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Italian and French prints in the Dominican library in Różanystok: A contribution to the study of the dissemination of books in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries
No full textThis paper aims to explore the influx of Italian and French prints into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which illustrates the dissemination of books in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. The case study focuses on the book collection at the Dominican monastery in Różanystok, situated at the border of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The research reported on in this paper was mainly based on the handwritten inventories of the Dominican library from 1828 and 1846 and involved analysing the book collection based on the date and place of publication of the prints. Forty-seven Italian prints were identified, accounting for 8.07% of the entire collection; they primarily came from printing houses in Rome and Venice. Ten volumes, that is, 1.72% of the library holdings, stemmed from French printing houses in Lyon. The data were compared with the analogous figures for the Dominican book collections in Borek Stary, Samogitian Calvary, Lviv, Paparčiai and Wrocław. The research helps to identify the libraries in Central and Eastern Europe where the publishing production of Italian and French printers arrived. Furthermore, the paper sheds light on the transfer channels through which cultural and religious content from printing hubs spread in Europe in the timeframe under research
Andrzej Tomaszewski wobec „najazdu barbarzyńców” i upadku estetyki polskiej książki (1989‒2000)
No full textThis article characterises the activity of Andrzej Tomaszewski, an outstanding Polish typographer, designer, publicist, editor and printer, between 1989 and 2000, during the great crisis and the decline of the aesthetics of Polish books. Rapid political, economic and technological transformations led to chaos on the Polish market — books began to be published by technically and intellectually unprepared random people, and the earlier standards, which had been developed over years, were no longer valid. Tomaszewski tried to actively counteract this. His journalistic achievements from that period are impressive, consisting of over 90 articles printed in trade magazines. His publications provide a substantive analysis of the current situation and the problems that occurred. He became known not only as a mature observer but also as a lover of books and expert in the history of books, showing modern digital systems as a natural continuation of the historical process of developing print culture. Overcoming his initial resistance to digitization, he Polonised over 900 fonts available on the market (mainly American, British and German) and quickly became a valued specialist and spokesman for modern technologies. He designed books, maintaining high typographic standards, and did not yield to widespread commercialisation. Like many ambitious publishers, he also experienced a publishing failure. The magazine Pro Typo, which he initiated, failed. However, his work from the 1990s provides valuable source material and contributes to a better understanding of the situation on the book market at that time.Kryzys polskiego edytorstwa po 1989 roku. Sylwetka Andrzeja Tomaszewskiego i jego osiągnięcia na polu typografii. Jego publikacje dotyczące sytuacji polskiego edytorstwa. Działalność wydawnicza i organizacyjna. Własne projekty typograficzne
Consumerist Environmentalism in “The Sims 4: Eco Lifestyle”
No full textIn 2021, the United States was the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally (after China, whose population was then over four times larger). The scale and urgency of the problem has been broadcasted for years, but the necessity and methods of dealing with it on a national and individual level seem to be quite obscure. Recycling is not the norm, oil and meat consumption is high, and excess spending is common. Consumption is still seen and presented as the means of satisfying most of one’s needs as well as a necessary condition for achieving a high social status. Dealing with climate change, as much as materially possible, involves dealing with the specificity of American geopolitics and culture: among other factors, its post-Protestant views on money and poverty, imperial position, and extreme individualism.
The expansion pack The Sims 4: Eco Lifestyle, produced by California-based Electronic Arts, fits into the consumerist approach to climate change popular in the United States. Eco Lifestyle introduces air pollution, recycling, living off -grid, and local politics, as well as the styles and activities related to pro-environmental attitudes. However, these activities are stripped of their material sense, as the actions depicted in the game are not what limits emissions and carbon footprint in the real world. This seems to be more a strategy than an error; and yet, it is hard not to regret a missed opportunity of creating a playable and ecologically sound Sims expansion for the lovers of the gameworld—and the world
Reflections on complexes of hin/her-preposition and verbs in German
No full textIn this paper, the study of the syntactic-functional behaviour and the categorial identification of the hin/her-prep. in close connections with verbs in German (e.g. hineingehen, hinaufarbeiten, hinzufügen, herausfinden, herausfordern, hereinfallen, etc.) has been addressed. In the literature, different syntactic functions have been attributed to hin/her-prep., depending on their positions in the sentence, the type of verb involved, as well as their relationship with other sentence elements (especially with the noun). Moreover, two more tests were applied to the selected complexes to find out whether hin/her-prep. occur in pre-field and whether the complexes are interruptible in the contact position by other elements. My proposed solution for the categorial identification of hin/her-prep. is based on Zeller’s (2001) thesis. Based on the generative definition of verb-particles, in this paper hin/her-prep. were evaluated using three tests (interchangeability between hin and her, (re)constructability of prepositional phrase and exchangeability of the preposition of prepositional phrase) to filter out from the “hodgepodge” of hin/her-prep. those genuine verb-particles. The corpus analysis shows that the subclasses of hin/her-prep. can be evaluated either as pro-adverbs or as (semi-)verb particles, depending on the complex or the reading.In this paper, the study of the syntactic-functional behaviour and the categorial identification of the hin/her-prep. in close connections with verbs in German (e.g. hineingehen, hinaufarbeiten, hinzufügen, herausfinden, herausfordern, hereinfallen, etc.) has been addressed. In the literature, different syntactic functions have been attributed to hin/her-prep., depending on their positions in the sentence, the type of verb involved, as well as their relationship with other sentence elements (especially with the noun). Moreover, two more tests were applied to the selected complexes to find out whether hin/her-prep. occur in pre-field and whether the complexes are interruptible in the contact position by other elements. My proposed solution for the categorial identification of hin/her-prep. is based on Zeller’s (2001) thesis. Based on the generative definition of verb-particles, in this paper hin/her-prep. were evaluated using three tests (interchangeability between hin and her, (re)constructability of prepositional phrase and exchangeability of the preposition of prepositional phrase) to filter out from the “hodgepodge” of hin/her-prep. those genuine verb-particles. The corpus analysis shows that the subclasses of hin/her-prep. can be evaluated either as pro-adverbs or as (semi-)verb particles, depending on the complex or the reading
Diferentes caras del ‘sacrum’ en el discurso literario rioplatense
No full textThis paper is an overview of many researchers’ opinions on the presence of a religious element in La Plata’s literature. The perspective of the article is definitely diachronic, critical and analytical. According to the conclusions of the literature researchers, there is a strict relationship between theological thinking and the current social and cultural issues and the ideological layer of particular literary works. A novelty in our study is that what is seemingly absent from the religious subject area can function as a visible sign of theological thinking in La Plata’s work. Even anticlerical attitudes may be indicating a religious background of their authors. Almost no literary work of La Plata may be considered as devoid of theological motifs or inspiration.This paper is an overview of many researchers’ opinions on the presence of a religious element in La Plata’s literature. The perspective of the article is definitely diachronic, critical and analytical. According to the conclusions of the literature researchers, there is a strict relationship between theological thinking and the current social and cultural issues and the ideological layer of particular literary works. A novelty in our study is that what is seemingly absent from the religious subject area can function as a visible sign of theological thinking in La Plata’s work. Even anticlerical attitudes may be indicating a religious background of their authors. Almost no literary work of La Plata may be considered as devoid of theological motifs or inspiration.This paper is an overview of many researchers’ opinions on the presence of a religious element in La Plata’s literature. The perspective of the article is definitely diachronic, critical and analytical. According to the conclusions of the literature researchers, there is a strict relationship between theological thinking and the current social and cultural issues and the ideological layer of particular literary works. A novelty in our study is that what is seemingly absent from the religious subject area can function as a visible sign of theological thinking in La Plata’s work. Even anticlerical attitudes may be indicating a religious background of their authors. Almost no literary work of La Plata may be considered as devoid of theological motifs or inspiration
A investigación no ILG (1971–1990) e a importancia do ALGa na estandarización da lingua galega
No full textAt the beginning of the 1960s Dámaso Alonso and A. Zamora Vicente complained about modern Galician studies falling behind the times. In this article I will refer, first of all, to achieving the recovery of lost ground over the next two decades through research, mostly in oral Galician, and spreading that work amongst Romance-languages specialists, in which the Galician Language Institute (ILG) of the University of Santiago de Compostela played a fundamental role during the time of its originator and first director Constantino García (1971–1990). After some notes on the emerging questione della lingua galega with the publication of the Galician norms by the Royal Galician Academy (RAG) and the manual Gallego 1 by the ILG at the beginning of the 1970s, I will focus on the attempt to resolve this issue with the conciliatory Bases prá unificación das normas lingüísticas do galego (1977), for which the unpublished material of the Atlas Lingüístico Galego was taken into account in both morphological and some of the lexical proposals, which were the foundation of the current Galician standards drawn up by the ILG and the RAG in 1982.A comezos da década de 1960 Dámaso Alonso e A. Zamora Vicente queixábanse do considerable atraso nos estudos do galego moderno. Neste artigo referireime, en primeiro lugar, á superación dese atraso con investigacións, sobre todo, do galego oral, e coa súa difusión entre os romanistas, en que tivo un papel fundamental o Instituto da Lingua Galega (ILG) da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, na xeira do seu ideador e primeiro director Constantino García (1971–1990). Despois dunhas notas sobre a incipiente questione della lingua galega, coa publicación a comezos da década de 1970 das normas da Real Academia Galega (RAG) e do manual Gallego 1 do ILG, centrareime no intento de salvar esa questione co texto conciliador Bases prá unificación das normas lingüísticas do galego (1977) para o que se tivo en conta o material inédito do Atlas Lingüístico Galego nas propostas morfolóxicas e nalgunhas propostas léxicas, que foron o alicerce da normativa vixente elaborada no 1982 polo ILG e a RAG.A comezos da década de 1960 Dámaso Alonso e A. Zamora Vicente queixábanse do considerable atraso nos estudos do galego moderno. Neste artigo referireime, en primeiro lugar, á superación dese atraso con investigacións, sobre todo, do galego oral, e coa súa difusión entre os romanistas, en que tivo un papel fundamental o Instituto da Lingua Galega (ILG) da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, na xeira do seu ideador e primeiro director Constantino García (1971–1990). Despois dunhas notas sobre a incipiente questione della lingua galega, coa publicación a comezos da década de 1970 das normas da Real Academia Galega (RAG) e do manual Gallego 1 do ILG, centrareime no intento de salvar esa questione co texto conciliador Bases prá unificación das normas lingüísticas do galego (1977) para o que se tivo en conta o material inédito do Atlas Lingüístico Galego nas propostas morfolóxicas e nalgunhas propostas léxicas, que foron o alicerce da normativa vixente elaborada no 1982 polo ILG e a RAG
Postępowania karne przed wyższymi sądami krajowymi (Oberlandesgericht) w III Rzeszy
No full textThis article presents the issue of criminal proceedings before the Highers Regionals Courts of the Third Reich. The institution had its own tradition, as it had already existed prior to Hitler’s rise to power. By virtue of its powers and its territorial scope — the territory of the federal state, during the war the occupied district (Reichsgau) or the province (Provinz) — it was within the range of influence of National Socialist ideology and the totalitarian state. In the initial years of the Third Reich, and especially during the Second World War, the legal system was in constant flux. The author begins with an analysis of case law in which Poles were charged and convicted by the Higher National Court in the given district or province under occupation. Judgments against representatives of other nationalities were also analyzed on a comparative basis. The accusations, trial and sentences submitted by the prosecutor’s office are an obvious example of the lawlessness in the legal system of the Third Reich.
The timespan of the article is 1933–1945, with special emphasis on the period of the Second World War. In the years leading to the war and during its course, the activities and functioning of the prosecutor’s office and the courts were carried out in accordance with the interests of the Third Reich. The rule of law was effectively abolished at that time. The article is based primarily on materials found in Polish and German archives. Case law of the People’s Tribunal was also put under scrutiny. The surviving file material on the activities of the higher national courts is not complete. The establishment of the People’s Tribunal was an illegal act, carried out in violation of the provisions of the Basic Law, the Constitution then in force. Similarly, the Third Reich subordinated to itself the judiciary, the highest national courts, whose decisions concerning crimes against the state system and its security are proof of an intent to violate the law. Trial proceedings, judgments of the higher national courts against Poles or people of other nationalities accused of crimes that endangered the security of the state, such as high treason or treason against their country, were unlawful. The lack of available trial files on the activities of the higher national courts makes it impossible to make a quantitative assessment or approximate the phenomenon of politically motivated trials. Alongside the institutional reconstruction of the judiciary in the Third Reich, changes were made to the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. Under the guise of protecting the state, the national community, the law became repressive and finally sanctioned lawlessness.This article presents the issue of criminal proceedings before the Highers Regionals Courts of the Third Reich. The institution had its own tradition, as it had already existed prior to Hitler’s rise to power. By virtue of its powers and its territorial scope — the territory of the federal state, during the war the occupied district (Reichsgau) or the province (Provinz) — it was within the range of influence of National Socialist ideology and the totalitarian state. In the initial years of the Third Reich, and especially during the Second World War, the legal system was in constant flux. The author begins with an analysis of case law in which Poles were charged and convicted by the Higher National Court in the given district or province under occupation. Judgments against representatives of other nationalities were also analyzed on a comparative basis. The accusations, trial and sentences submitted by the prosecutor’s office are an obvious example of the lawlessness in the legal system of the Third Reich.
The timespan of the article is 1933–1945, with special emphasis on the period of the Second World War. In the years leading to the war and during its course, the activities and functioning of the prosecutor’s office and the courts were carried out in accordance with the interests of the Third Reich. The rule of law was effectively abolished at that time. The article is based primarily on materials found in Polish and German archives. Case law of the People’s Tribunal was also put under scrutiny. The surviving file material on the activities of the higher national courts is not complete. The establishment of the People’s Tribunal was an illegal act, carried out in violation of the provisions of the Basic Law, the Constitution then in force. Similarly, the Third Reich subordinated to itself the judiciary, the highest national courts, whose decisions concerning crimes against the state system and its security are proof of an intent to violate the law. Trial proceedings, judgments of the higher national courts against Poles or people of other nationalities accused of crimes that endangered the security of the state, such as high treason or treason against their country, were unlawful. The lack of available trial files on the activities of the higher national courts makes it impossible to make a quantitative assessment or approximate the phenomenon of politically motivated trials. Alongside the institutional reconstruction of the judiciary in the Third Reich, changes were made to the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. Under the guise of protecting the state, the national community, the law became repressive and finally sanctioned lawlessness
Zlecanie wykonywania funkcji administracji państwowej organizacjom społecznym jako forma uspołecznienia działalności państwa socjalistycznego. Wybrane przykłady
No full textCommissioning certain state functions — which consist in transferring the competences held by the state administration to non-state actors (e.g. social organizations) while allowing them to exercise some means of governance while performing said functions — was common practice in socialist states. This led to a shift in the social and political position of organizations of that kind, which in turn strengthened the policital base of a socialist society and ensured the further development of socialist democracy. Commissioning certain state functions — which consist in transferring the competences held by the state administration to non-state actors (e.g. social organizations) while allowing them to exercise some means of governance while performing said functions — was common practice in socialist states. This led to a shift in the social and political position of organizations of that kind, which in turn strengthened the policital base of a socialist society and ensured the further development of socialist democracy.  
Factors influencing continuance intention to use Instagram among Wrocław University students
No full textIn the digital era, social networking sites have redefined how people connect worldwide. These platforms enable unprecedented global connections among friends, family, and even strangers, fostering a shared sense of community. This study focuses on Instagram, a pivotal platform launched in 2010, that allows users to share photos and videos enhanced by filters and editing tools. Instagram offers features like Stories, IGTV and Reels, nurturing creativity, fostering connections, and deepening the cultural impact. The research aims to analyse factors influencing individuals’ intentions to continue using Instagram. Employing the Expectation-Confirmation Model alongside variables such as sense of belonging, social interaction, passing time, information seeking, and self-expression, the study employed a survey method to figure out which variables determined the continued intention to use social networks among Wrocław University students. Data from 120 respondents were analysed, revealing support for nine out of ten hypotheses. Results revealed that a sense of belonging exerts the strongest influence on continued intent, followed by perceived usefulness, satisfaction, self-expression, information seeking, and social interaction. Notably, the passing time did not have a significant effect on continuance intention to use Instagram.W erze cyfrowej serwisy społecznościowe na nowo zdefiniowały sposób, w jaki ludzie łączą się na całym świecie. Platformy te umożliwiają niespotykane wcześniej globalne połączenie między znajomymi, rodziną, a nawet obcymi sobie ludźmi, tworząc wspólne poczucie społeczności. Niniejsze badanie skupia się na Instagramie, kluczowej platformie uruchomionej w 2010 roku, pozwalającej użytkownikom na udostępnianie zdjęć i filmów ulepszonych przez filtry i narzędzia do edycji. Instagram oferuje funkcje takie jak stories, IGTV i rolki, które wspierają kreatywność, rozwijają znajomości i pogłębiają wpływ kulturowy. Celem badania jest analiza czynników wpływających na intencje osób kontynuujących korzystanie z Instagrama. Wykorzystując model potwierdzania oczekiwań oraz zmienne takie jak poczucie przynależności, interakcje społeczne, upływ czasu, poszukiwanie informacji i wyrażanie siebie, w badaniu zastosowano metodę ankietową, aby ustalić, które zmienne determinują kontynuację intencji korzystania z mediów społecznościowych wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. Dane od 120 respondentów zostały przeanalizowane i potwierdziły dziewięć z dziesięciu hipotez. Wyniki ujawniły, że poczucie przynależności wywiera największy wpływ na kontynuację tego zamiaru, następnie zaś postrzegana użyteczność, satysfakcja, wyrażanie siebie, poszukiwanie informacji i interakcja społeczna. Warto zauważyć, że upływ czasu nie miał istotnego wpływu na intencję kontynuacji korzystania z Instagrama
Uchodźcy wojenni w polskim dyskursie medialnym w latach 2015–2023
No full textThe aim of the article is to investigate the differences in the linguistic way of presenting refugees in Polish media. The basic issue infl uencing the analysis is conceptualization, which is one of the fundamental concepts in cognitive linguistics. The research material consists of 1,324 contexts of the phrase war refugees. The collected material was selected, arranged thematically and assigned to one of three distinguished categories (“Invasion Army,” “Lukashenko’s Tourists,” “Real War Refugees”). The conclusion of the analysis is to describe the changes that have occurred in the Polish media discourse on war refugees.Celem artykułu jest prześledzenie różnic w językowym sposobie ukazywania uchodźców w polskiej przestrzeni medialnej. Podstawowym zagadnieniem wpływającym na analizę jest konceptualizacja, należąca do zasadniczych pojęć z zakresu językoznawstwa kognitywnego. Materiał do badań tworzą 1324 konteksty sformułowania uchodźcy wojenni. Zebrany materiał został poddany selekcji, uporządkowany pod względem tematycznym i przydzielony do jednej z trzech wyróżnionych kategorii („Armia inwazyjna”, „Turyści Łukaszenki”, „Prawdziwi uchodźcy wojenni”). Pokłosiem analizy jest uchwycenie zmian, które nastąpiły w polskim dyskursie medialnym dotyczącym uchodźców wojennych