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Etat des connaissances et analyse des méthodes statistiques de distribution du genre Borassus en Afrique : revus systématique
Get PDFLe genre Borassus est une essence ligneuse significative repartie en Afrique occidentale. En raison de sa contribution importante dans l’économie rurale, le genre est menacé. Cependant, sa distribution est très peu documentée au Niger. Cette revue systématique a pour objet d’analyser les connaissances relatives à l’essence ainsi que les différentes méthodes statistiques employées pour décrire sa distribution en Afrique afin de déterminer leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients dans une perspective d’élaboration de futurs travaux. Les directives de la méthode PRISMA ont été suivies dans l’élaboration de cette recherche. Au total, 186 études furent identifiées, dont 157 pour l’analyse de l’état de connaissances et 8 pour l’analyse des méthodes statistique de distribution. L’analyse des connaissances a montré que les thématiques telles que : la morphologie, la valeur socioéconomique, la phénologie, la génétique, la germination et le système racinaire sont les champs d’étude les moins explorés. Les méthodes statistiques employées sont au nombre de 11 à savoir Maxent avec une fréquence d’utilisation de 18.18 %. La fonction K, la fonctions F et G, l’indice de voisinage, l’indice structurel, la fonction variogramme, l’analyse de grappes et de valeurs aberrantes (Anselin Local Morans I), la fonction L(d), et la fonction qui sont représentés respectivement par une fréquences d’utilisation de 9.09 %. Il ressort de cette étude que les méthodes statistiques sont variées mais qu’elles présentent certaines limites.
The genus Borassus is a significant woody species distributed in West Africa. Due to its significant contribution to the rural economy, the genus is threatened. However, its distribution is very poorly documented in Niger. This systematic review aims to analyze the knowledge related to the species as well as the different statistical methods used to describe its distribution in Africa in order to determine their advantages and disadvantages with a view to developing future work. The PRISMA guidelines were followed in the development of this research. A total of 186 studies were identified, of which 157 were for the analysis of the state of knowledge and 8 for the analysis of distribution statistical methods. The analysis of knowledge showed that topics such as morphology, socioeconomic value, phenology, genetics, germination, and root system are the least explored fields of study. The statistical methods employed number 11, namely Maxent with a usage frequency of 18.18%. The K function, the F and G functions, the neighborhood index, the structural index, the variogram function, cluster and outlier analysis (Anselin Local Morans I), the L(d) function, and the Linhom function, which are represented respectively by usage frequencies of 9.09%. It emerges from this study that the statistical methods are varied but have certain limitations
Management of Ectopic Pregnancies at the Community University Hospital Center (CUHC) in Bangui, Central African Republic
Get PDFIntroduction: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is an obstetrical emergency that affects women in the first trimester of pregnancy. We decided to find out more about the care of these women. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study over a period of 6 months, from November 1st, 2022 to April 29th, 2023, covering both operated patients and medically treated for EP at the Community University Hospital Center (CUHC). Results: During this period, we recorded 103 cases of ectopic pregnancy out of 1659 deliveries, representing a frequency of 6.2%. Patients under 35 years old were the most represented (88.3%). The majority of our patients had reached secondary school (54.4%) and were multiparous (33%). The gestational age of 8 – 12 weeks was the most affected during the consultation. Conclusion: Radical surgery remains the most used therapeutic method with 84.2% of cases in our study. Ectopic pregnancy is an extreme obstetrical emergency of the first trimester that requires adequate care. The best treatment is primary prevention by avoiding risk factors
Qualité des données hydrométriques prédites par une approche machine learning dans l’évaluation de la ressource en eau au nord de la Cote d’Ivoire
Get PDFL'écoulement des rivières revêt un intérêt particulier dans la gestion rationnelle des ressources en eau. Son estimation permet d'évaluer quantitativement la disponibilité des ressources en eau, ainsi que de prévenir des catastrophes naturelles telles que les inondations et les sécheresses. Ces estimations, généralement effectuées à l'aide de méthodes statistiques d'apprentissage automatique, sont parfois biaisées, entraînant des écarts par rapport aux observations in situ. Ainsi, cette étude a pour objectif d'evaluer la qualité des données de débit de la rivière Bagoé prédites par des réseaux neuronaux, afin d'aider les décideurs dans leurs projets de développement durable. Pour ce faire, deux modèles basés sur des réseaux neuronaux ont été développés pour prévoir les variations des débits mensuels de la rivière Bagoé aux instants t et t+3 respectivement. Les modèles sont validés en utilisant le critère de Nash (%), le coefficient de corrélation de Pearson (R), le rapport du débit maximal et le critère de robustesse. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les modèles neuronaux développés expliquent plus de 82 % des débits mensuels de la rivière Bagoé. Ces derniers varient respectivement de 0,002 m3s-1 à 300,12 m3s-1, avec une moyenne de 31,10 m3s-1 en calibration, et de 0,002 m3s-1 à 243,32 m3s-1, avec une moyenne de 31,29 m3s-1 en validation. Cependant, des décalages dans des débits extrêmes ont été observés à la fois en calibration et en validation.
River flow is of particular interest in the rational management of water resources. Their estimation enables quantitative assessment of water resource availability, as well as anticipation of natural disasters such as floods and droughts. These estimates, generally made using statistical methods or machine learning, are sometimes biased, resulting in variations that differ from those observed in situ. This study aims to evaluate the quality of flow data predicted by neural networks for the Bagoé River to support sustainable development planning. To achieve this, two neural network-based models were developed to forecast variations in monthly flows in the Bagoé River at time t and time t+3 respectively. The models are validated using the Nash criterion (%), Pearson's correlation coefficient (R), the maximum flow ratio and the robustness criterion. The results obtained indicate that the neural models developed expressed more than 82% of the monthly flows of the Bagoé River. These ranged respectively from 0.002 m3s-1 to 300.12 m3s-1, with an average of 31.10 m3s-1 in calibration, and 0.002 m3s-1 to 243.32 m3s-1, with an average of 31.29 m3s-1 in validation. However, some shifts in extreme flows were observed in both calibration and validation
Determinación del Nivel de Apego a la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en Microempresas de Servicios en Escárcega, Campeche, México
Get PDFTener una ventaja competitiva significa para las empresas la posibilidad de mantenerse en el mercado por más tiempo siendo rentable. El desarrollo de tal ventaja competitiva parece apuntar, desde hace varios años, a la sensibilidad de las organizaciones hacia las necesidades sociales, económicas y ambientales; de tal manera que en sus procesos sean consideradas y se conviertan en la respuesta ética a las demandas de los llamados stakeholders (accionistas, empleados, proveedores, clientes, comunidad y medio ambiente). A esta forma de actuar de las organizaciones se le conoce como Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) y consiste en un conjunto integral de políticas, prácticas y planes, avaladas y respaldadas por la alta dirección, que se consideran tanto en las operaciones como en la toma de decisiones de la empresa. El objetivo de la investigación es determinar el nivel de apego a la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en microempresas de servicios de la ciudad de Escárcega, Campeche, México. El estudio es descriptivo, correlacional y de corte transversal; con enfoque cuantitativo no experimental (observacional). Las autoras aplican, a una muestra de 253 microempresas de servicios, un instrumento elaborado con base a la Norma ISO 26000 y UN Global Compact, integrado de 64 ítems, con escala de Likert, validado por juicio de 7 expertos y fiabilidad de 0.941 dada por el alfa de Cronbach y 0.946 por el omega de McDonalds. Para determinar el nivel de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial se utilizaron baremos con cuartiles. Se aplicó la prueba de correlación de Spearman, para validar la relación entre nivel de RSE y antigüedad de la empresa y número de empleados. Los resultados muestran que el 48.2 % de las microempresas se ubica en un nivel de RSE de entre el Q1 y Q3. Las pruebas muestran una relación entre nivel de RSE y número de empleados rs= 0.446 y p<0.01 y que no existe relación entre nivel de RSE y antigüedad de la empresa de rs= -0.042 y p>0.05. Se concluye que el nivel de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial de la mayoría de las microempresas de servicios de Escárcega se ubica en un nivel medio. El número de empleados con que cuenta la microempresa influye, moderadamente, en el nivel de RSE y que los años de antigüedad de la microempresa de servicios no influye en el nivel de RSE.
Having a competitive advantage means for companies the possibility of staying in the market for longer while being profitable. The development of such competitive advantage seems to point, for several years, to the sensitivity of organizations towards social, economic and environmental needs; in such a way that in their processes they are considered and become the ethical response to the demands of the so-called stakeholders (shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, community and environment). This way of acting by organizations is known as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and consists of a comprehensive set of policies, practices and plans, endorsed and supported by senior management, which are considered in both operations and decision-making. of company decisions. The objective of the research is to determine the level of attachment to Corporate Social Responsibility in service microenterprises in the city of Escarcega, Campeche, Mexico. The study is descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional; with a non-experimental (observational) quantitative approach. The authors apply, to a sample of 253 service microenterprises, an instrument developed based on the ISO 26000 standard and UN Global Compact, composed of 64 items, with a Likert scale, validated by the judgment of 7 experts and reliability of 0.941 given by the Cronbach's alpha and 0.946 for McDonald's omega. To determine the level of Corporate Social Responsibility, scales with quartiles were used. The Spearman correlation test was applied to validate the relationship between CSR level and company age and number of employees. The results show that 48.2 % of microenterprises are located at a CSR level between Q1 and Q3. The tests show a relationship between level of CSR and number of employees rs= 0.446 and p<0.01 and that there is no relationship between level of CSR and age of the company of rs= -0.042 and p>0.05. It is concluded that the level of Corporate Social Responsibility of the majority of service microenterprises in Escarcega is located at a medium level. The number of employees that the microenterprise has moderately influences the level of CSR and the years of experience of the service microenterprise does not influence the level of CSR
The Influence of Organizational Justice on Managers’ Decision-Making: A Critical Literature Review
Get PDFThis paper focuses on studying organizational justice on managers’ decision making. The process of decision making plays a substantial role in the life of each organization because the results affect all employees at all levels. Making decisions is considered the most significant and intricate managerial task. In addition, it might become more problematic when executives work with people across cultures since individuals from varied cultural backgrounds view issues differently. Decisions that are formed by senior managers are mostly imperative and impactful to the way an organization works. However, senior managers' decisions may have negative effects. In addition, organizational fairness is complex and refers to the fair and right treatment of persons within an organization. As a result, people would like fairness as it recompenses them for their input. Poor organizational justice is a considerable reason for negative responses from staff because they have a strong sense of inequality. Often, ethical dilemmas result from intricate circumstances and discrepancies in values within organizations. Hence, this theoretical paper is designed to investigate the salient literature to develop a holistic overview portraying the individual level of perceived organizational justice. It also indicates its prominent consequences based on a critical review of previous related studies
Capacitación Financiera Inclusiva con Perspectiva de Género para Grupos Vulnerables en Zongolica, Veracruz, México
Get PDFLa Agenda 2030 de las Naciones Unidas destaca la importancia de la inclusión financiera en cinco de sus 17 Objetivos para el Desarrollo Sostenible. En el contexto mexicano, una responsabilidad fundamental del gobierno es impulsar acciones para asegurar la educación financiera de grupos catalogados como vulnerables, abarcando a niños, jóvenes en situación de calle, migrantes, personas con discapacidad, adultos mayores y población indígena. Este proyecto tuvo como objetivo desarrollar inclusión financiera con perspectiva de género dirigida a grupos vulnerables en la región de las Altas Montañas, Veracruz, México. La estrategia consistió en la implementación de capacitaciones focalizadas en temas de ahorro, crédito e inversión, con el propósito de fortalecer habilidades financieras de la población en situación de vulnerabilidad. La metodología comprende la identificación de grupos vulnerables en la región, seguida de un diagnóstico de conocimientos financieros y el desarrollo de un programa de capacitación en educación financiera. Finalmente, el proyecto introdujo estrategias innovadoras para mejorar la toma de decisiones financieras de los participantes. Los resultados revelan avances sustanciales en la comprensión financiera de grupos vulnerables, con un aumento del 75 % en adopción de prácticas financieras saludables, evidenciando un cambio positivo en la toma de decisiones financieras. Se observó una respuesta adaptativa a las opciones financieras ofrecidas, con el 60 % de participantes optando por cuentas de ahorro y 40 % participando en programas de microfinanzas, respaldando así la diversificación en estrategias de ahorro.
The United Nations 2030 Agenda underscores the significance of financial inclusion in five out of its 17 Sustainable Development Goals. In the Mexican context, a fundamental governmental responsibility is to propel actions that ensure financial education for groups classified as vulnerable, encompassing children, youth living on the streets, migrants, individuals with disabilities, the elderly, and indigenous populations. This project aimed to develop financial inclusion with a gender perspective targeted towards vulnerable groups in the Altas Montañas region, Veracruz, Mexico. The strategy involved targeted training on savings, credit, and investment to enhance the financial skills of the vulnerable population. The methodology includes the identification of vulnerable groups in the region, followed by a diagnosis of financial knowledge and the development of a financial education training program. Finally, the project introduced innovative strategies to enhance participants' financial decision-making. Results indicate substantial progress in the financial understanding of vulnerable groups, with a 75% increase in adopting healthy financial practices, demonstrating a positive shift in financial decision-making. There was an adaptive response to offered financial options, with 60% of participants opting for savings accounts and 40% participating in microfinance programs, supporting diversification in savings strategies
Les Eaux Stagnantes Constituent Une des Occasions d’Exposition au Plomb et aux Coliformes à Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
Get PDFLes eaux stagnantes envahissent tous les quartiers de la ville de Kinshasa, même dans les communes situées aux endroits surélevés, comme Mont Ngafula. Ces eaux découlent des usées eaux, des immondices, des pluies et des inondations. Il n’est pas rare de voir des matières fécales en suspension dans ces eaux stagnantes, en raison du débordement des puits d'évacuation des fosses septiques. Étant donné que peu d’études portent sur les effets des eaux usées et encore moins sur les eaux stagnantes dans la ville de Kinshasa, justifie l’intérêt de cette étude. Celle-ci avait donc comme objectif d’examiner les éléments physico-chimique et biologiques (microbiologiques) contenus dans les eaux usées stagnantes de Kinshasa, susceptibles d’être nuisibles à la santé humaine. De ce fait, pour caractériser les paramètres physicochimiques et bactériologiques des eaux stagnantes, l’étude a utilisé des bandelettes réactives à l’instar des tests immuno-enzymatiques. Durant la saison pluvieuse, les échantillons étaient cueillis dans certaines communes, aux endroits où les eaux stagnantes étaient permanentes, qu’il pleuve ou non. Aux sites codés A, les prélèvements étaient effectués, à au moins trois jours sans précipitation, tandis que ceux codés B, les prélèvements étaient cueillis dans l’intervalle de 2 à 6 heures après la pluie. Dans les deux cas, les prélèvements étaient effectués à 12 sites différents. À ces 24 sites de prélèvement, avant et après la pluie, les tests indiquent les résultats positifs au plomb et aux coliformes. Comparés aux normes de l’Agence de Protection de l’Environnement des États-Unis (US EPA), les résultats de cette étude dépassant les niveaux présumés sécuritaires. De ce fait, la proximité et/ou la présence de ces eaux stagnants dans les quartiers résidentiels, offre une occasion inéluctable d’exposition à ces substances. Par ailleurs, les enfants constituent une des couches des populations qui courent le plus haut risque. Discutant des effets délétères sur la santé reliés à ces substances, cet article recommande la gestion plus responsable des eaux usées ainsi que le principe de précaution. Donc, la gestion des eaux stagnantes devrait figurer parmi les outils de surveillance de la santé publique. Elle permettrait ainsi, en amont, de détecter et d’alerter les responsables de la santé publique de menaces à la santé et instituer des mesures susceptibles de protéger la communauté.
Stagnant water invades all districts of the city of Kinshasa, even in communes located in elevated areas, such as Mont Ngafula. These waters come from wastewater, rubbish, rain, and floods. It is not uncommon to see fecal matter suspended in these stagnant waters, due to the overflowing of septic tank evacuation wells. Given that few studies focus on the effects of wastewater, and even fewer on stagnant water in the city of Kinshasa, it justifies the interest of this study. This paper focuses on examining the physicochemical and biological (microbiological) elements contained in stagnant wastewater in Kinshasa, which are likely to be harmful to human health. Therefore, to characterize the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of stagnant water, the study used reactive strips like enzyme immunoassays. During the rainy season, samples were collected in certain municipalities, especially places where stagnant water was permanent, whether it rained or not. At sites labeled A, samples were taken at least three consecutive days without precipitation, while at those labeled B, samples were collected between 2 and 6 hours after rain. In both cases, samples were taken at 12 different sites. At these 24 sampling sites, before and after the rain, the tests indicated positive results for lead and coliforms. Compared to the standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the results of this study exceed the presumed safe levels. As a result, the proximity and/or presence of these stagnant waters in residential areas offer an inevitable opportunity for exposure to these substances. Furthermore, children constitute one of the population groups who are at highest risk. In addressing the deleterious health effects associated with these harmful substances, this paper advocates for a more responsible management of wastewater, along with the application of the precautionary principle. Consequently, the supervision of stagnant water should be included among the tools for public health surveillance. This measure would enable early detection and notification of health threats to public health officials, facilitating the implementation of measures to safeguard the community
Interêt de la Refraction Sous Cycloplegie chez l’Adulte Jeybe a Citonou
Get PDFLes vices de réfraction ou amétropies sont représentés par toutes les situations où le système optique de l’œil ne permet pas de focaliser l’image d’un objet sur la rétine. Cette recherche se voulait d’étudier les variations de la réfraction sous cycloplégie chez l’adulte jeune. Elle était rétrospective sur 05 ans à l’ex Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Cotonou considérant 2224 yeux de patients âgés de 18 à 38 ans respectant les critères d’inclusion. La régression linéaire a été utilisée en vue d’étudier la relation entre la puissance des sphères, du cylindre et l’équivalent sphérique avant et après la cycloplégie. L’âge moyen des patients était de 27,2 ans ± 6,1. Les céphalées représentaient 56,1% des motifs de consultation et la douleur oculaire 51,8%. Avant la cycloplégie, on comptait 57,7% de myopes et 29,8% d’hypermétropes ; après la cycloplégie, 20,5 % de myopes et 74,1% d’hypermétropes. À partir des équivalents sphériques, la variation moyenne de la puissance des sphères était statistiquement significative (p < 0,0001). Elle était de 0,14 D chez les myopes, de 0,26 D chez les hypermétropes. La cycloplégie a une influence significative sur l’équivalent sphérique dans toutes les tranches d’âge jusqu’à 38 ans (p < 0,0001). L’estimation de la réfraction sans cycloplégie n’est donc pas précise. En effet, la cycloplégie en relâchant l’accommodation permet d’estimer de façon pertinente la valeur exacte et précise de la réfraction.
Refractive errors or ametropias encompass situations where the optical system of the eye fails to focus the image of an object onto the retina. This study aimed to investigate variations in refraction under cycloplegia in young adults. It was a retrospective study conducted over a period of 5 years at the former Military Teaching Hospital - University Hospital Center of Cotonou, involving 2224 eyes of patients aged 18 to 38 years who met the inclusion criteria. Linear regression was employed to examine the relationship between the power of spheres, cylinders, and spherical equivalent before and after cycloplegia. The average age of patients was 27.2 years ± 6.1. Headaches accounted for 56.1% of the reasons for consultation, and ocular pain for 51.8%. Before cycloplegia, 57.7% were myopic, and 29.8% were hyperopic; after cycloplegia, 20.5% were myopic, and 74.1% were hyperopic. Based on spherical equivalents, the average change in sphere power was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). It was 0.14 D for myopes and 0.26 D for hypermetropes. Cycloplegia had a significant influence on the spherical equivalent across all age groups up to 38 years (p < 0.0001). Therefore, estimating refraction without cycloplegia is not accurate. Indeed, cycloplegia, by relaxing accommodation, allows for a relevant estimation of the exact and precise value of refraction
The Alignment of Accounting Curriculum with Market Requirements: The Iraqi Case
Get PDFThis research investigates at how Iraqi university accounting courses connect to industry demands in an effort to raise the standard and relevance of accounting education. The study used a survey with a questionnaire that was distributed to teachers, graduates, employers, and professionals in the accounting area in Iraq. The study looks at the most recent accounting curriculum, demographic data, relevance ratings for accounting courses, and assessments of essential work skills. The study showed a wide range of demographics, including notable responses from academics (58%), and employers (51%). Results show areas of convergence and divergence in the perceived importance of specific accounting courses, which may indicate gaps between theoretical ideas and practical implementations. Crucial skills and non-accounting courses share some shared aims and small differences as well. The report highlights how important it is to align Iraq's accounting curriculum with business needs. The proposals include systematic curriculum assessments, more industry-academia collaboration, continual professional development for educators, and an emphasis on a broader range of abilities. In response to shifting market needs, the paper makes evidence-based suggestions for enhancing accounting education in Iraq