European Scientific Journal, ESJ
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Sous-emploi au Burkina Faso : niveaux, facteurs et rôle déterminant de l’économie informelle
Get PDFLe tissu économique du Burkina Faso repose en grande partie sur le secteur informel, où prédominent des formes d’emploi précaires et peu réglementées. Cette étude explore les facteurs qui influencent le sous-emploi au Burkina Faso, en soulignant le rôle de l’économie. Les données utilisée dans cette étude proviennent de l’Enquête régionale intégrée sur l’emploi et le secteur informel (ERI-ESI), réalisée entre mars et juin 2018 auprès de 13 885 ménages dans les 13 régions du Pays. Un modèle de régression logistique a été utilisé. Les résultats revèlent un taux de sous-emploi global de 23,16%, avec une prévalence plus marquée dans le secteur informel (23,32%) comparé au secteur formel (16,52%). Les facteurs qui influencent cette situation sont le milieu de résidence, la catégorie socio-professionnelle incluent le niveau d’instruction, le type d’emploi et le genre. Les femmes apparaissent particulièrement vulnérables. Etre une femme augmente de 2,16 fois la probabilité d’être en situation de sous-emploi. Ces résultats plaident pour la mise en place d‘ interventions ciblées en faveur des femmes, de promouvoir des activités de contre saison et de renforcer les campagnes de sensibilisation pour faciliter l’accès à l’information sur les opportunités du marché du travail notamment pour les femmes.
Burkina Faso's economic fabric relies heavily on the informal sector, where precarious and poorly regulated forms of employment predominate. This study explores the factors that influence underemployment in Burkina Faso, highlighting the role of the economy. The data used in this study comes from the Integrated Regional Survey on Employment and the Informal Sector (ERI-ESI), conducted between March and June 2018 among 13,885 households in the country's 13 regions. A logistic regression model was used. The results reveal an overall underemployment rate of 23.16%, with a higher prevalence in the informal sector (23.32%) compared to the formal sector (16.52%). The factors influencing this situation include place of residence, socio-professional category (including level of education), type of employment, and gender. Women appear to be particularly vulnerable. Being a woman increases the probability of being underemployed by 2.16 times. These results call for the implementation of targeted interventions in favor of women, the promotion of off-season activities, and the strengthening of awareness campaigns to facilitate access to information on labor market opportunities, particularly for women
Un cas de syndrome de Marfan révélé par des manifestations rhumatologiques
Get PDFLe syndrome de Marfan est une affection génétique autosomique dominante du tissu conjonctif (fibrillinopathie) rare, due à un défaut de synthèse de la fibrilline de type I. Il est caractérisé par un polymorphisme clinique avec des atteintes ostéo articulaires plus spécifiques (arachnodactylie, pectus carinatum, dolichosténomelie) et moins spécifiques (laxité ligamentaires, cyphose, pieds plats) ; des manifestations ophtalmologiques, cardio-vasculaires, pleuro pulmonaires. Son pronostic vital dépend de l’atteinte cardio-vasculaire. Nous rapportons un cas de syndrome de Marfan révélé par une gonalgie bilatérale sur terrain d’hyper laxité ligamentaire avec impotence fonctionnelle relative des membres pelviens chez une patiente de 51 ans.
Marfan syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder of connective tissue (fibrillinopathy), due to a defect in the synthesis of type I fibrillin. It is characterized by a clinical polymorphism with more specific osteoarticular disorders (arachnodactyly, pectus carinatum, dolichostenomelia) and less specific (ligamentous laxity, kyphosis, flat feet) ; ophthalmological, cardiovascular and pleuropulmonary manifestations. Its vital prognosis depends on cardiovascular damage. We report a case of Marfan syndrome revealed by bilateral knee pain on grounds of ligamentous hyper laxity with relative functional impotence of the pelvic limbs in a 51-year-old female patient
Development of Tourism in Albania During the Last Decade: Case Study of the Vlora Peninsula
Get PDFTourism in Albania is one of the fields that developed later, in line with the other states in the region. In the last decade, tourism in Albania has undergone a transformative and irreversible journey, bringing economic and social development throughout the country. In 2023, Albania ranked 4th globally for the highest increase in the percentage of international tourist arrivals, marking a 56% increase compared to 2019. This research paper aims to examine changes in tourism in Albania, using the Vlora peninsula as a case study. The work will reflect the significant improvements in infrastructure and services, promotion and diversification of tourist offerings, marketing, and other key aspects of tourism development. The current strategy of the Ministry of Tourism for 2024-2030 will be seen as a picture of the current situation and the projection of the Albanian state for sustainable tourism, today also referred to as the Goals of Sustainable Development. INSTAT data show that the number of visitors to Albania in the last 3 years has increased significantly compared to previous years. Interest in tourism in Albania has brought citizens of many European countries who have previously been indifferent to Albanian tourism. Tourist operators registered in the Municipality of Vlora in the last decade indicate the growth of structures and services for the reception of the high number of foreign tourists in Vlora
Desert Locust Decision Support for Improved Agriculture Production
Get PDFThe desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is widely considered to be the most dangerous migratory pest species due to its rapid reproductive capacity, long-distance migration potential, and devastating impact on agriculture and ecosystems. In addition, desert locust populations have increased rapidly, and swarms have invaded eleven countries in West Africa, severely disrupting agricultural production in vulnerable areas already facing security challenges. Timely and accurate information on the desert locust through remote sensing is critical for effectively managing and improving agricultural production, especially in West Africa, where such information is scarce. The objective of this work is to enhance the monitoring and prevention efforts against desert locust outbreaks by integrating remote sensing and decision-support tools. The tool identifies locust development and gregarization zones in order to assess the risk of outbreaks and support decision-making processes. It combines a model on the presence or absence of transient phases of the species, biotope ecological conditions, and gregarization thresholds for both juveniles and flying adults. In this paper, the Google Earth Engine platform is used to monitor eco-meteorological conditions in key desert locust survival and breeding areas using high-resolution geospatial data. The improvement initiative covers certain aspects of the user interface, real-time data updates, and a fully operational set of eco-climatic indices impacting locust multiplication. These advancements contribute to a more robust decision-support system for locust early warning and control in West Africa
Discrimination Experienced by ‘Third-Country National’ Women Working in Malta
Get PDF‘Third-country national’ (TCN) women in the EU tend to experience discrimination both as women and as migrants, in the workplace and in the ‘receiving’ society. This article focuses on a recurring cluster of issues that emerged around the theme of discrimination, over the course of 19 interviews with ‘third-country national’ women from South Asian countries working in Malta. More specifically, the study explores situatedness and lived experience through an intersectional feminist approach, taking into account the individual socioeconomic conditions as well as aspects such as gender, nationality, religion, culture, educational level, and the occupation of the informants. The data was analysed using thematic analysis and led to the emergence of four key themes relating to discrimination, which proved to be interlinked: the relationship between intersecting factors; everyday discrimination; discriminatory procedures at the local and EU level; and sexual harassment. We found that workplace discrimination and broader social discriminatory practices often co-occur and are mutually reinforcing, while having an effect on the individual’s general quality of life and personal well-being. Such discrimination also interlinks with practices, power structures, and perceptions at transnational, EU, national, organisational, and local social levels
The Relevant Market as a Juridical Construct: Its Origins and Evolution under Moroccan and European Competition Law
Get PDFIn competition law, delineating the boundaries of fair and effective market regulation remains a persistent challenge. Central to this challenge is the concept of the relevant market, which functions simultaneously as an economic analytical tool and a legal framework for assessing competitive behavior. In Morocco and the European Union, the relevant market ensures non-discriminatory access, preserves competitive neutrality, and maintains economic public order, serving as a fundamental pillar of antitrust enforcement. This study adopts a comparative and interdisciplinary methodology, integrating doctrinal legal analysis, economic modeling, and empirical examination of case law. It draws on Morocco’s Law No. 104-12 on the Freedom of Prices and Competition, Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, and the decisions of the Moroccan Competition Council alongside European jurisprudence. Through this approach, the research describes how the relevant market is operationalized and applied in practice to regulate anti-competitive conduct. This research paper traces the deployment of the relevant market throughout the history of economic thought, highlighting its conceptual evolution from classical and neoclassical theories to contemporary frameworks. It further examines the gradual consecration of the relevant market by Moroccan and European legal systems, showing how legislation and jurisprudence have progressively shaped its role as both a regulatory and analytical instrument. Findings indicate that the relevant market transcends its technical function to become a guiding legal principle for competition policy. By maintaining economic public order, ensuring market integrity, and promoting equitable competition, it serves as an essential instrument for both regulators and market participants. Comparative analysis emphasizes the European Union’s established doctrinal framework and Morocco’s emerging system, illustrating the importance of integrating economic reasoning with legal enforcement
From Truman to Reagan: The Evolution of U.S. Nuclear Policy in the Cold War Context
Get PDFThis study explores the evolution of United States nuclear policy from 1945 to 1988, focusing on key presidential administrations from Harry Truman to Ronald Reagan. It investigates how nuclear strategy was adapted in response to geopolitical challenges, technological developments, and shifting diplomatic relations during the Cold War. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of multiple primary sources - such as presidential speeches, government archives, and contemporary media - as well as a critical review of significant secondary literature, including works by key scholars and historians, this research contextualizes pivotal policy decisions and strategic debates. By comparing interpretations from varying authors and incorporating both American and Soviet perspectives, the study critically examines tensions between deterrence and disarmament that shaped treaty negotiations and grand strategy. This nuanced approach highlights the interplay between nuclear policy and broader international security dynamics, offering insights into its role in concluding the Cold War
Évolution des systèmes fonciers dans un ancien front pionnier de cacaoculture : la région du N’Zi (Centre-Est de la Côte d’Ivoire)
Get PDFLa région du N’zi, reconnue pour son rôle pionnier dans la culture du cacao en Côte d’Ivoire est marquée par d’importantes transformations foncières. Cet article explore l’évolution des systèmes de gestion des terres d’un contexte pionnier à une période post pionnière. La méthodologie de recherche a consisté à faire une recherche documentaire sur le contexte foncier des pratiques antérieures et actuelles régionales. Les enquêtes de terrains étaient des ‘’enquêtes à plusieurs passages’’ dans 53 localités sur 206 localités. Les résultats montrent d’une part que les anciennes pratiques foncières sont en survie car 87 % des producteurs ont obtenus leurs parcelles par héritage. D’autre part, dans le contexte actuel, une inégale délimitation des terroirs dans les départements est observée. Cette dynamique foncière favorise l’implantation de 4 nouvelles sociétés agricoles dans 9 localités de la région.
The N'zi region, renowned for its pioneering role in cocoa cultivation in Côte d'Ivoire, is marked by significant land transformations. This article explores the evolution of land management systems from a pioneer context to a post-pioneer period. The research methodology consisted of documentary research on the land context of past and current regional practices. Field surveys were conducted in 53 out of 206 locations. The results show, first, that old land practices are still alive, as 87% of producers obtained their plots through inheritance. Second, in the current context, an uneven delimitation of terroirs is observed within the departments. This land dynamic is favoring the establishment of four new agricultural companies in nine locations in the region
Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques du strabisme divergent intermittent de l'enfant à Abidjan
Get PDFIntroduction : Le strabisme divergent intermittent (SDI) est une entité clinique fréquente en ophtalmologie pédiatrique, associée à des altérations fonctionnelles et esthétiques significatives. Cette étude vise à décrire les caractéristiques cliniques et thérapeutiques du SDI chez l'enfant. Patients et Méthodes : Une analyse rétrospective a été menée sur une population pédiatrique d’Afrique subsaharienne dont la taille de l’échantillon était de 132 patients vus en consultation qui présentaient un SDI afin d’évaluer les données sociodémographiques, les caractéristiques du strabisme, les amétropies associées, la stratégie de prise en charge. Résultats : La prévalence hospitalière du strabisme de l’enfant était de 9,75% dont 57,74% de SDI. La moyenne d’âge était de 3,47 ± 2,48 ans dont 52,8% âgé de 2 à 6 ans. Ce strabisme était précoce dans 35,8% et tardif dans 34,1%. La déviation strabique était unilatérale dans 43,1% associé à une amétropie dans 36,6% et une anisométropie dans 22,8%. On notait un astigmatisme myopique dans 42,3% majoritairement de degré faible à modéré. L’anisométropie astigmatisme représentait 50%. L’amblyopie qui s’y associait dans 14,6% était d’origine fonctionnelle chez 88,9 % des patients. Elle était profonde dans 33,3% et modérée dans 50% des cas. La correction optique totale a été prescrite chez tous les enfants. Conclusion : La relative fréquence élevée du SDI de l’enfant dans notre série et le diagnostic tardif observé soulignent la nécessité d'un dépistage précoce. L'association fréquente du SDI et des vices réfractifs dans notre contexte africain justifie une correction optique totale systématique. La variabilité des approches thérapeutiques reflète l'absence de consensus sur les critères de prise en charge.
Introduction: Intermittent divergent strabismus (IDS) is a common clinical condition in paediatric ophthalmology, associated with meaningful functional and aesthetic alterations. This study aims to describe the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of IDS in children. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a paediatric population in sub-Saharan Africa with a sample size of 132 patients who presented with IDS to evaluate sociodemographic data, strabismus characteristics, associated ametropia, and management strategy. Results: The hospital prevalence of strabismus in children was 9.75%, of which 57.74% were IDS. The average age was 3.47 ± 2.48 years, with 52.8% aged between two and six years. This strabismus had an early onset in 35.8% and a late onset in 34.1%. IDS was unilateral in 43.1% of cases, associated with ametropia in 36.6% and anisometropia in 22.8%. Myopic astigmatism was noted in 42.3% of cases, mostly mild to moderate. Anisometropia astigmatism accounted for 50%. Amblyopia, which was associated with it in 14.6% of cases, was functional in 88.9% of patients. It was profound in 33.3% and moderate in 50% of cases. Total optical correction was prescribed for all children. Conclusion: The late diagnosis observed highlights the need for early screening. The frequent association of IDS and refractive errors in our African context justifies systematic total optical correction. The variability of therapeutic approaches reflects the lack of consensus on management criteria.  
Challenges in Managing an Ischemic Stroke in a Child with Homozygous SS Sickle Cell Disease Associated with Cerebral Palsy: A Case Report
Get PDFIntroduction: Ischemic stroke is one of the most frequent complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) and may be associated with cognitive impairment. These two neurological manifestations can coexist in the same patient. Objective: To report a case of ischemic stroke and cognitive delay in a child with homozygous SS sickle cell disease. Case Report: We describe a 5-year and 8-month-old boy with homozygous SS sickle cell disease and epilepsy, non-compliant with his antiepileptic treatment, admitted for seizures that had progressively worsened over two months. A diagnosis of complicated major sickle cell syndrome was made. Discussion: The management of neurovascular, epileptic, and cognitive complications in this patient with cerebral palsy and sickle cell disease required evaluating the risk of severe anemia and stratifying the likelihood of stroke recurrence. Conclusion: Managing major sickle cell syndrome associated with neurovascular, epileptic, and cognitive complications in a child with cerebral palsy requires adherence to current evidence-based recommendations