CNS Czasopisma Naukowe w Sieci
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Pisarstwo Andrzeja Kijowskiego a perspektywa konstruktywistyczna
No full textThere is no translation in English of critical essays by Andrzej Kijowski (1928–1985), an outstanding literary critic in Poland. After reviewing the main trends of history of literary criticism by Kijowski, the author indicates constructivism (though not so radical like ‘actor-network theory’) as a concept which satisfies conditions of explaining philosophical presuppositions of his critical system. Paradoxically, conservatism and constructivism may reinforce each other, in spite of the fact that from the constructivist point of view it is impossible to discover and tell the truth about the past, while a typical conservative belief is the possibility of discovering and telling the truth. Kijowski was able to keep a distance toward his activity and engagement in social life. Being against the communist system he was aware of new and complicated psychological and epistemic circumstances of conservatism’s legitimacy. The main goal of this paper is of theoretical nature. Is it possible to be a constructivist avant la lettre. Andrzej Kijowski lived before the triumph of constructivism in Poland. Finally, through reference to Bruno Latour’s or Siegfried Schmidt concepts, the author attempts to indicate phenomena and functional mechanisms of literary criticism in modern society. Kijowski seems to be deeply aware of such mechanism in 20th century Poland both before and after 1939. Is is interesting to note how such different ideas like constructivism and ‘creative conservatism’ seem to be complementary
Zapomniana unia: reformy ustrojowoprawne w Szkocji w dobie angielskiej okupacji wojskowej (1651–1660)
No full textThe subject of this study is the analysis of the political and legal changes that were introduced by the occupying authorities of the English Republic after the defeat of royalist troops at the Battle of Dunbar on September 3, 1650. The initial period of political change amounted to the suspension of the Scottish Parliament and the judiciary deriving its mandate from royal authority. This period was associated with further military action, partisan battles and uprisings which lead predominantly to military administration of occupying forces under the command of general George Monck. The second period, which started in 1655, saw the gradual formation of bodies of a central administration—in the case of Scotland, this was the so-called Scottish Commission. The nature of this body’s subordination to its English counterpart, the fact that “Scottish” seats in the English Parliament were held mostly by Englishmen and the lack of knowledge of Scottish law among the English judges delegated to decide cases in Scotland meant that the union lacked even the appearance of equality between the two entities. Although the political experiment of the English Revolutionary period did not generally bring permanent reform, it was the first fitting for the foundation of the real union, which occurred half a century later in different form: monarchic rather than proposed republican one
Koncepcja aktów wewnętrznych w PRL — rozważania nad sytuacją jednostki w systemie autorytarnym:
No full textThe article conseders the legislative activity of state authorities in the period of the Polish People’s Republic, especially in relation to internal law acts. It should be remembered that legislative activity was subjected to the principle of uniform state authority at that time, and the very concept of both internal acts and the entire system of sources of law was regulated in the Constitution of 9 July 1952 quite concisely, which favored the expansion of the subjective and content scope of these acts. For this reason, the objectives and research questions of this study were focused on the analysis of the impact of their uncertainty on the legal situation of an individual: was it direct or only indirect? The considerations presented led the author to the conclusion that internal law was treated instrumentally by state authorities, which caused uncertainty of the legal situation of an individual and the inability to build their legal security. For this reason, during the political transformation, there was a discussion aimed at eliminating the controversies underlying the construction of the system of sources of law in the times of the Polish People’s Republic. To achieve the presented goals and research questions, analytical primarily-dogmatic and legal-comparative methods were used. It should also be remembered that this study does not have only historical value, because although it is based on the consideration of the issuance of legal acts on a specific example, i.e. the Polish People’s Republic, its basic goal is to take a closer look at the legal situation of an individual in the authoritarian model, which is still in force in some contemporary countries. The danger of the return of this system in the case of the Republic of Poland has also been signaled many times in political discussions and debates
Autorytarna zmiana polityczna a wymiar sprawiedliwości
No full textThe study concerns the impact of authoritarian political changes on the situation of the justice system in various states. The introduction presents issues related to the separation of powers, from Montesquieu’s theory to attempts to build state systems based on these values. The judiciary plays a key part in that regard, because on the one hand it is supposed to be independent, but on the other it must apply the law adopted by the legislative power, often while being subordinated to the executive branch. Such a scenario occurred several times when changes in the justice system were introduced after a group, even one with considerable public support, took power. It concluded with the system’s complete annihilation, as happened during the Khmer Rouge revolution, or its violent subordination in Argentina and Peru. Even when the justice system lent its support to the introduced reforms, as was the case in the Third Reich or in Chile, the executive power still subjects the legal system to significant pressure and ultimately strives to take control over it. The situation usually corrects its course as a result of a change in the executive and legislative power or as a result of internal pressure or international institutions, and often even armed intervention by third States
Piętnaście lat Dolnośląskiego Funduszu Filmowego (2008–2023)
No full textThis is a history of the Lower Silesian Film Fund, one of the largest and oldest regional film funds in Poland. Presenting the circumstances of its establishment, formation, and development, the author exemplifies the history of the ten regional film funds currently operating in Poland using this example. He shows not only the successes, but also the failures and threats to the further development of the funds in Poland. Referring to the events that were important for the formation of the funds during the last 15 years, he indicates what place they occupy in the film production system in Poland
Młodszy brat Nowych Horyzontów czy odrębny fenomen? Kilka uwag o tożsamości American Film Festival
No full textThe aim of this article is to compare the profiles of two festivals in the city of Wrocław: the New Horizons IFF and the American Film Festival, particularly focusing on the latter. Based on an analysis of the programs of the various editions, media articles, statements by participants in the Facebook group Nowe Horyzonty po godzinach, and the author’s own observations, the history of the evolution of the two festivals and their specific goals are briefly presented. As a result, the American Film Festival turns out to have a quite different characteristics than the New Horizons
The Babel Tower of the Tatras: The “homo scepusiensis” ethnos as a borderland phenomenon in the works of Ludwik Pietrusiński und Teodor Tripplin
No full textThe article presents the elements of multiculturalism of the Spiš area in the 19th century, which falls under the contemporary definition of a borderland: life at the intersection of cultures with an interactive character. This was demonstrated using Ludwik Pietrusiński’s description of a travel through Galicia to the Kingdom of Hungary, contained in the fourth volume of the series Podróże, przejazdki i przechadzki po Europie (Travels, Trips and Walks Around Europe, 1844), and Teodor Tripplin’s travel novel Wycieczki po stokach galicyjskich i węgierskich Tatrów (Excursions on the Slopes of the Galician and Hungarian Tatras, 1848). Both texts are interpreted using the category of borderland—emphasizing distinctiveness and differences while drawing attention to the network of cultural relations and transgressions, as well as the identity issues of the local population. Three areas of research are considered: language and other identity-building elements, stereotypes about specific ethnic groups, and the impact of contact with foreign culture on the locals’ everyday life. Pietrusiński highlights the mutual influences of the local languages, since locals used different dialects, orthographies, and pronunciations, often creating their own linguistic forms. Tripplin, on the other hand, addresses the theme of life in an area “without borders,” in a place of free cultural exchange due to the proximity of different values and beliefs, which seemed natural to the inhabitants at the time. The aim of the article is to identify the multicultural ethnolinguistic threads that are still evident in this area today, thereby also expanding the broader historical and cultural analysis of the formation of today’s Tatra Euroregion
Varietas metryczna „Musicorum libri quattuor” (1512) Václava Philomathesa
No full textThis paper concerns a Latin treatise on the theory of music entitled Musicorum libri quattuor [Four Books about Music], written in the form of didactic poem by a Czech humanist, Václav Philomathes, and printed in Vienna in 1512. The treatise, although written solely in dactylic hexameter, shows a certain degree of variety within the metre that can be thoroughly examined. The paper offers a collection and analysis of such data, which includes: distribution of spondees in each line of the poem, frequency of occurrence of particular metric patterns within the treatise, deviations from the norms of verse composition, and occurrences of rare metric patterns. The analysis reveals a noticeable variety in the metre of the piece in question — and one that seems to be deliberate. Furthermore, it can be observed that the author preferred patterns with a spondee in the second foot over the other and avoided using more than two metrically identical verses in a row. Whilst the treatise does not employ many poetic devices and contains a limited technical vocabulary, the variety within the poem’s metre is significant.Przedmiotem artykułu jest łaciński traktat muzyczny pt. Musicorum libri quattuor („Cztery księgi o muzyce”), napisany w formie eposu dydaktycznego przez czeskiego humanistę Václava Philomathesa i wydany w 1512 roku w Wiedniu. Traktat, choć napisany w całości heksametrem daktylicznym, wykazuje pewne zróżnicowanie w obrębie metrum. Celem artykułu jest zebranie i przeanalizowanie danych z tej sfery, takich jak: rozmieszczenie spondejów w każdym wersie utworu, częstość wystąpień różnych rozwiązań heksametru na przestrzeni całego dzieła, odstępstwa od norm kompozycji wiersza, obecność rzadkich zjawisk metrycznych. Analiza wykazała dużą różnorodność i zauważalną symetrię w obrębie metrum omawianego traktatu, co pozwala przypuszczać, że cechy te zostały nadane dziełu świadomie i celowo. Ponadto udało się zaobserwować, że autor preferował rozwiązania heksametru ze spondejem w drugiej stopie i unikał stosowania więcej niż dwóch metrycznie identycznych wersów z rzędu. Pomimo że traktat nie obfituje w środki stylistyczne i zawiera głównie ograniczony zasób ściśle technicznego słownictwa z zakresu teorii muzyki, to zastosowana w nim metryczna różnorodność jest uderzająca
Julian Stryjkowski jako członek pokolenia „żydowskich komunistów”. Rys biograficzny
No full textPrevious publications on Stryjkowski’s communist involvement and his reckoning with communism have mostly been based on the extended interview Ocalony na Wschodzie [Saved in the East] (1991). They largely repeated the writer’s own statements and assessments formulated in his later years.
The present considerations, delivered in somewhat broad brushstrokes, are an attempt to introduce previously unknown information, a return to the sources. Chief among them are Stryjkowski’s unprinted diary entries from the 1950s, but also to his newspaper articles and letters from this period and references to him scattered in the publications of other members of the literati (specifically in their memoirs and diaries). The aim of the inquiry is to establish the writer’s mode of functioning within the communist party. To begin with, the most important motives for Stryjkowski’s accession to the Stalinist party were collected. This is followed by a brief characterisation of the various stages of his communist itinerary. The use of archival research on Agroid (a satellite of the Communist Party of Poland) and the latest sociological findings on the modes of communist biography made it possible to formulate a conclusion about the type of Stryjkowski’s inter-war habitus as a communist. He has been characterised as a “loose party member.” And his inter-war mode of functioning in the party described as a nexus of “reorientation” and “radicalisation” (moving from Zionism to communism). The conclusion points to an oppositional dimension in the writer’s life (and work). As presented, Stryjkowski’s break with communism appears not only as an effect of Gomułka’s thaw, but also as a result of his earlier diagnosis of the decay of the idea itself, as well as his disagreement with the anti-Semitic tendencies in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc parties in general.Dotychczasowe publikacje na temat komunistycznego zaangażowania Stryjkowskiego i jego obrachunku z komunizmem opierały się najczęściej na wywiadzie rzece Ocalony na Wschodzie (1991). W znacznej mierze powtarzały one konstatacje i oceny samego pisarza z późnego etapu jego życia. Niniejsze szkicowe obserwacje są próbą wykorzystania nieznanych wcześniej informacji, sięgnięcia do źródeł. Przede wszystkim do niedrukowanych dziennikowych zapisów autora Biegu do Fragalà z lat pięćdziesiątych, ale też do jego prasowych artykułów i listów z tego okresu oraz wzmianek o nim rozsianych w publikacjach innych uczestników życia literackiego (w ich wspomnieniach i diariuszach). Celem dociekań jest ustalenie trybu funkcjonowania pisarza w obrębie partii komunistycznej.
Na wstępie zebrano najważniejsze motywy akcesu Stryjkowskiego do partii stalinowskiej. Następnie pokrótce scharakteryzowano poszczególne etapy jego komunistycznego itinerarium. Wykorzystanie badań archiwalnych na temat Agroidu (przybudówki KPP) oraz najnowszych socjologicznych ustaleń na temat trybów komunistycznych biografii pozwoliło sformułować wniosek o typie międzywojennego habitusu Starka jako komunisty. Został on określony jako „luźny kapepowiec”, a jego międzywojenny sposób funkcjonowania w partii scharakteryzowany jako splot „reorientacji” i „radykalizacji” (przejście od syjonizmu ku komunizmowi). W zakończeniu wskazano na opozycyjną kartę w życiu (i twórczości) pisarza. W zaprezentowanym ujęciu zerwanie Stryjkowskiego z komunizmem jawi się nie tylko jako efekt odwilży, ale też jako rezultat wcześniej postawionej przez niego diagnozy o przegniciu samej idei. A również jego niezgody na antysemickie tendencje w KPZR i partiach bloku wschodniego
