Asian Pacific Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences
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Optimizing Azathioprine Preformulation and Exploring its Interactions with Excipients
Get PDFPreformulation studies investigate the physical and chemical properties of a drug substance, alone and in combination with other excipients. The goal of these studies is to develop a safe, effective, and stable dosage form. Preformulation studies are initiated once a new molecule is seeded. They focus on the concepts of physicochemical properties, which are vital for any new drug molecule and/or proteins/peptides. These properties affect the therapeutic efficacy and the development process of their specific dosage form. The stage of development known as preformulation is when the physicochemical qualities are defined by a set of parameters. Among these are characteristics of solid states such crystal form, water sorption behaviour, surface property, particle size and shape, other mechanical properties, solubility, dissolution behaviour, stability, partition coefficient, and ionisation constant. Drugs are almost always given a compounded property rather than being delivered as a pure chemical ingredient. These can range from quite easy fixes to intricate medication delivery schemes. through the incorporation of suitable excipients or additives into the formulations to offer legitimate and specific medicinal actions. Achieving a consistent, therapeutic response to a drug incorporated in a formulation that can be manufactured on a wide scale with repeatable results is the main goal of dosage form design. The main goal of designing a dosage form is to provide a medicine incorporated in a formulation with a predictable, therapeutic response that can be manufactured on a wide scale with consistent product quality. Preformulation studies are typically used to characterize and determine the stability of the medicinal ingredient. Since stability testing is the main method used to determine when pharmaceutical products should be put into clinical trials and under what storage conditions, it is imperative that the stability profile of any novel component be determined before moving further with product development. Throughout the course of the drug product's lifecycle, stability studies are essential to establishing and guaranteeing its safety, efficacy, and quality. stability information for the drug substance are used to determine optimal storage and packaging conditions for bulk lots of the material. Studies are designed to degrade the solid drug substance and appropriate solutions, allowing the determination of the degradation profile
Effect of Yoga on Primary Dysmenorrhoea In Adolescent School Girls
Get PDFPrimary Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological complaint among adolescent girls refers to painful menstrual periods with cramps in the lower abdominal region, which can contribute to significant physical and emotional distress. Yoga has been proved to be safe and simple treatment for dysmenorrhea. Objectives: The objectives of the present study to assess the effect of yoga in primary dysmenorrhea. Methodology: A two group pre-post experimental study design has been conducted on 60 adolescent girls having the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea from Kitturu Rani Chennamma Residential School of girls, Kadabahalli, Mandya District, Karnataka, age range between 13-16 years were included for this study and divided into two groups yoga & control. Participants with physical & mental challenged, associated with any other medical condition, PCOD condition, endometrioses any pelvic pathology and acute infections were excluded from the study. Informed consent has been taken from the children & from the school authority. Yoga groups practiced a set of yoga intervention daily one hour for one month and control group followed the regular routine activity. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Attitude & belief scale & pain quality assessment scale has been assessed before the intervention & after the yoga intervention. Results: Pain quality assessment scale reduced (27.57%, p<0.001), Perceived Stress Scale reduced (33.94 %, p<0.001) & Attitude and Belief Assessment Scale improved (18.11 %, p<0.001) in yoga group compared to control group after intervention.Conclusion: One-month practice of yoga helps in reducing the pain and stress levels in adolescent girls with primary dysmenorrhea
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Retrospection on History, Pathophysiology its Mainstream and Herbal Drug Therapy
Get PDFPeptic ulcer, a persistent condition affecting approximately 10% of the global population, arises due to factors such as gastric juice pH and a decline in mucosal defenses. The primary causes of mucosal resistance disruption leading to peptic ulcers are attributed to the use of NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Despite traditional treatments such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists, limitations like adverse effects, relapses, and potential drug interactions have been observed. The main objective of antiulcer therapy is to either prevent acid secretion from gastric parietal cells or neutralize the acid before it reaches ulcerated areas in the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional approaches for duodenal ulcers, including diet, antacids, and anticholinergics, have been in practice for an extended period. However, only antacids have been definitively proven effective for healing, albeit requiring administration in large and frequent doses. Addressing the pathophysiology and optimal treatment strategies for non-NSAID, non-H. pylori associated peptic ulcers remains challenging. The review underscores the H. pylori infection and NSAID use as the most prevalent risk factors for ulcer development. Additionally, genetic predisposition, stress, and comorbidities elevate the risk of ulcer occurrence. Successful eradication and prevention of these risk factors are crucial to averting the presence of ulcers and their complications. Conversely, medicinal plants and their chemical compounds emerge as valuable in preventing and treating various diseases. Consequently, the review provides insights into the etiology, pathogenesis, chemotherapy, and common medicinal plants that may be employed in the treatment or prevention of peptic ulcers
Antifertility and Estrogenic Activity of Seeds of Datura alba in Female Albino Rats
Get PDFTo evaluate the effect of acetone and ethanol of Datura alba seed on estrous cycle and to identify the estrogenic activity of active acetone and ethanol extracts in female albino rats. Plant extracts were tested for their effect on the estrous cycle of two dose levels: 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The effective acetone and ethanol extracts were further studied on estrogenic activity. The acetone and ethanol extracts were most effective in interrupting the normal estrous cycle of the rats (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001). These later exhibited prolonged diestrous stage of the estrous cycle with consequent temporary inhibition of ovulation. The antiovulatory activity was reversible on discontinuation of treatment. Both the extracts showed significant estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity
Formulation development and Evaluation of Floating tablets containing Alogliptin using different polymers
Get PDFFormulation F3, comprising of CAB: PEO (80: 20 wt percent) with 1.5 wt percent PVA solution and drug loading (10 wt percent), demonstrated the best entrapment (87.0 and 21.06%) and release (Q12h=78.19 and 0.90%) values in simulated stomach fluid pH 1.2 when compared to other compositions. The microspheres prefer to float over the simulated stomach media for over ten hours. It was discovered that the microspheres' percent buoyancy may reach 89.50 and 1.53%, which suggests that the drug was administered in a gastroretentive way. Stability investigations showed that the particle size distribution and shape of formulation F3 had changed somewhat after one month of storage at 40.2°C and 75% relative humidity. This suggests that formulations were stable under accelerated storage conditions. As a result, efforts were made in the current study to formulate and evaluate CAB and PEO blend microspheres for the gastroretentive floating drug delivery of an antidiabetic drug such as alogliptin using an emulsion solvent evaporation technique with various polymer concentrations in order to improve the drug's short biological half-life and gastric retention time. This study showed that a combination of two hydrophilic and biocompatible polymers, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and polyethylene oxide (PEO), may be used to make floating microspheres for the efficient and successful integration of alogliptin using an emulsion solvent evaporation approach. The production of a blend of this formulation revealed superior floating capabilities than separate polymers, indicating that blend formation is suitable for the preparation of microspheres
To study the prevalence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in various departments of tertiary care hospital
Get PDFIntroduction :An ADR is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as: ‘a response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological function’.1 Each year, millions of patients experience ADRs, especially with the increased use of medicinal drugs. ADRs take the place as the fourth to sixth major cause of death, eclipsing pulmonary disease, diabetes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pneumonia. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ADRs are responsible for almost 1,300,000 emergency department visits annually.Method: A spontaneous reporting technique was followed. Patients were selected in the medical ward. We attended ward rounds and encouraged the doctors to report suspected (ADEs) as well as nurses, pharmacist, patient and their care taker. All the in-patients who assessed for ADR’s during the study period are check their past medication history. Patient was selected from general medicine department according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of WHO. Result And Discussion: During the study period total 6930 patients case sheets were reviewed among them 540 (07.79%) patients have experienced at least one adverse drug reaction (ADR). Out of 540 patients are divided into two groups 212 (39.25%) experienced 265 ADRs and admitted in hospital. In the age group 31-40 maximum ADRs was found. It also have seen male patient of all age group have more ADRs, and most ADRs. Study also soonest1 ADRs, Conclusion: The study show that ADRs Are the main cause of increase of medication cost which may be reduced by establishing of proper ADRs monitor center and establishing ADRs information center and their collaboration with other agencies
Development and Evaluation of RDT containing NSAIDS by using Natural superdisntegrants
Get PDFThe objective of the present study was to develop a pharmaceutically active, stable, safe, cost effective and quality improved formulation of NSAIDS. Rapid Dispersible Tablets are an alternative to swallowing tablets, since they are made with a unique composition that dissolves rapidly in water to create a drinkable solution. As soon as a pill makes contact with the fluid, it begins to disintegrate. Next, the granules begin to de-aggregate, or break down into smaller, fundamental particles than they were originally. Less than three minutes is ideal for the RDT's rate of dispersal or disintegration. Now days natural and synthetic Super disintegrants such as Chitosan, Starch, Guar gum, Xanthan gum, Gum-karaya, Fenugreek seed, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, and sodium starch glycolate are crucial to the RDT development process.Solubility of drug is the basic factor which controls the release profile of the finished product. Particle size reduction or Co-Micronization (e.g. by high pressure homogenization) might also increase the saturation solubility of a drug, further enhancing the dissolution rate.The purpose of this study was to create a fixed-dose combination formulation for the efficient management of migraines. Co-micronization was used to enhance the release profile of tolfenamic acid
Sickle Cell Disease - A Case Report
Get PDFSickle cell disease (SCD) is a major healthcare and societal problem affecting millions of people worldwide. In United States of America (USA), it is the most common genetic disorder affecting more than 80,000 people per year; majority of which are the African Americans Arabian and Indian. It is a genetic blood disorder affecting the red blood cells. Sickle cell pain is the hallmark of sickle cell disease and is associated with a very high mortality and morbidity rates. Being a genetic abnormality, the complete eradication of the disease from the affected seems to be difficult. Genetic counselling during pregnancy being the prime preventive step, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation becomes the mainstay of treatment for complete eradication of the disease. But it is not done very often because of the significant risks involved
A current update on viral classification, diagnosis and available treatment of COVID-19
Get PDFIn December of 2019, an outbreak of a disease began at Wuhan, China and would later be named the coronavirus disease2019 (covid-19) by the World Health Organization and further declared a global pandemic. Since the onset of this disease, the pattern of day to day activities had been disrupted in a bid to curb this menace to society. This paper work touches on basic viral classification, as well as structure of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the main causative agent of covid-19. This review work also sheds light on symptoms associated with this disease, mode of transmission, method of diagnosis and medications available in treating the symptoms. Potential vaccines available in India are also discussed here
General Health, Dental Status & Perceived Dental Treatment Needs of An Elderly Population in India
Get PDFObjectives: This pilot study determined the general and dental health status; perceived medical and dental treatment needs of an elderly population dwelling in residential homes in Himachal Pradesh (India).Method: Subjects were chosen from OPD of Department of Prosthodontics & Implantology, Himachal institute of dental sciences, Paonta sahib, (H.P) between April 2020 – April 2021. (N=133, female: 71 and male: 62) were involved in this study. A detailed questionnaire was prepared and dental examinations were conducted. Information was collected related to age, education levels, financial status, current physical functional status, general health, mental health, previous dental history, current dental status, oral hygiene practices and denture hygiene of these elderly people. The prevalence of edentulism, the presence and type of dental prostheses, dental and denture status and denture cleanliness were further evaluated.Results: The three most prevalent reported general health problems were associated with Genito-urinary problems (24%) followed by cardiovascular (18%) and respiratory problems (14%) varying significantly between genders, with males suffering more from cardiovascular problems than females (p < 0.05). Females showed significantly higher gastrointestinal and orthopaedic problems than males (p < 0.05). Females were more frequently edentulous than males but denture hygiene was significantly better in females than in males (p < 0.05). Brushing frequency did not significantly increase denture hygiene (p = 0.6). More than one-third of the subjects had not been to the dentist within the previous 5–10 years, mainly due to lack of demand, followed by the cost of the dental care and fear. More than two-thirds of denture-wearing subjects wore their dentures only during eating