European Scientific Journal, ESJ
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Effets du programme de formation et d’insertion des jeunes ruraux piloté par le RESOPP sur les conditions socioéconomiques des bénéficiaires et la performance de leurs exploitations familiales dans les régions de Thiès et Louga
Get PDFCet article analyse les effets du programme de formation et d’insertion des jeunes ruraux, mis en œuvre par le RESOPP entre 2016 et 2024, sur les bénéficiaires et leurs exploitations dans les régions de Thiès et de Louga. Pour cette analyse, la méthode des statistiques descriptives a été utilisée sur un échantillon de 80 jeunes ruraux, comprenant 40 bénéficiaires du programme et 40 témoins. Les données ont été collectées à l’aide d’un questionnaire administré via l’application Kobotoolbox. Les résultats montrent que le programme a eu un effet globalement positif sur les jeunes bénéficiaires et leurs exploitations. Sur le plan économique, il a favorisé une meilleure insertion professionnelle, les participants étant devenus majoritairement entrepreneurs (61,40 %) dans les secteurs de l’agriculture et de l’élevage. Ces dynamiques entrepreneuriales ont contribué à l’augmentation de leur revenu moyen passant de 67 487 FCFA à 109 243 FCFA sur la période 2016 – 2024. Sur le plan social, le programme a permis de réduire le chômage de 76,25 % des enquêtés surtout chez les bénéficiaires. Ceci a permis d’améliorer leur accès à une alimentation suffisante et nutritive, grâce aux activités productives qu’ils ont développées. Au niveau des exploitations, des améliorations notables ont été constatées : les rendements agricoles se sont accrus grâce au renforcement des compétences techniques des jeunes agriculteurs, tandis que dans le domaine de l’élevage, une meilleure gestion des exploitations a été observée.
This article analyzes the impacts of the training and integration program for rural youth, implemented by RESOPP between 2016 and 2024, on the beneficiaries and their farms in the regions of Thiès and Louga. For this analysis, descriptive statistical methods were applied to a sample of 80 rural youth, consisting of 40 program beneficiaries and 40 control participants. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered via the Kobotoolbox application. The findings indicate that the program had an overall positive effect on both the beneficiaries and their farming activities. Economically, it facilitated better professional integration, with most participants becoming entrepreneurs (61,40 %) in the agriculture and livestock sectors. These entrepreneurial dynamics contributed to an increase in their average income. These entrepreneurial dynamics contributed to an increase in their average income from 67,487 CFA francs to 109,243 CFA francs over the period 2016–2024. On the social level, the program has reduced unemployment by 76.25% among those surveyed, especially among beneficiaries. This has enabled them to improve their access to sufficient and nutritious food, thanks to the productive activities they have developed. At the farm level, significant improvements were observed: agricultural yields increased due to enhanced technical skills among young farmers, while in the livestock sector, better farm management practices were recorded
Systèmes de Mesure de la Performance dans les Pays en Développement : La Gouvernance Prophylactique comme Réponse au Découplage Institutionnel
Get PDFLa modernisation du secteur public dans les Pays en Voie de Développement (PVD) par les Systèmes de Mesure de la Performance (SMP) amplifie le risque de découplage institutionnel (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983) en raison des défis structurels locaux. Cet article construit un cadre théorique intégrateur pour adapter les SMP aux spécificités des PVD. L'étude, de nature qualitative, inductive et comparative (Yin, 2018; Yin, 1994), s'appuie sur une revue de littérature systématique (collecte via Scopus/WoS, analyse par confrontation critique des travaux). Les résultats confirment l'efficacité contingente des SMP (Chenhall, 2003; Henri, 2006) et identifient la cause critique du découplage dans la gestion non-prophylactique des tensions de gouvernance (Mazouz et al., 2012; Khenniche & Henriot, 2021). Nous proposons le Modèle Hybride et Contextuel (MHCP/SMP-PVD), faisant de la Gouvernance Prophylactique le pilier central pour assurer l'appropriation locale des SMP.
The modernization of the public sector in Developing Countries (DCs) through Performance Measurement Systems (PMS) increases the risk of institutional decoupling (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983) due to context-specific structural constraints. This article proposes an integrative theoretical framework aimed at adapting PMS to the specificities of DCs. The study, which is qualitative, inductive, and comparative in nature (Yin, 1994; Yin, 2018), is based on a systematic literature review (data collected through Scopus and Web of Science, and analyzed via critical comparative assessment of existing works). The findings confirm the contingent effectiveness of PMS (Chenhall, 2003; Henri, 2006) and identify the main source of decoupling in the non-prophylactic management of governance tensions (Mazouz et al., 2012; Khenniche & Henriot, 2021). We introduce the Hybrid and Contextual Model (HCMP/PMS-DC), positioning Prophylactic Governance as the central pillar to ensure the local appropriation of PMS
Europe and the Digital Enlightenment: Between Autonomy and Algorithmic Power
Get PDFThis study asks whether Europe is truly living up to its Enlightenment heritage in the digital age, or whether it is drifting away from Kant’s ideal of autonomy and moving closer to Foucault’s world of invisible algorithmic control. The text compares Kant’s and Foucault’s views on the Enlightenment and explores how digital technologies-like AI and algorithms-influence personal freedom and social norms. The key question is: Are we thinking for ourselves online, or do algorithms make our choices for us? Western Europe tries to protect autonomy with laws like GDPR or DSA, but can freedom actually be guaranteed by rules from outside? Beyond this philosophical contrast, the study finds that Europe’s digital landscape reveals a growing simulation of autonomy: individuals believe they act freely, yet their actions are increasingly structured by algorithmic systems. Western Europe institutionalizes critical reason, while Eastern Europe exhibits fragmented digital autonomy shaped by distrust and weak institutions. The research concludes that Europe’s Enlightenment legacy can survive only if autonomy is redefined as technological understanding and critical reflection, rather than formal compliance
Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on Copyright: A Legal Perspective
Get PDFThe aim of this research paper is to provide an overview of the current impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on copyright, focusing exclusively on AI-generated works that may be eligible for copyright protection. A central dilemma arises concerning the certainty of copyright-specifically, who owns the copyright in works produced through the use of AI systems. Copyright is a legal concept describing the rights granted to creators of literary and artistic works, including reproduction, copying, performance, and public display.
The growing role of technology in creative processes has significantly expanded and, in some instances, replaced aspects of human involvement. New creative works generated through software programs built on algorithms and databases can no longer be easily distinguished from those produced by human creators. This situation has created substantial uncertainty in both business and legal spheres.
The scope of this article includes (a) an analysis of how key international legal systems address AI-generated creations and their implications for copyright; (b) the identification of possible solutions that governments may adopt to promote legislative uniformity; and (c) an evaluation of how such uniformity could strengthen legal certainty and support ethics and the public interest.
This study follows an explorative, descriptive, qualitative methodology to examine how different countries have approached AI-related legislation, including regulations and enacted laws. The research emphasizes the principles of legal certainty, ethics, and the protection of the public interest.
Findings indicate that countries across different regions are at varying stages in their approach to AI. In the United States, AI-generated works created without human input are not copyrightable. In contrast, Chinese courts have ruled that human intellectual involvement coupled with originality may justify copyright protection for AI-generated works. The United Kingdom (UK) has adopted a more flexible approach, granting copyright to the individual who makes the necessary arrangements for the creation of a work. Overall, North American and European countries have taken the lead. There is a pronounced focus on ethics and the protection of public interest, as reflected in the Global State of Responsible AI Report (2024)
Religious Coexistence and Legal Pluralism in Albania: Socio-Political and Legal Perspectives
Get PDFThis article provides a comprehensive examination of Albania’s religious coexistence from both socio-political and legal perspectives, highlighting how historical experiences, legal frameworks, and community practices collectively shape interfaith relations. Drawing on case studies from urban centers such as Tirana and Shkodra, as well as rural communities where traditional interfaith networks have persisted, the article explored how legal pluralism, allowing religious communities to manage personal matters like marriage, inheritance, and education, interact with grassroots social engagement to sustain harmony among Albania’s diverse religious groups. The article also analyzed institutional policies, including the role of the State Committee on Cults, municipal interfaith programs, and the Interreligious Council of Albania (IRCA), demonstrating how coordinated initiatives between government bodies and civil society promote dialogue, joint cultural events, and collaborative social projects. By tracing the historical trajectory from the Ottoman millet system through the challenges of the communist period to contemporary reforms, the article illustrates the resilience of interfaith tolerance in Albania. This experience provides a distinctive model of religious coexistence, offering valuable lessons for other pluralistic societies in the Balkans and beyond, emphasizing the importance of combining legal recognition, social cooperation, and community-led initiatives to foster enduring interfaith harmony
Reassessing State Responsibility for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons Under Contemporary International Law: Normative Evolution, Implementation Gaps, and Accountability Mechanisms
Get PDFInternally displaced persons (IDPs) represent a growing global challenge, occurring within the borders of sovereign States. Contemporary international law establishes that States hold primary responsibility for their protection, yet significant gaps remain between legal norms and practice. This article reassesses State responsibility for IDPs, examining international frameworks such as the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the Kampala Convention, and relevant human rights and humanitarian law obligations. It highlights persistent challenges, including selective compliance, weak domestic implementation, and limited accountability mechanisms. The article argues that bridging these gaps requires stronger national legal frameworks and clearer international enforcement measures, ensuring that States fulfill their duties to prevent displacement, protect affected populations, and provide durable solutions. By moving beyond declaratory norms, the protection of IDPs can be strengthened under contemporary international law
Clinical Presentation of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Related Quality of Life among Cameroonian Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study
Get PDFBackground: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits without structural abnormalities. Though non-lethal, it significantly affects the quality of life of sufferers. In Sub-Saharan Africa, data on IBS are limited.
Objective: Describe the clinical presentation of IBS and the quality of life among medical students in our country.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in two medical schools. Stratified sampling was employed for a total of 260 students recruited. Data gathered included sociodemographic details, Rome IV diagnostic criteria, Bristol stool scale, gastrointestinal symptoms, and quality of life items. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 26.
Results: Out of the 260 students, the prevalence of presumed IBS was 11.2%. IBS-C was most common (41.4%), followed by IBS-D (31%), IBS-M (20.7%), and unclassified (6.9%). IBS-C was significantly associated with females, irregular meals, and morning predominance of pain. The triad of defecation-related abdominal pain, altered stool consistency, and altered stool frequency was present in 68.9% of cases. Most cases reported diffuse (62.1%), persistent (34.5%) abdominal pain with mixed triggers and relieving factors. Quality of life was altered in 58.6% of cases, with 10.3% experiencing severe impairment.
Conclusion: Presumed IBS among medical students in our study was non-negligible, with a predominance of IBS-C. Clinical profile was dominated by diffuse, persistent abdominal pain with multiple triggers. Quality of life was altered in most students
Analyse des aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et évolutifs de la rougeole au Niger
Get PDFIntroduction : La rougeole sévit constamment au Niger avec des périodes de pic. L’objectif était d’analyser le profil épidémiologique, clinique et évolutif de la rougeole au cours de l’année 2022. Méthodologie : il s’agissait d’une étude transversale qui a porté sur tous les cas suspects de rougeole durant l’année 2022. L’analyse bivariée et multivariée ont été faites avec le logiciel SPSS version 27.0. et avait permis d’identifier les facteurs associés au décès. Résultats : un total de 8424 cas suspectés a été colligé. L’âge médian était de 3 ans avec des extrêmes de 0 à 72 ans et les moins de 15 ans représentaient 92%. Après régression logistique les facteurs prédictifs du décès étaient : la provenance du Nigéria (ORa= 0,16, IC à 95% [0,03- 0,82)]), les semaines épidémiologiques 37-52 (ORa = 0,02, IC à 95% [0,006 - 0,13)]). Conclusion : l’infection rougeoleuse demeure une réalité de santé publique, et la riposte repose principalement sur le renforcement de la vaccination. La létalité de la rougeole est étroitement corrélée aux pics épidémiologiques.
Introduction: Measles remains endemic in Niger with epidemic peaks. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological, clinical, and outcome profile of measles cases during 2022. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, including all suspected measles cases reported in 2022. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using SPSS version 27.0. identifying factors associated with death. Results: a total of 8424 suspected cases were collected. The median age was 3 years, with extremes from 0 to 72 years old and those under 15 years old accounted for 92%. After logistic regression, the predictors of death were: origin from Nigeria (ORa= 0.16, 95% CI [0.03-0.82)]), epidemiological weeks 37-52 (ORa = 0.02, 95% CI [0.006-0.13)]). Conclusion: Measles infection remains a persistent public health concern, and the response must prioritize vaccination. The case fatality rate of the disease is closely correlated with epidemiological peaks
Évaluation Comparative des Effets Anthropométriques de l’Huile de Palme, de l’Huile d’Olive Extra Vierge et de l’Huile d’Olive Contaminée par de l’Huile de Croton chez le Rat Wistar
Get PDFL’huile de palme et l’huile d’olive sont largement utilisées pour leurs propriétés nutritionnelles, bien que l’huile de palme soit souvent critiquée pour sa teneur en acides gras saturés. L’huile de croton, quant à elle, possède des effets thérapeutiques lorsqu’elle est administrée sous stricte surveillance médicale. Cette étude vise à comparer les effets anthropométriques de la consommation quotidienne de quatre huiles végétales, huile d’olive extra vierge, huile d’olive contaminée par 1 % d’huile de croton, huile de palme brute et huile de palme raffinée sur des rats Wistar, afin d’évaluer leur impact nutritionnel et métabolique. Soixante rats Wistar (mâles et femelles) ont été répartis en cinq groupes (n = 12) et soumis pendant six mois à des régimes alimentaires spécifiques : granulés seuls (GSH), granulés enrichis à 20 % d’huile d’olive (HO), à 20 % d’huile d’olive contaminée par 1 % d’huile de croton (HC Dil.100×), à 20 % d’huile de palme brute (HPB), et à 20 % d’huile de palme raffinée (HPR). Les paramètres évalués incluaient le poids corporel, la consommation alimentaire, l’hydratation, la digestibilité, ainsi que les efficacités protéique et énergétique. Le groupe GSH a présenté les meilleures performances nutritionnelles : gain pondéral significatif (1247 ± 13,2 g), digestibilité élevée (ID : 1,059 ± 0,07), efficacité protéique (EP : 0,02101 ± 0,0007) et énergétique (EE : 38,33 ± 1,19). Les groupes HO et HC Dil.100× ont montré les performances les plus faibles, notamment en efficacité énergétique (respectivement 19,62 ± 0,63 et 16,75 ± 0,80). Des différences hautement significatives ont été observées pour le gain de poids entre le groupe GSH et les groupes supplémentés en huiles (p < 0,0001), tandis que les autres paramètres ne présentaient pas de variations significatives (p > 0,05). La consommation modérée d’huile de palme, qu’elle soit brute ou raffinée, n’induit pas de prise de poids excessive chez le rat Wistar et semble compatible avec une alimentation équilibrée. En revanche, l’ajout d’huile de croton à l’huile d’olive altère les performances nutritionnelles, soulignant la nécessité d’une surveillance stricte de son usage.
Palm oil and olive oil are widely used for their nutritional properties, although palm oil is often criticized for its high saturated fat content. Croton oil, meanwhile, exhibits therapeutic effects when administered under strict medical supervision. This study aims to compare the anthropometric effects of the daily consumption of four vegetable oils, extra virgin olive oil, olive oil contaminated with 1% croton oil, crude palm oil, and refined palm oil, on Wistar rats, in order to assess their nutritional and metabolic impact. Sixty Wistar rats (male and female) were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 12) and fed for six months with specific diets: pellets alone (GSH), pellets enriched with 20% olive oil (HO), 20% olive oil contaminated with 1% croton oil (HC Dil.100×), 20% crude palm oil (HPB), and 20% refined palm oil (HPR). The parameters evaluated included body weight, food intake, hydration, digestibility, and protein and energy efficiency. The GSH group showed the best nutritional performance, with a significant weight gain (1247 ± 13.2 g), high digestibility (ID: 1.059 ± 0.07), and superior protein (EP: 0.02101 ± 0.0007) and energy efficiency (EE: 38.33 ± 1.19). In contrast, the HO and HC Dil.100× groups exhibited the lowest performance, particularly in energy efficiency (19.62 ± 0.63 and 16.75 ± 0.80, respectively). Highly significant differences in weight gain were observed between the GSH group and the oil-supplemented groups (p < 0.0001), while other parameters showed no significant variation (p > 0.05). Moderate consumption of palm oil, whether crude or refined, did not lead to excessive weight gain in Wistar rats and appears compatible with a balanced diet. However, the addition of croton oil to olive oil negatively affected nutritional performance, highlighting the need for strict supervision of its use
Effect of the Energy Transition on Food Security : The Role of the Female Agricultural Workforce in WAEMU Countries
Get PDFThis article looks at the problem of food insecurity and nutrition in Africa. The study analyses the role of women in the relationship between the energy transition and food security in the 8 WAEMU countries over the period 1996-2022. The use of an ARDL model shows that the energy transition significantly and symmetrically improves food security in the short term, but has a negative and asymmetric effect in the long term. The interaction between the energy transition and the female agricultural workforce has a positive effect in the long term, but is neutral in the short term. We recommend that, in order to ensure sustainable food security, the involvement of women in the agricultural sector must be strengthened. Public policies and private initiatives must therefore promote women's access to sustainable energy resources, while supporting their role in innovation and the management of agricultural practices