European Scientific Journal, ESJ
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Design Proposal of a Smoker-Dryer for Chicken
Get PDFChicken breeders, particularly those in Ngaoundéré-Cameroon, after 45 days of breeding find themselves confronted with the problem of wasting nutrients and resources. In most cases, they sell their chicken at low prices to avoid expenses. Faced with these difficulties, some of them use various methods to preserve their chicken after 45 days of breeding, including cold preservation, smoking, and drying. Cold preservation is the most widely used technique, but this technique is energy-intensive, without forgetting the untimely power cuts and the deterioration of the quality of the product. By getting closer to its stakeholders, we were able to identify their difficulties and why they use cold preservation more, and they also entrusted us with the characteristics of equipment that could meet their requirements. In this article, we present the results from functional analysis to 3D modeling through the search for solutions to resolve contradictions. It emerges from this study that the model designed guarantees food safety and user safety, retains all nutrients, is ergonomic, uses fewer resources, is fast, and is adaptable to any type and size of the smoking product. We produced the designed model capable of containing 12 chickens, and we carried out the experiments in order to validate the model
A Review of Water Pollution in Israel and Palestine
Get PDFWater pollution is a daily risk with a major impact on both populations and ecosystems. An analysis of water pollution types is essential to determine the affected regions and the magnitude of its impact on various components of the geosystem. This study aims to conduct a thorough analysis of water pollution in the Israel and Palestine, focusing on the three main types of pollution: physical, chemical, and biological. The methodology of this article is based on the critical review of 22 scientific papers published between 1972 and 2023, addressing various aspects of water pollution in the analyzed region, from generating sources to their impact. Most studies are authored by researchers affiliated with institutions located in the conflict region, with many samples collected directly from the field and processed in laboratories or GIS environments. The study results highlight chemical pollution often exceeding recommended limits for various analyzed parameters. Biological pollution subjects aquatic ecosystems to significant pressures, including eutrophication and harmful algal blooms. Wastewater is discharged into watercourses in the region, affecting their physical properties. Areas subject to water pollution include the Gaza Strip, the coastal zone, the northern aquifer in Israel, and lakes in the western part of the analysis region, posing potential risks to the health of the populations in Israel and Palestine
Gestion des déchets ménagers et risques sur l’environnement dans la ville d’Obala, Région du Centre, Cameroun
Get PDFLa gestion des déchets solides ménagers se pose avec insistance dans la ville d’Obala, du fait de sa croissance démographique et de sa consommation. Aujourd’hui, ce secteur se caractérise par une faible organisation des acteurs, une insuffisance des moyens adéquats et une absence de stratégies durables. La présente étude vise à mettre en exergue le mode de gestion des déchets ménagers sur l’environnement dans la ville d’Obala dans le Département de la Lekié au Cameroun. Dans ces travaux, une enquête transversale descriptive subdivisée en deux, enquêtes géographiques et sociologiques, a été réalisée. L’échantillonnage utilisé s’est basé sur le choix au hasard des ménages, ainsi 30 ménages par quartier ont été mobilisés pour cette étude. Au total 120 ménages ont été choisis aléatoirement dans quatre (04) quartiers sur les sept (07) que compte la ville d’Obala. Les entretiens ont été conduits auprès des responsables de la commune urbaine ainsi qu’avec 30 agents de la mairie en charge de la collecte des ordures. Les résultats révèlent que 53,3% des ménages enquêtés sont sous la charge des femmes. Par ailleurs, 92% de la population stocke leurs ordures ménagères solides dans les conteneurs à la maison avant de s’en débarrasser et ces ordures solides finissent dans les rues, caniveaux, canaux et cours d’eaux à 98%, d’où la présence de plusieurs dépôts sauvages identifiés dans la ville. L’incinération à ciel ouvert, une source de pollution, est pratiquée à 99% comme mode d’élimination des ordures à Obala. La caractérisation des déchets de la ville a montré un taux élevé de la matière organique (53,1 %) comparé aux plastiques (20%). Concernant la connaissance de quelques maladies dues à la gestion des déchets ménagers, 63% des répondants aux enquêtes ont relevé le paludisme, 25% la diarrhée et 12% d’autres maladies. L’étude montré que la gestion de déchets ménagers est inadéquate et constitue un réel problème de salubrité et de santé publique impliquant une menace pour le développement de la ville d’Obala, et pourtant, ces déchets ménagers offres des possibilités de valorisation énormes aux vues de leur typologie.
Solid household waste management is a pressing issue in the city of Obala, due to its growing population and consumption. Today, this sector is characterized by poor organization of players, inadequate resources and a lack of sustainable strategies. This study aims to highlight the environmental impact of household waste management in the town of Obala, in Cameroon's Lekié Department. In this work, a descriptive cross-sectional survey subdivided into two, geographical and sociological surveys, was carried out. The sampling used was based on the random selection of households, so 30 households per district were mobilized for this study. A total of 120 households were randomly selected in four (04) of Obala's seven (07) districts. Interviews were conducted with officials of the urban commune, as well as with 30 mayoral officers in charge of refuse collection. The results reveal that 53.3 % of households surveyed are runs by women. Moreover, 92% of the populations store their solid household waste in containers at home before disposing of it, and this solid waste ends up in the streets, gutters, canals and waterways at 98%, hence the presence of several unauthorized dumps identified in the town. Open-air incineration, a source of pollution, is 99% of Obala's waste disposal method. Characterization of the city's waste showed a high rate of organic matter (53.1%) compared with plastics (20%). Concerning knowledge of some diseases caused by household waste management, 63% of survey respondents reported malaria, 25% diarrhoea and 12% other diseases. This study reveals that household waste management is inadequate and a real problem in terms of hygiene and public health, thus, a source of threat to the development of the town of Obala, despite household waste’s enormous potential for recycling
The Strategic Role of the Third Mission in Universities: A Concrete Case Study
Get PDFIn addition to teaching and research, the goal of universities is to contribute to the development of civil society by promoting the direct application, valorization, and use of knowledge. In reality, it is a widespread and shared opinion that is no longer enough to carry out research on campus and publish subsequent works in scientific journals. It is also difficult to be fully satisfied with teaching only young people in university courses. This paper focuses on highlighting how an applied example can be taken as the best practice for future implementations. The methodology used is qualitative. The research question that initiated the study was to concretely verify how the Third Mission (TM) was integrated into the strategic choices of universities. In light of the new methods of evaluating universities, how can we highlight what they have done in terms of the third mission? Are organizational solutions possible in the approach to the TM? The objective was to verify what the impact and future development of the Third Mission (TM) in the universities will be. In light of its inclusion among the evaluation criteria of universities and teachers, the Third Mission (TM) is the new future frontier in terms of local and national openness and development, as well as their economic and financial sustainability. To this end, a case analysis was proposed as a model/best practice, and in particular the case of the Department of Business and Law of the University of Calabria was also presented. The application and implementation of rules and regulations are always difficult in any case and in any field. An example can be seen in public administration and universities, bureaucratically "plastered" and not very inclined to change and innovation, especially regarding performance evaluation. Therefore, seeing an application carried out relatively quickly allows the enhancement of the “DiScAG Model”, which is to be taken as an application example in the implementation of the Third Mission (TM) in universities. The study will contribute to increasing the literature and starting a discussion and a reflection on what has been done and what still needs to be done in this direction
Granger Causality Model of Retained Earnings and Financial Performance of Non-Financial Firms Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), Kenya
Get PDFNon-financial firms are central to economic development of nations, producing goods and services and alleviating unemployment by creating numerous job opportunities. Despite this potential inherent in non-financial firms, evidence shows that the non-financial firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) experience challenges in their financial performance, which lowers their capacity to invest. Although retained earnings have been used as a source of funding among listed non-financial firms, there is a paucity of research on the predictive power between retained earnings and the financial performance of these firms. Therefore, this paper focuses on addressing this paucity by modeling Granger causality between retained earnings and financial performance measured through Return on Assets (ROA) of non-financial firms listed on the NSE. The Wald tests revealed that the financial performance of non-financial firms Granger-causes retained earnings, but retained earnings do not Granger-cause financial performance. The conclusion drawn from these findings is that financial performance of non-financial firms listed on the NSE allows forecasting of future retained earnings. However, future research should leverage emerging advances like Network Granger causality to determine whether bidirectional Granger causality is viable between the two variables
Effets insecticides d’extraits aqueux de trois plantes (Ocimum gratissimum, Alstonia boonei et Nauclea latifolia) sur les termites déprédateurs de manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz 1766) dans la région d’Agboville (Côte d’Ivoire)
Get PDFLe manioc représente l’une des principales cultures de production de racines tubéreuses en Afrique conduisant à plusieurs variétés de produits alimentaires. Malheureusement, les termites causent de sérieux dommages à la culture, entrainant une considérable perte de production. La méthode de lutte la plus répandue est l’utilisation des insecticides synthétiques qui représentent un risque réel pour les organismes vivants et l’environnement. Dans la recherche d’alternatives à ces insecticides chimiques, cette présente étude, réalisée dans le département d’Agboville, a pour objectif évaluer l’effet insecticides d’extraits aqueux de trois plantes : Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiacée), Nauclea latifolia (Rubiacée) et Alstonia boonei (Apocynacée) dans les champs de manioc. Le dispositif expérimental utilisé est un bloc de Fisher de 5 traitements (3 extraits de plantes, le chlorpyrifos-éthyl, le témoin non traité) avec trois répétitions. Chaque extraits de plante a été concentré à 100g/L et 3,2 ml de pyriforce (dosé à 480g/l de chlorpyrifos-éthyl), produit de référence, ont été dilués dans 2 L d’eau pour les traitements. Les résultats obtenus ont confirmé l’efficacité du chlorpyrifos-éthyl sur les termites ravageurs de manioc. Le traitement par Ocimum gratissimum s’est révélé plus efficace contre les termites, avec un taux d’attaques de termites plus faible (27,78 ± 4,96%) et significativement différent de celui du témoin non traité (66,66 ± 13,17%). Les traitements par Alstonia boonei et par Nauclea latifolia avec des taux d’attaques respectifs de 54,33 ± 8,93 % et 44,44 ± 11,04 % ont été moins efficaces contre les termites. Par ailleurs, l’effet insecticides de ces extraits aqueux de plantes diminue avec le temps. Le test de toxicité par contact réalisé au laboratoire sur Ancistrotermes sp, espèce de termites la plus agressive sur le manioc, a confirmé l’efficacité de Ocimum gratissimum. Toutefois, des études approfondies doivent être menées pour mieux cerner les propriétés anti-termites de cette plante en vue de son utilisation par les paysans.
Cassava represents one of the main production crops of tuberous roots in Africa leading to several varieties of products food. Unfortunately, termites cause serious damage to the cultivation, leading to a considerable loss of production. The most effective methode of controlwidespread is the use of synthetic insecticides which represent a real risk for living organisms and the environment. In the search for alternatives to thèse chemical insecticides, this present study, carried out in the department d’Agboville, aims to aqueous extracts of three plants : Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiacée), Nauclea latifolia (Rubiacée) et Alstonia boonei (Apocynacée) in the cassava fields. The experimental device use dis a Fisher block of treatments (3 plant extracts, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, untreated control) with three repetitions. Each plant extract has been concentrated to 100 g /L and 3,2 ml of pyriforce (dosed at 480g/l of chlorpyrifos-ethyl), product of reference, were diluted in 2 l of water for the treatments. The obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of chlorpyrifos -ethyl on cassava termite pests. The treatment with Ocimum gratissimum has proven to be more effective againts termites, with a lower rate of termite attacks (27,78 ± 4,96%) and significantly different from that of the untreated control(66,66 ± 13,17%). Treatment with Alstonia boonei and by Nauclea latifolia with respective attacks rates of 54,33 ± 8,93 % and 44,44 ± 11,04 % were less effective against termites. Furthermore, the effect insecticides from these aqueous plant extracts decreases over time. The test of toxicity by contact carried out in the laboratory an Ancistrotermes sp, species of termites the most aggressive on cassava, confirmed the effectiveness of Ocimum gratissimum. However, in-depth studies must be anti-termite propreties of this plant for its use by farmers
Characterization of the vegetation cover and water erosion dynamics in the Aghien lagoon catchment
Get PDFSoil erosion affects land quality and water resources. The present research aimed to estimate spatio-temporal changes in land-use/land-cover pattern and soil erosion in the lagoon Aghien watershed in Côte d'Ivoire. This study was carried out by using Landsat imageries of 2016 and 2020. Images were classified into categories using supervised classification by the maximum likelihood algorithm. Universal Soil Loss Equation modeling was applied in a GIS environment to quantify the potential soil erosion risk. The area of bare soil/Habitats and crops/Fallow increased by 2981 ha (37.8%) and 2642 ha (17.58%) during 2016–2020. The high soil losses are located on the slopes of the rivers and valleys adjacent to the Aghien lagoon, which are also naturally favored by the steepness of the slopes and their length and inclination. However, the average soil loss values were 60.65% in 2016 and 47.64% in 2020. However, the very low and low soil loss values are scattered over the watershed for an area of 34441.52 ha corresponding to a rate of 94.36% in 2016, in 2020 they occupy an area of 34956.76 ha with a rate of 95.77%. On the other hand, high and very high soil losses are insignificant, corresponding to rates of 0.95% and 0.60% in 2016 and 2020 respectively. However, most of the soil loss in the watershed is due to moderate erosion, occupying areas of 1712.19 ha (4.69%) and 1305.77 ha (3.58%) also in 2016 and 2020
Analyse de la performance économique de la production de banane plantain et son impact socio-économique sur les ménages agricoles dans le village Mbubu au Kongo central en RD Congo
Get PDFLa culture du bananier génère d’emplois au profit des acteurs du monde rural, procure revenus substantiels pour les acteurs de cette filière et contribue à l’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire. Globalement, cette étude a analysé la performance de la culture du bananier (d’un hectare) et son impact socio-économique chez les ménages producteurs. Spécifiquement, il est question de déterminer les différents paramètres de la performance et le ratio de profitabilité, ainsi ressortir l’impact socio-économique induit par cette culture. Choisis de façon aléatoire, 30 ménages ont été enquêtés. Les statistiques descriptives ont permis de dégager les tendances centrales et de dispersion, la comptabilité analytique a permis de déterminer la performance économique et les effets induits sur le plan socio-économique des ménages au moyen de calcul du ratio de satisfaction financière. Il ressort des résultats que, l’exploitant dépense 1742,15 dégageant ainsi une marge bénéficiaire de 484,77, d’où résulte un ratio de profitabilité de 21,77%. Ce résultat prouve que la production et la vente des bananes plantains dans le village Mbubu sont des activités moyennement rentables et génératrices de revenus. Ratio de satisfaction financière étant de 346,08%, cela signifie que la production d’un hectare de banane ne contribue qu’à peu près à 30% aux besoins fondamentaux de l’exploitant. D’où la satisfaction financière des ménages, doit passer soit par l’intensification de la culture, soit par l’exploitation d’autres cultures en parallèle.
Banana cultivation generates jobs for stakeholders in the rural world, provides substantial income for stakeholders in this sector, and contributes to improving food security. Overall, this study analyzed the performance of banana cultivation (a one-hectare) and its socio-economic impact among producing households. Specifically, it is a question of determining the different performance parameters and the profitability ratio, highlighting the socio-economic impact induced by this plant. Selected randomly, 30 households were surveyed. Descriptive statistics allowed identifying central and dispersion tendencies, and analytical accounting allowed to determine the economic performance and the induced effects on the socio-economic level of households by means of calculating the financial satisfaction ratio. The results show that the farmer spends 1,742.15 as a total cost to produce and place on the local market 705 bunches of plantain of ±10 kg for 484.77, resulting in a profitability ratio of 21.77%. This result proves that the production and sale of plantains in Mbubu village are moderately profitable and income-generating activities. The financial satisfaction ratio being 346.08%, means that the production of one hectare of banana only contributes approximately 30% to the basic needs of the farmer. Hence the financial satisfaction of households must come either through the intensification of cultivation or through the exploitation of other crops in parallel
Exploring the Impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance Ratings in Investment Decisions During Uncertain Times: A Focus on the Energy Industry
Get PDFWith sustainability awareness on the rise around the world, and as global awareness of sustainability grows, it's inevitable that the financial sector will have to adapt. More than just a numbers-based assessment, modern finance is faced with the integration of environmental, social and governance (ESG) standards. Our research explores how these ESG standards influence investment decisions, especially in uncertain contexts such as global conflicts or pandemics. The growing importance of these considerations is underlined by regulatory developments, which underscore the need for investors, particularly institutional and corporate investors, to factor ESG criteria into their decision-making processes
Accompagnement psychosocial et résilience des adolescents victimes de conflit intercommunautaire Arabe Choa Mousgoum à Logone Birni
Get PDFLe conflit intercommunautaire entre les Arabes Choa et les Mousgoum à Logone Birni, une région du Cameroun, a engendré des conséquences dévastatrices sur la population locale, en particulier sur les adolescents. Ce contexte de violence a exacerbé des problèmes psychosociaux tels que l’anxiété, la dépression et le stress post-traumatique parmi les jeunes. Malgré cette situation certains adolescents ont développé la capacité de résilience. Dès lors, comment l’accompagnement psychosocial influence-t-il la résilience des adolescents victimes du conflit intercommunautaire arabe choa-Mousgoum à Logone Birni ? Cette étude s’appuie sur la théorie écologique de Bronfenbrenner (1979), qui souligne l’importance des interactions entre l’individu et son environnement social dans le développement de la résilience. Les résultats montrent que 75% des adolescents ayant bénéficié d’un accompagnement psychosocial structuré ont rapporté une amélioration significative de leur bien-être émotionnel par rapport à ceux n’ayant pas reçu ce soutien. De plus, 60% des participants ont développé des compétences sociales renforcées, facilitant ainsi leur intégration dans la communauté. Il est recommandé d’intensifier les programmes d’accompagnement psychosocial en intégrant des approches communautaires qui mobilisent non seulement les adolescents mais aussi leurs familles et leurs pairs. De plus, il serait bénéfique d’évaluer régulièrement l’efficacité de ces programmes afin d’adapter les interventions aux besoins évolutifs des jeunes victimes du conflit.
The inter-communal conflict between the Choa Arabs and the Mousgoum in Logone Birni, a region of Cameroon, has had devastating consequences on the local population, particularly on adolescents. This context of violence has exacerbated psychosocial problems such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress among young people. Despite this situation, some adolescents have developed the capacity for resilience. Therefore, how does psychosocial support influence the resilience of adolescent victims of the Choa-Mousgoum Arab intercommunity conflict in Logone Birni? This study is based on the ecological theory of Bronfenbrenner (1979), which highlights the importance of interactions between the individual and their social environment in the development of resilience. The results show that 75% of adolescents who received structured psychosocial support reported a significant improvement in their emotional well-being compared to those who did not receive this support. In addition, 60% of participants developed strengthened social skills, thus facilitating their integration into the community. It is recommended to intensify psychosocial support programs by integrating community approaches that mobilize not only adolescents but also their families and peers. In addition, it would be beneficial to regularly evaluate the effectiveness of these programs in order to adapt interventions to the evolving needs of young victims of conflict