CNS Czasopisma Naukowe w Sieci
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Ochrona zdrowia osób przebywających w jednostkach penitencjarnych. Analiza najnowszych judykatów Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w sprawach polskich
No full textIn the Polish penitentiary system reality, the issue of inadequate access to health-care or improper medical care in prisons during imprisonment or pre-trial detention is the most often raised by prisoners. In particular, inmates point out excessive waiting times to see a specialist, wrong medication and treatment decisions, inadequate conditions of deprivation of liberty and preventive measures to the state of health, the lack of access to medical records, doctor’s wrong approach to prisoners, the difficulties of granting temporary release from prison to get medical treatment, and the absence of procedures to provide such help and benefits. In some of such cases the prison authorities had failed to take any special measures and the settlements were unsatisfactory to the prisoners, as a result of which the cases were brought to the European Court of Human Rights. This publication will present selected ECHR’s judgments concerning health-care related issues of Polish inmates and pretrial detainees that were made in the last ten years.W polskiej rzeczywistości penitencjarnej skargi na niedostateczną bądź nieprawidłową opiekę zdrowotną podczas wykonywania kary pozbawienia wolności lub tymczasowego aresztowania sytuują się w grupie najczęściej wnoszonych przez osadzonych. Zwracają oni uwagę na zbyt długi czas oczekiwania na wizytę u specjalisty, niewłaściwy dobór leków lub metod terapii, niedostosowanie warunków odbywanej kary bądź środka zapobiegawczego do ich stanu zdrowia, brak dostępu do dokumentacji zdrowotnej, rutynowe podejście lekarzy do więźniów, trudności w uzyskaniu przerwy w odbywaniu kary z przyczyn zdrowotnych, a także brak lub nieprzestrzeganie istniejących procedur w zakresie udzielania świadczeń tego rodzaju. Część skarg w razie rozstrzygnięcia niesatysfakcjonującego skazanego trafia finalnie na wokandę Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka. W niniejszej publikacji zaprezentowane zostaną wybrane orzeczenia Trybunału, które zapadły w ostatnich dziesięciu latach w sprawach przeciwko Polsce i dotyczyły świadczeń zdrowotnych udzielanych skazanym i tymczasowo aresztowanym
Uzyskanie prawa do obrony w świetle polskich standardów konstytucyjnych
No full textThis study deals with the issue of obtaining the right to defence. The fundamental research problem is contained in the question to what extent the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure concerning the moment of obtaining the right to defence correspond in this aspect to the constitutional provisions. The dogmatic-legal method and the method of analyzing the literature and judicature allowed to verify the hypothesis concluding that the Constitution determines the moment of obtaining the right to defence much earlier than the act does. The analysis of the relevant regulations led to the conclusion that, in the light of statutory provisions, the right to defence is granted from the moment of obtaining the formal suspect status, which, however, is not in line with constitutional standards. According to constitutional regulations, this right is granted from the moment of taking the first action against a given individual.Niniejsze opracowanie dotyczy kwestii uzyskania prawa do obrony. Zasadniczy problem badawczy zawiera się w pytaniu, w jakim zakresie przepisy Kodeksu postępowania karnego dotyczące momentu uzyskania prawa do obrony odpowiadają w tym aspekcie przepisom konstytucyjnym. Metoda dogmatycznoprawna i metoda analizy piśmiennictwa i judykatury pozwoliły zweryfikować hipotezę zamykającą się w stwierdzeniu, że Konstytucja RP określa znacznie wcześniejszy moment uzyskania prawa do obrony, niż czyni to ustawa. Analiza właściwych regulacji pozwoliła dojść do konkluzji, że w świetle przepisów rangi ustawowej prawo do obrony przysługuje od momentu uzyskania formalnego statusu podejrzanego, co nie jest jednak zgodne ze standardami konstytucyjnymi. Zgodnie z unormowaniami konstytucyjnymi prawo to przysługuje już od chwili powzięcia pierwszej czynności wobec danej jednostki
Nostalgic consumer trends and nostalgia marketing
No full textOver the last few years, we have observed an intensification of nostalgic consumer trends manifested through choices and behaviors that reflect sentimental attachments to the past. In parallel, we increasingly note a growing presence of marketing activities that tap into the emotions and experiences tied to consumers’ memories. These efforts link brands and their campaigns to positive concepts or ideas from the past. Nostalgia marketing relies on evoking positive feelings about the past and applies to products, marketing communications, and brand experiences.
The article seeks to identify trends based on nostalgia, both in terms of consumer behavior and marketing practice. The author presents the essence of nostalgia marketing and the research domains on nostalgic consumer behavior. The article describes nostalgic consumer trends in the context of their determinants. It identifies nostalgic strategies and trends in contemporary marketing practice. The objectives are realized based on a literature review supported by bibliographic analysis, desk research based on available quantitative and qualitative research results, and content analysis of campaigns promoting nostalgic products and using themes and content related to nostalgia marketing. Insights on nostalgic trends and marketing approaches provide the basis for identifying practical and research recommendations
The consumer behavior in the context of counterfeit products: A bibliometric analysis
No full textThis article aims to identify the main areas of works devoted to the topic of counterfeit goods/brands consumption and to present the dynamics of changes in researchers’ interest in this subject. The research method used in the article was bibliometric analysis, complemented by content analysis of literature selected from the Scopus database. Research results: The main areas of research on the issue of counterfeit product consumption focused on 1) online consumer behavior and ethical aspects, 2) consumption of counterfeit products and brands, and 3) social aspects of consumption of counterfeit products. The earliest publications focus on purchasing behavior in the context of buying counterfeit products, followed by researchers who have focused on the ethical aspects of consuming counterfeit goods. More recent studies focus on the consumption and trade of counterfeit goods on the Internet. Conclusions: The ever-expanding global trade in counterfeit products poses a major challenge — it erodes business revenue, undermines innovation, and hampers economic growth. To effectively mitigate these phenomena, it is essential to have up-to-date knowledge of the latest scientific advances in the field. Research into the buyer behavior in the context of counterfeit goods can provide useful information for manufacturers about the scale of the problem and the possible need for remedial action
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): Geographical and commodity scope in Polish imports
No full textThe Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is a new instrument of the EU’s European Green Deal policy. It is intended to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the world. The CBAM provides for a levy (tax) to be imposed on energy-intensive imports which heavily pollute the environment. The aim of the study was to provide a quantitative assessment of the commodity and geographical coverage of the CBAM in Polish imports. Several indicators were calculated to assess the possible negative impact of CBAM. These indicators can be interpreted as rough measures of the effects of the tax. They were compared with similar indicators calculated by other authors for the whole EU.
This paper is a continuation of earlier studies of other researchers who analyzed CBAM coverage and possible implications, while adopting assumptions other than those finally included in the CBAM Regulation.
The key findings and main conclusions are as follows: Negative effects of the CBAM will be concentrated on several product groups: steel products, chemicals, polymers, and aluminum. These products accounted for as much as 96% of Poland’s external import subject to the levy. The scale of the final effects of the tax will depend mainly on the level of ETS allowance prices and the intensity of adjustments made by domestic companies and foreign partners. The study ends with two conclusions: First, manufacturers have several years to prepare a strategy to limit the negative effects of the levy (it will be charged as of 2026), but they should start the adjustments as soon as possible. Second, the carbon footprint of a product (as low as possible) is becoming an increasingly important factor in the manufacturers’ international competitiveness.
The method of descriptive analysis as well as statistical methods were used
U początków dziennikarstwa... wizualnego. Gustave’a Dorégo wizja miasta-molocha
No full textGustave Doré continues with his reputation as the greatest illustrator of world literature. Hundreds of his charts illustrating the Bible, the works of Dante, Miguel de Cervantes, John Milton and many other outstanding writers overshadow the artist’s numerous other spheres of activity. Also his remarkable political satire Histoire pittoresque, dramatique et caricaturale de la Sainte Russie (A picturesque, dramatic and caricatured history of Holy Russia, 1854) and the now pretty much forgotten visionary reportage London: A Pilgrimage (1872), a work produced with English journalist William Blanchard Jerrold. The uniqueness of this book is due to the close collaboration of the two authors in the preparatory work (involving their busy days and nights in London, an actual “pilgrimage” through the nooks and crannies of the city, often risky) and in a finally completed text-image reportage, which was at once meticulously credible and poetically synthetic. Indeed, the visionary aspect of many scenes does not take away from the documentary value of the work of both artists, and the ambition to present London as a whole, with its contrasts and richness, seems particularly valuable
Fryne w „Kolcach”, Fryne w ogródku. Siemiradzki, nagość, czasopisma satyryczno-humorystyczne oraz Warszawa latem 1889
No full textThe article discusses the reception of Henryk Siemiradzki’s painting Fryne na święcie Posejdona w Eleusis (Phryne at the festival of Poseidon in Eleusis), shown in Warsaw in May–July 1889. The reception was recorded in the “Kolce” humorous-satirical magazine. Based on genre-diverse texts, the views of the time on art and the principles of valuing it were described, as well as opinions on the limits of depicting nudity in art. The materials from this magazine reveal that the illustrated satirical press represents a new and important thread for further research into sources for the history of Polish art in the second half of the 19th century
Transnationality and stylistic ideology in semi-cubist Finnish art between 1914 and 1923
No full textThe article focuses on the changes in Finnish modern art and artistic discourse caused by World War I and Finnish Independence in 1917–1918. World War I changed artistic networks radically, because travel to France was no more possible, and Independence of Finland changed the art world with the ideas of national modernism. These changes centred in Finland around the role of cubism – seen as a logical continuation of Paul Cézanne’s art – and were expressed in both formal language and artistic discourse. Questions of “primitive” in art and its connection to cubism and to what is national in art were also essential in defining Finnish modernism and avant-garde in around 1917–1920. There was small exhibition of French cubism in Helsinki in 1915, but otherwise knowledge of cubism came via second-hand sources, such as lectures, art magazines and Der Sturm Gallery’s exhibitions. Norwegian art historian Jens Thiis had a strong impact on notions of cubism in Finland.
It is in my interest to show that there were transnational connections between Scandinavia, Russia and Finland, and also more or less between Finland and oth- er “new states”, which were born after Austro-Hungarian, German and Russian empires collapsed. These connections can be seen in formal elements and iconography of kind of cubo-expressionism, which was a kind of fusion of cubist structuralism and expressionist emotion. This “semi-cubism” seemed to serve as stylistic ideology or ideological tool for those who had thoughts of national modernism in countries like Poland (formists), Latvia (artists like Jēkabs Kazaks), Estonia (artists like Jaan Vahtra and Märt Laarman) and Finland (art of the so called November Group). It is obvious that artists in Finland were not conscious of what happened on the southern side of the Baltic Sea, but there are so many parallels which were born by shared general views of the role of new art, that it is possible to see not only France, Norway or Russia, but also Poland, Latvia and Estonia as artistically close to Finland, when one tries to map the topography of Finnish semi-cubism in late 1910s and early 1920s
