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Estudio in Vitro Sobre la Resistencia del Enterococo faecalis Empleando Hidroxido de Calcio Combinado con Tres Vehiculos
Get PDFIntroducción: Los vehículos de los medicamentos intraconductos, desempeñan un gran papel en el tratamiento endodóntico, poseen la capacidad de regular el efecto antimicrobiano en el conducto radicular Objetivo: Analizar la sensibilidad in vitro del Enterococcus faecalis ante tres vehículos distintos combinados con hidróxido de calcio como medicamento intraconducto. Material y métodos: El diseño del presente estudio fue experimental In vitro. Se utilizaron cajas Petri, cada una de ellas con cultivo de Enterococo faecalis. En cada caja, se colocaron 5 discos de papel, cada uno de ellos embebidos en sustancias distintas; el primero fue embebido en la mezcla de hidróxido de calcio con hipoclorito de sodio, el segundo en hidróxido de calcio con propilenglicol, el tercero en hidróxido de calcio con solución fisiológica. Se utilizó la clorhexidina (control positivo) y la solución fisiológica (control negativo). Estos últimos no fueron mezclados con el hidróxido de calcio como las muestras anteriores. Esta acción se llevó a cabo en 11 repeticiones. . Todas las muestras se introdujeron a una incubadora a 36°C por 24 horas. Después se midieron los halos de inhibición mediante el programa Image-J. Toda la información fue vaciada en una base de datos. Posteriormente se realizó análisis estadístico empleando el programa Graphpad prism 9. Se empleo la prueba t de student para la obtención de resultados. A partir de esto se elaboraron tablas y gráficas para realizar su análisis estadístico. Resultados: Se realizó la comparación de los halos de inhibición del hidróxido de calcio con hipoclorito de sodio, hidróxido de calcio con propilenglicol e hidróxido de calcio con solución fisiológica contra el Enterococcus faecalis en donde la combinación del hidróxido de calcio con hipoclorito de sodio resultó ser la más eficaz. Estos resultados fueron comparados con el grupo de clorhexidina (control positivo) encontrándose como resultado el valor de p=<0.0001, lo que comprueba que es estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: La clorhexidina es el medicamento intraconducto y el vehículo de elección para combatir el Enterococo faecalis, sin embargo, de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio la mezcla de hipoclorito de sodio con hidróxido de calcio, también mostró poseer una capacidad inhibitoria del Enterococo faecalis.
Introduction: Intracanal drug vehicles play a great role in endodontic treatment; they have the ability to regulate the antimicrobial effect on the root canal. Objective: To analyze the in vitro sensitivity of Enterococcus faecalis to three different vehicles combined with calcium hydroxide as intraductal medication. Material and methods: The present study’s design was experimental in vitro. Petri dishes were used, each with a culture of Enterococcus faecalis. In each box, 5 paper discs were placed, each of them soaked in different substances; The first was soaked in the mixture of calcium hydroxide with sodium hypochlorite, the second in calcium hydroxide with propylene glycol, the third in calcium hydroxide with physiological solution. Chlorhexidine (positive control) and physiological solution (negative control) were used. The latter were not mixed with calcium hydroxide like the previous samples. This action was carried out in 11 repetitions. All samples were placed in an incubator at 36°C for 24 hours. The inhibition zones were then measured using the Image-J program. All information was emptied into a database. Subsequently, statistical analysis was carried out using the Graphpad Prism 9 program. The student's t-test was used to obtain results. From this, tables and graphs were prepared to carry out statistical analysis. Results: A comparison was made of the inhibition zones of calcium hydroxide with sodium hypochlorite, calcium hydroxide with propylene glycol, and calcium hydroxide with a physiological solution against Enterococcus faecalis where the combination of calcium hydroxide with sodium hypochlorite turned out to be the most effective. These results were compared with the chlorhexidine group (positive control), resulting in a value of p=<0.0001, which proves that it is statistically significant. Conclusions: Chlorhexidine is the intraductal medication and the vehicle of choice to combat Enterococcus faecalis, however, according to the results obtained in the present study, the mixture of sodium hypochlorite with calcium hydroxide also showed to have an inhibitory capacity against Enterococcus faecalis
Unveiling the Dynamics of Ethiopian Defence Diplomacy: A Focus on Peacekeeping Contributions
Get PDFThis paper mainly addresses Ethiopia's defence diplomacy through its participation in peace support operations. This qualitative research study aims to analyze and synthesize the findings from relevant literature reviews to show to what extent Ethiopia has used peacekeeping participation as a tool of defence diplomacy in contributing to peace and security, especially in the Horn of Africa region. The paper finds that Ethiopian defence diplomacy is essential for Ethiopia to achieve its global foreign policy objectives, promote regional stability and cooperation, and seek regional influence. 
Exploring the Phenomenon of Timelessness in Morocco: Insights from Paul Bowles and Other Travel Writers
Get PDFThis article aims to explore the phenomenon of timelessness in Morocco through the insights of renowned travel writers such as Paul Bowles. The semi-systematic method was used primarily due to the limited amount of research done on the topic of timelessness. It will analyze the representations of Morocco in Western discourse, particularly in the context of Western Orientalism. Thanks to decolonization, deconstructionism, and Edward Said’s Orientalism, hitherto neglected travel writing has elicited academic responses from scholars who have recognized that travel writing is not simply an innocent and objective description of a traveler’s encounters in a foreign land. Instead, it is a genre that is inherently political, intertwined with projects of orientalism, colonialism, imperialism, and post-colonialism, and characterized by a hegemonic gaze directed towards the other, often marginalizing the voices of peripheral people. This research references books, notable authors, and Western explorers who commonly mention the unchanging quality of time in the Orient, particularly in Morocco. Additionally, the study will draw on the insights of Edward Said to explain why this timelessness was prevalent in the 20th century
Brain Fag Syndrom au Nord-Est Bénin
Get PDFIntroduction : Le Brain Fag Syndrome (BFS), « syndrome de la fatigue du cerveau », est une forme clinique de la dépression liée à la culture en Afrique noire. Il touche deux à quatre élèves/étudiants sur dix. Sa manifestation clinique est bruyante et constitue un handicap pour toute activité intellectuelle.
Objectif : Ce travail avait pour objectif d’étudier le Brain Fag Syndrome chez les élèves de la commune de Parakou en 2016.
Méthodes : Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale dont l’échantillonnage s’est fait par sondage aléatoire en grappes à trois degrés dans neuf (09) établissements secondaires publics et privés de Parakou. La collecte des données a été réalisée grâce à une entrevue individuelle enquêteur-enquêté à l’aide d’un questionnaire comprenant le Brain Fag Syndrome Scale. Elles ont été saisies puis analysées à l’aide du logiciel Epi Info 7 version 1.3.3.
Résultats : Au total 919 élèves ont été inclus. L’âge moyen était de 18,37 ± 2,34 ans avec des extrêmes de 12 ans et 26 ans. La tranche d’âge la plus représentée était celle de 17-19 ans (46,79%). La sex-ratio était de 1,34. La prévalence du Brain Fag Syndrome chez les élèves était de 41,35% avec IC95% = [38,15% ; 44,62%]. Ils courraient 1,6 fois plus de risque de reprendre une classe. Le recours au traitement était observé dans 16,43% des élèves et plus de la moitié (52,32%) s’était adressé à un agent de santé. Les antalgiques ou antiinflammatoires étaient les plus prescrits (25,16%). Un antidépresseur n’était prescrit que dans 3,31% des cas. Une totale guérison sans récidive était observée seulement dans 4,76% des cas.
Conclusion : Une proportion non négligeable d’élèves de Parakou souffrait du BFS avec ses répercussions indéniables sur leur rendement scolaire. Une sensibilisation s’impose pour que ceux en difficultés sachent vers qui s’adresser dès les premiers symptômes.
Introduction: Brain Fag Syndrome (BFS) is a clinical form of culture-related depression in Black Africa. It affects 2-4 of every ten pupils/students. Its clinical manifestation is noisy and constitutes a handicap for any intellectual activity.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate Brain Fag Syndrome in students in the commune of Parakou in 2016.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using three-stage cluster random sampling in nine (09) public and private secondary schools in Parakou. Data were collected by means of an individual interview with the respondent, using a questionnaire including the Brain Fag Syndrome Scale. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi Info 7 software version 1.3.3.
Results: A total of 919 students were included. The mean age was 18.37 ± 2.34 years, with extremes of 12 and 26 years. The most represented age group was 17-19 years (46.79%). The sex ratio was 1.34. The prevalence of Brain Fag Syndrome among students was 41.35% with CI95% = [38.15%; 44.62%]. They were 1.6 times more likely to repeat a class. Treatment was used by 16.43% of pupils, and more than half (52.32%) had consulted a health worker. Analgesics or anti-inflammatories were the most prescribed (25.16%). Antidepressants were prescribed in only 3.31% of cases. Complete recovery without recurrence was observed in only 4.76% of cases.
Conclusion: A significant proportion of students in Parakou suffer from BFS, with undeniable repercussions on their school performance. Awareness-raising is essential, so that those in difficulty know where to turn at the first sign of symptoms
Modern Challenges of Event Tourism and Business, Organizational Needs
Get PDFEvent tourism is one of the growing and high-income directions of the tourism industry, event tourism is characterized by a variety of content, function and purpose, events that are held around the world have a high social, economic, cultural, historical, sports, business industrial significance. The mentioned article analyzes the course of event tourism, its scope and organizational needs and the relevance of event management. The method of literature review is used for the research. The article discusses the social positive and negative effects of event tourism on the environment, economy and society, as well as the social role in the process of employment and labor market formation. Event management, which is systematically used in event tourism, is new compared to other tourism sectors and is constantly experiencing progress along with the increased demand and need. The research showed that the most important problematic aspect in the process of planning and conducting events is the lack of professional staff and the absence of necessary competencies. Also, the research found that time management is a problem, The respondents have different attitudes towards the digital systems of budgeting, registration and identification of events
The Impact of Unemployment on Economic Development: Georgia's Example
Get PDFThis study explores the intricate relationship between unemployment and economic development, with a specific focus on the case of Georgia. High unemployment rates often signal economic challenges within a nation, and their consequences can extend far beyond the labor market. By examining Georgia's experience, this research aims to shed light on the multifaceted impact of unemployment on various facets of economic growth.
Drawing from statistical data and regression analysis, this study investigates the causal links between unemployment levels and key economic indicators. It delves into how unemployment rates influence factors such as GDP growth, income inequality, social welfare programs, and overall societal well-being.
Furthermore, the study delves into the policy measures implemented in Georgia to combat unemployment and foster sustainable economic development. It scrutinizes the effectiveness of these policies, identifying successes and areas requiring improvement.
The insights gained from this analysis not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between unemployment and economic development but also provide valuable lessons for policymakers and stakeholders in Georgia and other regions grappling with similar challenges. As nations worldwide seek to navigate the complex terrain of labor market dynamics and economic prosperity, the case of Georgia serves as an instructive example, highlighting the significance of addressing unemployment as a critical component of a nation's economic growth strategy
Comparative Legal Context of Land Consolidation in Georgia
Get PDFFrom the time of independence to the present day, land legislation in Georgia has undergone several changes, while the legislation has been developing at its own pace. However, Georgia's aspiration to join the European Union requires other changes. The present article studies one of the problems - land consolidation, which was analyzed as a result of comparative legal and historical-toponymic research on the example of similar countries, such as Hungary, Slovakia, and other European states, which is due to the small size of the above-mentioned countries, the short history of joining the European Union and simultaneous reforms of land consolidation in an angle that continues even now. The topic is relevant and resultoriented, as land consolidation is closely related to public and private legal interests. This article covers Georgian and foreign legislative acts, doctrinal material, and other historical sources. Land consolidation is one of the main components of land law in a broad sense, and more practically, it is the main key to the functioning of the agricultural sector, the country's development, and its accession to the European Union. Thus, this article examines Georgia's ability to create the right policy and legislative framework to regulate these relationships
Diffusion des TIC dans l’Enseignement Secondaire General du District de Yamoussoukro (Cote d’Ivoire): Etat des Lieux et Defis a Relever
Get PDFLes technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) constituent l’un des facteurs les plus marquants des sociétés contemporaines. Les technologies numériques comme l’Internet apparaissent de plus en plus comme des solutions crédibles, efficaces et durables pour résoudre la difficile équation de l’accès au savoir et à l’amélioration de la qualité du système éducatif. Cependant, malgré les nombreux avantages issus de l’intégration pédagogique des TIC dans l’enseignement, le secteur de l’éducation du district de Yamoussoukro, dans sa grande diversité peine encore à les insérer de manière efficace dans le processus d’apprentissage des apprenants de tous les niveaux, surtout au niveau de l’enseignement secondaire général. Notre réflexion porte sur la problématique de Diffusion des TIC dans l’enseignement secondaire général du District de Yamoussoukro : État des lieux et défis à relever. Ainsi, l’objectif de cet article est de contribuer à une connaissance sur les TIC pour l’éducation en général et en particulier sur leur intégration dans l’enseignement secondaire général dans les établissements du district de Yamoussoukro. La méthodologie de cette étude s’est reposée sur la recherche documentaire, l’observation directe et les enquêtes de terrain. Les résultats de cette recherche ont révélé que 50% des établissements enquêtés ne bénéficient d’aucun outils numériques, entrainant ainsi une faible diffusion et utilisation du numérique. Ces résultats ont mis en évidence que de nombreux défis d’ordre politiques, humains et technologiques sont à relever dans ce domaine.
Information and communication technologies (ICT) are one of the most striking factors in contemporary societies. Digital technologies such as the Internet are increasingly emerging as credible, effective and sustainable solutions to solving the difficult equation of access to knowledge and improving the quality of the education system. However, despite the many benefits derived from the pedagogical integration of ICT into education, the education sector of the Yamoussoukro district, in its great diversity, still struggles to integrate them effectively into the learning process of learners at all levels, especially at the level of general secondary education. Our reflection focuses on the issue of ICT diffusion in general secondary education in the District of Yamoussoukro: State of play and challenges to be met. Thus, the objective of this article is to contribute to a knowledge on ICT for education in general and in particular on their integration into general secondary education in schools in the district of Yamoussoukro. The methodology of this study was based on desk research, direct observation and field surveys. The results of this research revealed that 50% of the establishments surveyed do not benefit from any digital tools, resulting in a low diffusion and use of digital. These results highlighted many political, human and technological challenges
Children in Street Situations, Their Determinants, Survival and Strategies. Case of the City of Bujumbura
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to establish the link between the determinants of street life and the violence experienced by children and their survival in the city of Bujumbura. To gather the experiences of our interviewees, we used a life history with semi-structured interviews, and direct and indirect observation. To identify emerging themes, we carried out a thematic analysis of the interview content. Analysis of the empirical corpus of 43 street children reveals nine determinants at the root of the street child phenomenon, grouped into two categories, namely environmental and personal and interpersonal determinants centered on parent-child relationships. There are also determinants linked to educational styles that interact with the child's behavior. The stepmother is often perceived by children and their in-laws as a "ferocious animal’’, even in the absence of a negative upbringing. When family life fails, the street becomes an alternative. Exposed to all forms of violence, child victims become violent, and the cycle of violence is fueled. Stories of life on the streets show that every child has his/ her problems. Previous results show that the determinants of street life are multifactorial and have causal links that are part of a cyclical context of violence. Our results go further, proving that in addition to environmental determinants, there are also personal and interpersonal ones. Combating this phenomenon requires preventive action at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels: preventing the development of the problem, intervening early and, finally, treating the consequences and reintegrating the children
Caractérisation de la Dynamique des Peuplements Ligneux du Centre Nationale de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey (Diourbel/Sénégal)
Get PDFLe Sénégal, à l’instar des autres pays sahéliens, est confronté à la dégradation de ses espaces forestiers due à un ensemble de facteurs tels que : les défrichements agricoles, les feux tardifs, l’exploitation anarchique, etc. Ce phénomène est plus accentué dans la région de Diourbel où l’un des très rares poumons verts se trouve dans le site du Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey (CNRA). Cette étude avait comme objectifs de caractériser et d’estimer le potentiel des ligneux dans cette formation forestière dans le but de donner formuler des recommandations. Un inventaire systématique sur 103 placettes de 50 X 50 m a été réalisé en 2018. Les paramètres recherchés ont été : la richesse spécifique, la densité du peuplement, la surface terrière, le volume de bois, le couvert aérien, la régénération, la structure horizontale et verticale, les observations sur l’émondage, le vieillissement, etc. Ainsi, 28 espèces appartenants à 13 familles ont été recensées. Les familles des Mimosaceae (28,57%) et des Combretaceae (17,86%) dominent la végétation. Pour les individus adultes, la densité est de 98 individus/ha, dominée par Acacia seyal, tandis que la régénération s’élève à 581 plantules/ha, dominée par Combretum aculeatum. La surface terrière du peuplement est estimée à 2,12 m2/ha, le couvert aérien (3223,08 m2/ha) et le volume (13,83 m3/ha). La distribution du peuplement par classe de diamètre et de hauteur révèle la prédominance de la strate arbustive. Les observations ont montré la présence de pratiques anthropiques qui pourraient contribuer à la régression de la dynamique du peuplement par la diminution du couvert végétal et la disparition de certaines espèces (Deterium microcarpum, Pterocarpus erinaceus et Sterculia setigera) constatée dans cette formation. Ces résultats montrent l’urgence de mettre en place une stratégie de gestion en étroite collaboration avec les communautés pour la conservation et la restauration du couvert végétale de cette formation boisée de 149 ha.
Senegal, like other Sahelian countries, is faced with the degradation of its forest areas due to a combination of factors such as agricultural clearing, late fires, uncontrolled logging, etc. This phenomenon is more pronounced in the Diourbel region, where one of the very few green lungs is located on the site of the Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques Bambey (CNRA). This phenomenon is more pronounced in the Diourbel region, where one of the very few green lungs can be found on the site of the “Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey” (CNRA). The objectives of this study were to characterize and estimate the potential of woody species in this forest formation, to formulate recommendations. A systematic inventory of 103 50 x 50 m plots was carried out in 2018. The parameters investigated were: species richness, stand density, basal area, wood volume, aerial cover, regeneration, horizontal and vertical structure, observations on pruning, aging, etc. A total of 28 species belonging to 13 families were inventoried. Among these families, Mimosaceae (28,57%) and Combretaceae (17,86%) dominate the vegetation. The density of adult trees is 98 individuals/ha, dominated by Acacia seyal, while regeneration amounts to 581 seedlings/ha, dominated by Combretum aculeatum. The basal area of the stand is estimated at 2.12 m2/ha, the aerial cover (3223.08 m2/ha), and the volume (13.83 m3/ha). The distribution of the stand-by diameter and height class reveals the predominance of the shrub layer. Observations revealed the presence of human practices that could be contributing to the decline in stand dynamics through the reduction in plant cover and the disappearance of certain species (Deterium microcarpum, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Sterculia setigera) observed in this formation. These results show the urgent need to implement a management strategy in close collaboration with the communities to conserve and restore the plant cover of this 149 ha woodland formation