Revues Scientifiques Marocaines
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تنفيذ الأحكام التحكيمية الرقمية في إطار القانون الدولي الخاص بين الاعتراف القانوني والتحديات: كوثر القاضي
No full textإن تنفيذ الأحكام التحكيمية الرقمية لا يزال يواجه إشكالات عميقة على المستويين النظري والعملي، رغم الطفرة التكنولوجية التي غيّرت معالم المشهد القانوني المعاصر. فالنظام القانوني الدولي والوطني، وإن أبدى بعض الانفتاح على مبدأ التحكيم الرقمي، إلا أنه لا يزال مترددًا في التعامل مع مخرجاته، خاصة عند مرحلة التنفيذ، حيث تتقاطع متطلبات الشكل التقليدي مع واقع رقمي يتجاوز النصوص الجامدة. وقد تبيّن من خلال الدراسة أن الإطار القانوني المنظم للاعتراف بالأحكام التحكيمية، سواء عبر اتفاقية نيويورك أو القوانين الوطنية، لم يُواكب بعد بشكل كافٍ التحولات الرقمية، إذ يغيب التنصيص الصريح على الحجية القانونية للتوقيعات الرقمية، والمشروعية الكاملة للجلسات الافتراضية، وقوة الإثبات للمستندات الإلكترونية."The enforcement of digital arbitral awards still faces profound challenges on both theoretical and practical levels, despite the technological boom that has reshaped the contemporary legal landscape. While international and national legal systems have shown some openness toward the concept of digital arbitration, they remain hesitant to fully embrace its outcomes—particularly at the enforcement stage, where traditional formal requirements intersect with a digital reality that transcends rigid legal texts. The study has shown that the legal framework governing the recognition of arbitral awards—whether through the New York Convention or national laws—has yet to adequately adapt to digital transformations. It lacks explicit provisions regarding the legal validity of digital signatures, the full legitimacy of virtual hearings, and the evidentiary value of electronic documents
Water resources in Morocco and strategies for achieving water security: Water resources in Morocco and strategies for achieving water security
No full textحضي الماء باهتمام كبير لمختلف الفاعلين، لتراجع موارده، بسبب تدخل إكراهات طبيعية وبشرية، ولمواجهة تحدياته، تم تبني استراتيجيات، وتدابير قانونية، الشيء الذي يضعنا أمام الطرح الإشكالي الآتي: ما أهم استراتيجيات المغرب لتحقيق أمنه المائي؟
وللتوسع أكثر اعتمدنا على منهجية، تعتمد على مقاربة علمية تستند على المنهج الوصفي والاستقرائي. وفي تحليلنا استخدمنا تقنيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية SIG، وبرنامج SPSS، وعلى وثائق وإحصاءات مندوبية التخطيط ومكتب قطاع الماء.
ونهدف من دراستنا إلى معرفة استراتيجيات المغرب في مواجهة تحدي ندرة وتراجع الموارد المائية، ومن أهم النتائج المتوصل إليها نجد: معاناة المغرب من تراجع في نسبة المياه، وذلك لتدخل عدة عوامل، كانت لها انعكاسات متباينة، دفعته إلى نهج سياسات واستراتيجيات لتدبيره، وتحقيق أمنه المائي.Water received great attention from various stakeholders. This is due to the intervention of natural and human. To address these challenges, we have relied strategies, and legal measures. Hence, we pose our question: What are Morocco's most important strategies to achieve water security? We adopted a methodology based on a scientific approach that incorporates a descriptive and Inductive approach.
In our analysis, we used SIG geographic information systems techniques, SPSS, as well as administrative documents and statistics from Planning Delegation, and Water Sector Office.
Our study aims to understand Morocco's strategies for confronting the challenge of scarcity and declining water resources. Among the most important findings is that Morocco is suffering from a decline in water availability due to the intervention of several factors, which have had varying repercussions, prompting it to adopt policies and strategies to manage water resources and achieve water security
The Afro-Atlantic Space amid Sahelian Fragmentation: The Atlantic Initiative as a Regional Integration Framework
No full textWest Africa is undergoing a major geopolitical metamorphosis, illustrated by internal developments such as the withdrawal of the Sahel States Alliance (AES) countries from ECOWAS and the establishment of a Confederation of Sahel States (CES). In the face of Sahelian fragmentation marked by political instability and the reconfiguration of regional alliances, Morocco offered to provide Chad and the three AES states maritime access to the Atlantic Ocean through the port of Dakhla. The proposal, presented in November 2023, constituted a royal initiative aimed at providing landlocked Sahel countries with access to the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, the Sahel remains an indispensable component for Moroccan diplomacy. It is in this spirit that this paper aims to highlight the role of the Atlantic Initiative in facilitating the integration of the Sahel nations. The research analyzes the potential of this project to serve as a catalyst for regional integration amid institutional dysfunction and escalating geopolitical tensions. The study highlights both the potential and limitations of the Atlantic initiative as a vehicle for continental unity, positioned at the intersection of Atlantic and Sahelian dynamics
Les Sukuk : Une Nouvelle Alternative de Financement au Maroc
No full textSince 2008, the global financial crisis has exposed significant vulnerabilities in the financial system, causing widespread economic disruption for both businesses and governments. In this context, Sukuk have emerged as key instruments of Islamic finance, providing effective alternatives to meet the financing and liquidity needs of economic actors. In Morocco, the development potential of Sukuk is considerable, as they offer credible investment opportunities for both domestic and foreign investors, while supporting economic and social development projects. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Islamic financial products, with a focus on Sukuk, examining their legal, economic, and financial dimensions, and assessing their attractiveness and potential contribution to the growth of SMEs. The research relies on a review of academic and institutional literature, secondary data, and a descriptive-analytical approach, highlighting that the legal and regulatory anchoring of Sukuk is a critical factor for their credibility and integration into Morocco’s financial system.Depuis 2008, la crise financière mondiale a profondément ébranlé le système financier, entraînant des répercussions significatives sur les entreprises et les gouvernements. Dans ce contexte, les Sukuk se sont imposés comme des instruments financiers majeurs de la finance islamique, offrant des alternatives efficaces aux besoins de financement et de gestion de la liquidité des acteurs économiques. Au Maroc, le potentiel de développement des Sukuk est considérable, car ils constituent une option crédible pour les investisseurs locaux et étrangers, contribuant ainsi au financement de projets de développement économique et social. Cette étude a pour objectif de présenter une analyse approfondie des produits financiers islamiques, en mettant l’accent sur les Sukuk, et de les examiner sous leurs dimensions juridique, économique et financière, tout en évaluant leur attractivité et leur rôle potentiel dans le soutien aux PME. La recherche s’appuie sur une revue exhaustive de la littérature académique et institutionnelle, l’exploitation de données secondaires et une approche descriptive et analytique, permettant de démontrer que l’ancrage juridique et réglementaire des Sukuk constitue un facteur clé de leur crédibilité et de leur intégration dans le système financier marocain. 
Chemometric Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Quality of Spring Waters in Séraïdi (Algeria): Seasonal Variations of Nitrates, Organic Matter, and Hydrochemical Profiles
No full textThis study assesses the physico-chemical quality of spring water in the commune of Séraïdi (Annaba, Algeria), with particular emphasis on nitrate and organic matter (OM) concentrations, as well as their seasonal variation between autumn 2023 and winter 2024. Analyses were conducted on seven springs, measuring pH, nitrate (NO₃⁻) levels, and permanganate oxidizability. Nitrate concentrations were all below the Algerian drinking water standard but exceeded the recommendations for infants and young children. The pH remained generally acidic. Organic matter was more abundant in autumn, especially in inhabited areas. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) helped identify distinct hydrochemical profiles, highlighting the influence of urbanization and natural inputs. These findings underscore the need for regular monitoring of spring water quality, particularly for sensitive domestic uses
Bridging the Gap Between Learners’ Competencies and Employability Expectations in the Moroccan Academic Context: Teaching Soft Skills through ESP Courses
No full textOver the last decade English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has gained momentum in the academic sphere due to its high role in bridging the gap between students’ competencies and the demands of the job-market by providing the necessary employability skills contained mainly in the ability to understand and communicate the necessary language (s) of the workplace along with the technical knowledge relative to the area of expertise. Hence, it is important for the academic environment to be a place that promotes the necessary skills and competencies among students to meet the demands of the market. The significance of employability skills in higher education context is highly stressed in higher education agenda which involves producing future employees and experts with marketable skills and competencies that would meet the demands of the professional milieu. However, the teaching of these skills has always been a challenging endeavour for practitioners as the process of integrating soft skills in higher education curriculum is not always straightforward and usually requires complex decisions with regard to the skills to be included and the mode of teaching them. In this respect, ESP appears to be a convenient mode characterised by various and unique methodological features which would facilitate the teaching and learning practices of soft skills. The purpose of the present paper is to examine and analyse the inclusion of soft skills in ESP courses and the extent to which ESP has succeeded to deliver soft skills to students in the best way possible in the Moroccan academic context. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach to data collection, using questionnaires and classroom observation. The major finding is that ESP courses remain as one of the best ways to implement, teach, and foster employability skills among students as it proves its capacity to provide learners with personalized and interactive activities, depending on the needs of learners allowing a rapid and effective skills development and mastery. Moreover, the paper suggests ways to implement employability skills in ESP courses in the context of language teaching and learning.
Key words: English for Specific Purposes (ESP), Employability Skills, Soft Skills, Language Teaching and Learning
Bendazac Molecular: Origine, History, Uses, Interactions, and Theoretical Modelisation Study
No full textBendazac (4-benzyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-one-5-acetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound known for its capacity to inhibit protein denaturation and stabilize lens crystallins (Stavrovskaya, I. G., & Baranova, M. I. (2011)) Research over the past decade has renewed interest in Bendazac and its lysine salt (bendazac-lysine) due to their protective effects against oxidative stress and lens protein aggregation, mechanisms strongly associated with cataract formation (Stefek, M. (2011)). Experimental studies demonstrate that Bendazac prevents heat- and UV-induced unfolding of α-crystallin and reduces insoluble protein aggregation in lens epithelial cells (Kumar, P., et al. (2014)). Additionally, Bendazac exhibits antioxidant action by attenuating reactive oxygen species and preserving glutathione homeostasis, further contributing to lens protection (Sun, M., et al. (2017)). Pharmacokinetic evaluations confirm that Bendazac is orally absorbed and primarily biotransformed into 5-hydroxy-bendazac, which retains biological activity . Although clinical trials continue to show only moderate anti-cataract efficacy, Bendazac remains an important model molecule for studying protein-stabilizing agents and lens-protective therapeutics (Dawczynski, J., & Königsdörffer, E. (2015)). More recent analytical and molecular studies highlight its potential value but emphasize the need for advanced, well-controlled human trials to clarify clinical benefit and safet
Moroccan Religious Intellectual Production between the 15th and 20thCenturies: Quranic Sciences, Hadith Studies, and the Prophet’s Biography A Comparative Bibliometric Approach
No full textيهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة الإنتاج الفكري الديني المغربي بين القرنين الخامس عشر والعشرين، مع التركيز على علوم القرآن والحديث والسيرة النبوية، وذلك بالاعتماد على مخطوط عبد الرحمان ابن زيدان " طبقات العلماء أهل التصنيف من رعايا الملوك ابتداء من علي ابن الشريف " بوصفه مصدرًا ببليوغرافيًا رئيسيًا. يعتمد البحث منهجًا ببليومتريًا لتحليل 1712 عنوانًا ألّفها 385 عالمًا، مما يسمح بتناول طبيعة التأليف الديني ومجالاته واتجاهاته العامة. وقد بينت النتائج أن العلوم الدينية شكّلت حوالي 65% من مجموع الإنتاج، مع هيمنة واضحة للمصنفات الشارحة والحواشي والاختصارات التي بلغت نحو 50.%.
وفي مجال علوم القرآن، بلغ عدد المؤلفات 66 عنوانًا، تركزت على التفسير الجزئي والقراءات والتجويد، مع محدودية التفاسير الجامعة، بما يعكس استمرار التقاليد التعليمية المرتبطة بالقرويين والكتاتيب. أما علوم الحديث فبلغت 135 عملاً، وبرز من بينها الاهتمام المتزايد بشرح صحيح البخاري، خاصة خلال عهد المولى إسماعيل. وفي السيرة النبوية، بلغ الإنتاج 83 عنوانًا تميزت بحضور قوي للنزعة الروحية والصوفية.
وتخلص الدراسة إلى أن الطباعة أسهمت أكثر في إعادة إنتاج التراث الديني بدل تجديده، مما حافظ على استمرار البنية المعرفية التقليدية حتى العصر الحديث.This study aims to examine Moroccan religious intellectual production between the 15th and 20th centuries, focusing on Quranic sciences, Hadith, and the Prophet’s biography, relying on Abd al-Rahman ibn Zaydan’s manuscript Ṭabaqāt al-ʿUlamāʾ Ahl al-Taṣnīf min Raʿāyā al-Mulūk Ibtidāʾan min ʿAlī ibn al-Sharīf. The research adopts a bibliometric approach to analyze 1,712 titles authored by 385 scholars, allowing for an assessment of the nature, scope, and general trends of religious writing. Results indicate that religious sciences accounted for roughly 65% of total production, with a clear dominance of commentaries, marginal notes, and abridgements, representing about 50%. In Quranic sciences, 66 works focused on partial exegesis, recitations, and Tajwīd, while comprehensive interpretations were limited, reflecting the persistence of educational traditions linked to Qur’anic schools and kuttāb. Hadith studies included 135 works, highlighting growing attention to Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, especially under Sultan Moulay Ismail. Prophetical biographies totaled 83 titles, marked by a strong spiritual and Sufi orientation. The study concludes that printing primarily reproduced religious heritage rather than innovating it, maintaining traditional knowledge structures into the modern era
Defensive fortifications in the city of Souss-Taroudant: history and architectural authenticity
No full textتشكل العمارة العسكرية الموجودة في حاضرة سوس تارودانت شواهد معمارية تدل على عراقة المدينة ونهضتها الحضارية، ويمثل النمط المعماري الأصيل مركز إشعاعها، فالخبرة والمهارة العالية التي اكتسبها الإنسان ومعرفته الدقيقة بتقنيات ومواد البناء، أسهمت في تشييد هذه المباني الرائعة والجميلة، التي تعتبر ثمرة إبداع الإنسان وتصوره للحياة وتجسيده للحلول التي ابتكرها في مقاومة الظروف الطبيعية والاقتصادية التي أملتها البيئة التي عاش تحت تأثيرها. ويتطلب إنشاء مجتمع حضري مستقر إرساء إطار أمني متين، ولهذا تبرز أهمية التحصين في حماية المدن، وقد لعبت الأسوار التي تُعدّ من أهمّ البنى الدفاعية، دوراً حاسماً في حماية العديد من الحواضر المغربية من الهجمات فهي تُمثّل رمزاً للأمن والحماية من أيّ تدخّل خارجي.The military architecture that is found in the city of Souss-Taroudant bears witness to the city's ancient history and cultural development. The essence of its prestige is attributable to its authentic architectural style, which serves as the focal point of its aesthetic expression. The experience and expertise accumulated by humankind, as well as the in-depth understanding of construction techniques and materials, played a decisive role in the development of these remarkable and sophisticated buildings. These constructions are the product of the creativity of the inhabitants, their conception of life and their ability to implement ingenious solutions to cope with the natural and economic conditions imposed by their environment.
The establishment of a stable urban society is predicated on the implementation of a robust security framework, underscoring the significance of fortification in safeguarding metropolitan areas. Walls, which are among the most critical defensive structures, have played a pivotal role in safeguarding numerous Moroccan cities from incursion. These elements are often perceived as symbols of security and protection from external interference
Pragmatèmes de l’arabe marocain : Pour le meilleur et pour le pire
No full textThis work is interested in a particular type of phraseologisms that we designate by pragmatic phraseologisms or by pragmatemes.These phraseological units have the merit of being studied since their use and meaning depend on the context of enunciation in which they are used.This paper seeks to study, on the one hand, the linguistic peculiarities of pragmatemes in Moroccan Arabic through the study of the morphosyntactic structures of vow formulas, and on the other hand to highlight the relationship between the expression, the context and the meaning that reveals the cultural specificities of this linguistic system.To carry out our study, we relied on data drawn from a corpus of Moroccan pragmatemes in which wishes are made on occasions of joy or sadness.Ce travail s’intéresse à un type particulier de phraséologismes que l’on désigne par phraséologismes pragmatiques ou par pragmatèmes.Ces unités phraséologiques ont le mérite d’être étudiées vu que leur emploi et leur sens sont tributaires du contexte d’énonciation dans lequel elles sont utilisées.Notre travail se propose alors d’étudier, d’une part, les particularités linguistiques des pragmatèmes en arabe marocain à travers l’étude des structures morphosyntaxiques des formules de voeu, et d’autre part de mettre en évidence le rapport entre l’expression, le contexte et le sens qui révèle les spécificités culturelles de ce système linguistique.Pour mener à bien notre étude, nous nous sommes basés sur des données tirées d’un corpus de pragmatèmes marocains dans lesquelles on formule des voeux dans des occasions de joie ou de tristesse