CNS Czasopisma Naukowe w Sieci
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„Aleksander I jako król polski” pędzla Niccoli Montiego (1819) – malarstwo portretowe w służbie propagandy Królestwa Kongresowego
No full textThe Emperor of Russia Alexander I as a Polish King by Niccola Monti, dated 1819, from the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw (previously held in the Royal Castle collection in Warsaw), serves as an exceptional example of an elaborate iconographic programme among “Polish” depictions of the founder of the Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland). The painting unevenly emphasises the three strands of the official cult of Alexander I as the “resurrector” of Poland after the Congress of Vienna. First and foremost, it stresses justice, followed by a Polish-Russian union and, finally, universal peace guaranteed forever. These elements form together a coherent message: national “resurrection” is an act of justice by Alexander I, while remaining contingent upon a union with Russia and the permanence of the international order established at the Congress of Vienna. Justice was given particular prominence – through its personified statue dominating this composition – because of the function of this painting, intended for a court house (more precisely, the Court of Appeal in Warsaw). Alexander’s justice towards the Poles, as the architect of Congress Poland, could therefore also pertain to the justice administered by the courts, which issued their rulings in the name of the fair “resurrector”. In terms of its content, the painting is a product of the political discourse of the time, representing the authorities’ stance on the Kingdom’s status as a “resurrected” Polish state. In terms of form, on the other hand, its originality within the scope of an elaborate iconographic programme presumably stems from the individual preferences of the client, namely the president of the Court of Appeal. He was a devoted Freemason, which may explain his inclination towards such allegorical depictions
„Tabula Rasa”. O medium i pamięci w odniesieniu do twórczości Sarah Charlesworth i pism Rosalind E. Krauss
No full textThe article examines a series of serigraphs by American artist Sarah Charlesworth, titled Tabula Rasa, created in 1981, and analyses them in the context of the artistic medium. The serigraphs by Charlesworth, who is associated with the Pictures Generation movement, challenge the semiotic interpretation of images as carriers of ideological messages or allegorical structures, a perspective commonly held by critics from the Pictures circle. Earlier works by the artist, referenced in the article, can also be read through this lens. Due to its reinterpretation of Joseph Nicéphore Niépce’s 1832 or 1833 photograph of a set table, which is shrouded in uncertainty and ambiguity, Tabula Rasa prompts a reconsideration of the artistic medium and its contested status in the context of the so-called post-medium era. The primary point of reference for these considerations are the writings of American “October” journal critic Rosalind E. Krauss, particularly her book Under Blue Cup (2011)
Wojny algorytmów, algorytmizacja wojny. Problem autonomizacji pola walki w kontekście współczesnej filozofii techniki
Full text linkThe article addresses the issue of robotization on the modern battlefield. The author identifies and defines three of the most prevalent positions regarding the permissibility of using LAWS (Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems) technology. The text also highlights the significance of disputes concerning the meaning (e.g., in a legal context) of the term “autonomous weapon.” Furthermore, it identifies the main methodological problems associated with developing an acceptable definition of this concept. Finally, the author points out the key cultural and normative premises underlying the idea of battlefield robotization
Wykonywanie kary pozbawienia wolności w systemie dozoru elektronicznego w świetle kodeksu karnego wykonawczego. Zagadnienia wybrane
Full text linkThe subject of this article is the institution of executing a prison sentence outside a corrections facility through a system of electronic monitoring. The author discusses the institution in question, its “applicative nature” in the aspect of the provision of Article 41 Section 1e of the Executive Penal Code. The issues are analyzed within the context of currently applicable legal solutions concerning this penal-executive institution.Przedmiotem artykułu jest instytucja wykonywania kary pozbawienia wolności poza zakładem karnym w systemie dozoru elektronicznego. Autor omawia przedmiotową instytucję, jej „wnioskowy charakter” w aspekcie przepisu art. 43lc k.k.w., a także analizuje ją na gruncie aktualnie obowiązujących rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących tej karnowykonawczej instytucji
Tak zwane pranie brudnych pieniędzy jako przestępstwo stypizowane w art. 299 § 1 kodeksu karnego
Full text linkThe article by Damian Kronenberg is devoted to the analysis of the offence of money laundering, as defined in Article 299 § 1 of the Polish Penal Code, in the context of the protection of economic turnover and property interests in civil law transactions. The author points out that the legislator, aiming to ensure the integrity of the market, penalises actions aimed at concealing the illegal origin of assets. The fundamental purpose of these regulations is to eliminate market pathologies and to protect the legality of the origin of assets.
The article discusses in detail the verb elements of the offence, such as ‘receiving’, ‘possession’, ‘using’ or ‘transferring’, interpreting them on the basis of the doctrine of criminal law and civil law. The author draws attention to the broad catalogue of causal activities and their purpose, which is to thwart or hinder the identification of the criminal origin of property, its location, seizure or confiscation. The text also refers to interpretation disputes resulting from the ambiguity of the provisions and the diversity of approaches in case law.
In the section devoted to the subject matter of the crime, Author analyses the terminology used in Article 299, paragraph 1 of the Polish Penal Code, including the definitions of means of payment, financial instruments, securities, foreign exchange values, property rights, and movable and immovable property. He stresses that the wide scope of the definition requires taking into account the regulations of many special laws which creates difficulties in the practical application of the provision.
The author concludes that the provision of Article 299 paragraph 1 of the Polish Penal Code, despite its broad scope of protection, is characterised by a lack of precision which may lead to doubts as to its compliance with the principle of nullum crimen sine lege certa. It points to the need to make the legal norm more precise in order to make its interpretation more consistent with the principles of a democratic state of law and to ensure greater clarity for the addressees of the norm. The article is a voice in the discussion on the effectiveness and constitutionality of anti-money laundering regulations in the Polish legal order.Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie przestępstwa prania pieniędzy, określonego w art. 299 § 1 kodeksu karnego, w kontekście ochrony obrotu gospodarczego i interesów majątkowych w obrocie cywilnoprawnym. Autor wskazuje, że ustawodawca, dążąc do zapewnienia integralności rynku, penalizuje działania mające na celu ukrywanie nielegalnego pochodzenia środków majątkowych. Zasadniczym celem tych regulacji jest eliminacja patologii rynkowych oraz ochrona legalności pochodzenia składników majątkowych.
Artykuł szczegółowo omawia znamiona czasownikowe przestępstwa, takie jak „przyjmowanie”, „posiadanie”, „używanie” czy „transfer”, dokonując ich interpretacji w oparciu o dorobek doktryny prawa karnego oraz prawa cywilnego. Autor zwraca uwagę na szeroki katalog czynności sprawczych i ich cel, którym jest udaremnienie lub utrudnienie identyfikacji przestępczego pochodzenia mienia, jego lokalizacji, zajęcia lub konfiskaty. W tekście przywołano także spory interpretacyjne wynikające z niejednoznaczności przepisów oraz różnorodności podejść w orzecznictwie.
W części poświęconej przedmiotowi przestępstwa analizowana jest terminologia używana w art. 299 § 1 k.k., w tym definicje środków płatniczych, instrumentów finansowych, papierów wartościowych, wartości dewizowych, praw majątkowych oraz mienia ruchomego i nieruchomości. Podkreślone zostało, że szeroki zakres definicyjny wymaga uwzględnienia regulacji wielu ustaw szczególnych, co rodzi trudności w praktycznym stosowaniu przepisu.
Autor konkluduje, że przepis art. 299 § 1 k.k., mimo swojego szerokiego zakresu ochrony, cechuje się niedookreślonością, która może prowadzić do wątpliwości co do jego zgodności z zasadą nullum crimen sine lege certa. Wskazuje na potrzebę doprecyzowania normy prawnej, aby jej interpretacja była bardziej spójna z zasadami demokratycznego państwa prawnego oraz zapewniała większą przejrzystość dla adresatów normy. Artykuł jest głosem w dyskusji nad efektywnością i konstytucyjnością regulacji przeciwdziałających praniu pieniędzy w polskim porządku prawnym
The role of the EU funding in development of the regions: Cornwall and West Wales
Full text linkThe paper presents an attempt at evaluating the priorities and significance of the EU financial support for the development in Cornwall and West Wales between 2000 and 2018. The study was based on data from the Office for National Statistics and Eurostat. The study shows that EU financial assistance has had a positive impact on the development of Cornwall and West Wales. With this support, the regions have been modernised and were able to expand their technical as well as social infrastructure: particularly in the scope of transport; ICT networks; tourism; scientific and research institutions; and the business environment. As a result, both regions—Cornwall in particular—saw the narrowing of the development gap compared with the rest of the country in terms of per capita GDP and the employment rates. Notwithstanding these positive changes, there are still numerous issues to be addressed in both regions—the most important being the persistent low productivity of labour, low wages, and the migration outflow of people, mainly the youth
Characteristics of supervisory boards of WIG-ESG index companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Full text linkThe aim of the research undertaken in this article is to identify the characteristics of supervisory boards of companies listed on the WIG-ESG index on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The conducted research has shown that it is possible to identify certain features of supervisory boards common to companies included in the WIG-ESG index: appointing supervisory boards more numerous than required by the Commercial Companies Code; the increasing frequency of meetings of this body; insufficient representation of women in the composition of the supervisory board; increasing diversification in the composition of the supervisory board in terms of gender, age and term of office length; striving to ensure greater independence of the supervisory board; not recognizing the benefits of establishing committees dedicated to the ESG aspects. This article is part of a broader research trend on the ESG issues
