а згодом дещо модифікована перспектива (яка полягала в заміні поняття Grundnorm поняттям «ідеї права», що було виявом феноменологічного підходу до права) стала вихідним пунктом для роздумів над сутністю цивільного, адміністративного, конституційного та міжнародного права. Рундштайн виступав за дослідження права в його чистому вигляді — без урахування впливу соціологічних, психологічних, історичних чи політичних чинників. Предметом його досліджень було право, що аналізувалося «формально та схематично» незалежно від критерію його чинності. З погляду дослідника політичних і правових доктрин особливо цікавими є, однак, аналізи Ш. Рундштайна, що стосуються режимів, які ми (використовуючи сучасну термінологію) визнаємо історичними прикладами тоталітарних держав. Використовуючи щодо них термін «тоталізми», Ш. Рундштайн мав на увазі Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік, Третій рейх та Італію. Цим тоталізмам польський правник відмовляв у будь-яких цінностях. Для міркувань, здійснених у цій статті, найістотнішими були оцінки Ш. Рундштайна, що стосувалися націонал-соціалістичної правової дійсності, а також політичної та правової думки німецького правника Карла Шмітта — відомого критика кельзенівського нормативізму. У цьому контексті заслуговує на увагу спостереження Лукаша Свєнціцького, який зазначав, що Ш. Рундштайн помічав винятковість концепції К. Шмітта на тлі інших німецьких правників і у своїх оцінках не повторював щодо нього закиду «інтелектуального варварства», водночас пам’ятаючи про їхню політичну зумовленість. З цієї причини загальна оцінка політичної та правової думки К. Шмітта у спостереженнях Рундштайна постає як аргументована критика, здійснена з урахуванням академічних вимог
Prawo natury w „Allgemeines Bürgerlisches Gesetzbuch” z 1811 roku
No full textAt the beginning, the author presents the history of the Austrian Civil Code (ABGB), emphasising that a notable feature of the development of the codification of civil law in Austria is the consistent basing of successive legislative projects on the philosophy of the law of nature (ius naturale or ius naturae). He demonstrates that the Codex Theresianus of 1766, the West Galician Code of 1797 and the ABGB of 1811 shared the same ideological basis, that is, the law of nature, the juridical-natural conception of the inherent rights of the individual. The author then analyses in detail the conception of the law of nature of Franz von Zeiller, the chief referent of the legislative commission, who had a fundamental influence on the final shape of the ABGB, emphasising that in Zeiller’s interpretation, the defining feature of law is not duty, but power (force) derived from reason rather than physical power.
Analysing the law of nature in the provisions of the ABGB in the following section, the author argues that the internal structure of this code was based - following the example of the Napoleonic Code of 1804 - on the subject system, i.e. on the consistent implementation of the autonomy of the will in civil law relations. In this way, the law of nature was considered a source of interpretative guidance in the event that other ways of interpreting a provision proved insufficient, which was reflected in the invocation of „natural legal principles” (natürliche Rechtsgrundsätze) as a way of resolving cases of doubt. The legal-natural juridical constructs found also the expression in numerous specific solutions of this code, namely in the areas of personal law, property law and contract law.
Finally, the author emphasises that the Austrian Civil Code in its original version, however, could not fully realise the declared juridical concept of the inherent rights of the individual, due to social and cultural conditions
Historyczne podstawy pojęcia zrównoważonego rozwoju
No full textThe article presents the historical roots and evolution of the concept of sustainable development, starting from early legal regulations in the Middle Ages to contemporary legal and political approaches. The author shows that although the term “sustainable development” became popular only in the second half of the 20th century, its practical and legal foundations were present as early as the 17th/18th centuries. Special attention is given to the forestry reforms of Jean-Baptiste Colbert in France and the work of Hans Carl von Carlowitz, who in 1713 introduced the term Nachhaltigkeit — sustainability in forest resource management. The article indicates that the development of the principle of sustainable resource management occurred in the context of social competition, the economic needs of individual states, and growing ecological awareness. The conferences of the United Nations in Stockholm (1972) and the Gro Harlem Brundtland Report (1987) were particularly important, as they led to the global reception and constitutionalization of this principle in many countries, including Poland. The author proposes a systematization of the evolution of the concept, distinguishing four phases: 1) rational forestry, 2) administrative-legal, 3) economic-planning, and the current 4) phase of universalization and constitutionalization
Epitafium i nagrobek księżnej wdowy Anny Wirtemberskiej w Chojnowie. Niezachowane dzieło Gerharda Hendrika
No full textThis article seeks to reconstruct a forgotten mausoleum that once stood in the parish church of St. Peter and St. Paul in Chojnów, commemorating Dowager Duchess Anna of Württemberg (12 June 1561, Stuttgart – 7 July 1616, Chojnów). According to archival records, the creators of this 1606 monument were promi-nent artists of the Mannerist period in Wrocław: the sculptor Gerhard Hendrik of Amsterdam (1559–1615) and the painter David Heidenreich (1573–1633). Today, all that remains of this once elaborate complex are a few relics: one of the bronze tombstones and sections of the wrought-iron grille that originally enclosed the tomb. An analysis of numerous contemporary sources suggests that this ducal foundation comprised an epitaph, whose main elements included a depiction of Christ on the cross and the kneeling or standing figures of the duchess and her two husbands – Jan Jerzy, Duke of Oława and Wołów (d. 6 July 1592), and his cous-in, Frederick IV, Duke of Legnica and Brzeg (d. 6 April 1596). The inclusion of the latter figures – despite the fact that they were not buried in Chojnów, but in the Pi-ast mausoleums in Brzeg and Legnica – served to affirm the status of the founder and the dowager duchess’s right to be buried in Chojnów, which had been her widow’s residence. The decoration of the Chojnów epitaph was probably enriched by a heraldic programme featuring a profusion of coats of arms, highlighting Anna’s royal origins and extensive dynastic connections. A similar function was fulfilled by the heraldic programme, consisting of 16 coats of arms cast in bronze, which was probably set either into the floor (as part of a grave slab) or mounted on the church wall (as part of a tomb slab). It was this programme – together with two inscription plaques made of the same material and a cartouche bearing the Würt-temberg coat of arms – that constituted what for years was commonly referred to as a royal “tomb” or “monument”
Tworzenie pierwszej nowoczesnej galerii sztuki w Prusach. Działalność kuratorska Johanna Gustava Gottlieba Büschinga we Wrocławiu po 1810 r.
No full textThe essay emphasises the importance of a short-lived Wrocław picture gallery that came into existence in the wake of the 1810 dissolution of Silesian monasteries. Created by Johann Gustav Gottlieb Büsching on behalf of the Prussian state, it was the country’s first truly public art museum, predating Berlin’s famous Königliches Museum by 15 years and offering an alternative to display strategies in existing local collections while taking inspiration from recent similar tendencies abroad. The dissolution of Silesian monasteries was at its roots. When Frederick William III secularised eighty religious establishments, Büsching was commissioned to secure their cultural treasures but transformed this preservation mission into an opportunity to create comprehensive public collections including a central library, archive, and art museum. He developed a pioneering three-part gallery structure that arranged medieval to 16th-century Silesian paintings as a tribute to chronology although without sequencing them rigorously, dedicated an entire room to Michael Willmann as Silesia’s most important baroque painter, and displayed works from other schools to contextualised local traditions within broader art history. The author identifies the exact location of the first gallery project in a now-lost building, and he points out that a crucial theoretical innovation was implied in the way Büsching articulated the paradigm shift from religious to art-historical appreciation of medieval works, arguing as he was that secularised altarpieces retained their artistic power despite losing their sacred function and required proper institutional contexts for full appreciation as historical documents and aesthetic objects. Opening in 1815 in the former Augustinian quarters, the museum faced significant challenges including limited funding, modest artistic quality of the artworks available to the founding director, and Wrocław’s peripheral location on European art routes. Contemporary visitors found the collection underwhelming compared to major galleries in Vienna, Munich, or Dresden. However, Büsching’s emphasis on art-historical narrative, regional cultural identity, and scientific methodology pioneered approaches that became fundamental to modern museum practice, making his curatorial work a crucial but underrecognised contribution to the institutionalization of German museum culture