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Therapeutic Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Ovarian Structure and GDF9, BMP15 and BMP4 Expression in the Spinal Cord Injury Female Rat Model: Therapeutic effects of photobiomodulation therapy on ovarian structure in the rat spinal cord injury
No full textIntroduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in severe neurological deficits and secondary complications, including disruptions in female reproductive health. Current treatment options are limited in addressing both neurological recovery and reproductive outcomes. This study investigated the impact of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on spinal cord healing and ovarian health in a female rat model of SCI.
Methods: In this study, 18 rats were divided into three groups (Control, contusion and PBMT) and SCI was induced by a weight drop model. Real-time PCR use for gene expression (GDF9, BMP15 and BMP4), histological analyses for ovarian tissues by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), cell counting and ovary volume by stereology and estrogen level measured by ELISA kit.
Results: Real-time PCR results showed that PBMT treatment significantly reduced inflammation, evidenced by lower levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and facilitated tissue repair in the ovary. Additionally, stereology results showed that ovarian assessments revealed improved follicular structure and overall enhancement of ovarian function in the PBMT-treated group compared to the contusion group, and this result is statistically significant.
Conclusion: This research highlights the dual benefits of PBMT in supporting neurological recovery and safeguarding reproductive health in female rats following SCI. These findings point to the potential of PBMT as a novel therapeutic approach to improve outcomes for women affected by SCI
Therapeutic Potential of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Controlling Inflammation and Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Regulation in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review: Therapeutic of LLLT in controlling inflammation in SCI
No full textIntroduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition characterized by primary mechanical damage followed by secondary injury processes, including inflammation and gliosis. These complex pathophysiological responses significantly hinder neuronal recovery and functional restoration. Emerging therapies, such as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), offer promising avenues for mitigating these secondary effects and promoting repair. This review aims to explore the pathophysiology of SCI, with a focus on inflammation and gliosis, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of LLLT in improving outcomes after SCI.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases to identify studies published from 2000 to 2024. Keywords included “spinal cord injury,” “inflammation,” “gliosis,” and “lowlevel laser therapy.” Articles were screened based on relevance, and data were extracted and synthesized to provide insights into the mechanisms and therapeutic applications.
Results: Inflammation following SCI involves a cascade of cellular and molecular events that contribute to secondary damage. Gliosis, predominantly driven by astrocytes and microglia, forms a glial scar that impedes axonal regeneration. While these processes are initially protective, their prolonged activation exacerbates neural damage. LLLT has shown the potential to modulate these responses by reducing oxidative stress, promoting anti-inflammatory pathways, and enhancing neuroprotection. Preclinical studies demonstrate that LLLT improves functional recovery, reduces gliosis, and supports axonal regeneration, although standardized protocols and clinical validation remain challenges.
Conclusion: The interplay between inflammation and gliosis significantly influences the outcomes of SCI. LLLT emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy by targeting these processes and promoting regeneration. Further research is needed to standardize LLLT protocols and validate its efficacy in clinical settings, paving the way for improved management of SCI
تقدیرگرایی و انفعال مردم ایران در برابر بیماری وبا در دوره قاجار
Full text linkBackground and Aim: Fatalism is the unquestioning acceptance of events and surrender to them. According to the popular belief of the Qajar people, problems and calamities originated from divine fate and destiny. Accordingly, fatalism was the most important factor in people's passivity in the face of difficulties, and from their point of view, what happened in the political and social life of society was entirely the will of God, to which one had to be submissive, humble, and surrender.
Methods: This research aims to examine Qajar people’s behaviors during the outbreak of diseases, especially cholera, using existing sources, historical documents, and new research by the historical research method that is based on two characteristics: description and analysis. Also it tries to explain their reaction by focusing on fatalistic action as a therapeutic method by asking this question: what the people and the government did and what beliefs did they resort to manage the cholera, given the prevailing social conditions in society.
Ethical Considerations: In this research, honesty and trustworthiness of historical sources and documents have been observed.
Results: The results show that in the Qajar period, the idea of fatalism and extreme passivity was one of the important factors of the vulnerability of society and the prevalence of infectious diseases, including cholera. Acceptance of fate and passivity resulting from fatalism was clearly visible during the outbreak of cholera in this period. While society should have fought this disease with the human will that came from the creation of its God, the only effort it made was to hold ceremonies and recite prayers in order to reduce suffering and change the divine will. The foundations of fatalism did not emerge at once in Iran, but rather it rooted throughout the political and social history of Iran. Therefore, it was prevalent in society during the Qajar period, especially during the outbreak of cholera, which is also reflected in the writings of European travelers.
Conclusion: During the Qajar period, the outbreak of cholera, people's fatalistic beliefs, and the lack of doctors and healthcare facilities led to the unscientific and superstitious nature of medical knowledge, resulting in the deaths of many people.زمینه و هدف: تقدیرگرایی پذیرش بیچون و چرای وقایع و تسلیمشدن در برابر آنهاست. به باور عامه مردم دوره قاجار، مشکلات و مصائب از قضا و قدر الهی نشأت میگرفت. بر این اساس تقدیرگرایی مهمترین عامل انفعال مردم در برابر سختیها بود و از دید آنها آنچه در حیات سیاسی و اجتماعی جامعه رخ میداد، تماماً اراده الهی بود که در برابر آن باید خاضع، فروتن و تسلیم شد.
روش: این پژوهش درصدد است با استفاده از منابع موجود، اسناد تاریخی و تحقیقات جدید و بهرهگیری از روش تحقیق تاریخی که مبتنی بر دو ویژگی توصیف و تحلیل میباشد، به بررسی رفتارهای مردم دوره قاجار در دوره شیوع بیماریها به ویژه وبا بپردازد و با طرح این پرسش که با توجه به اوضاع اجتماعی حاکم بر جامعه، مردم و حکومت در برابر وبا و برای مبارزه با آن، به چه کارهایی میپرداختند و به چه باورهایی متوسل میشدند، واکنش آنها را با محور قراردادن کنش تقدیرگرایانه به عنوان یک روش درمانی تبیین نماید.
ملاحظات اخلاقی: در این پژوهش صداقت و امانتداری از منابع و اسناد تاریخی رعایت شده است.
یافتهها: نتایج این پژوهش نشان میدهد که در دوره قاجار، اندیشه تقدیرگرایی و انفعال افراطی یکی از عوامل مهم آسیبپذیری جامعه و غلبه بیماریهای واگیردار، از جمله وبا بود. پذیرفتن سرنوشت و انفعال ناشی از تقدیرگرایی در زمان شیوع بیماری وبا در این دوره کاملاً نمایان بود. در جایی که باید جامعه با اراده انسانی که از خلقت پروردگارش نشأت میگرفت، به درمان و مبارزه با این بیماری بپردازد، تنها تلاشی که انجام میداد، برگزاری مراسم عزاداری و روضهخوانی در جهت کاهش آلام و تغییر اراده الهی بود. مبانی اندیشه تقدیرگرایی، به یکباره در ایران ظهور نیافته بود، بلکه به در ازای تاریخ سیاسی و اجتماعی ایران ریشه داشت. بنابراین این اندیشه در دوران قاجار، به ویژه به هنگام شیوع وبا نیز در جامعه رواج داشت که در نوشتههای سیاحان اروپایی هم انعکاس یافته است.
نتیجهگیری: در دوره قاجار شیوع بیماری وبا، باور تقدیرگرایانه مردم و کمبود پزشک و امکانات بهداشتی درمانی، غیر علمی و خرافیشدن دانش پزشکی و در نتیجه مرگ و میر جمعیت بسیاری را رقم زد
بررسی آگاهی و نگرش افراد در مورد مصرف آنتیبیوتیک، یک رهیافت ضروری در ارتقاء سطح سلامت: مطالعه موردی از دانشجویان مراکز آموزش عالی کرمانشاه
No full textBackground and Aims: Knowledge about adverse reactions and diseases caused by antibiotic use is essential for promoting lifestyle improvements. Students also constitute an important part of the healthy population in the country. This study aimed to assess the general knowledge about antibiotic use, improvement, and enhancement of self-efficacy in lifestyle among students of educational centers in Kermanshah province, as part of Iran's target population.
Materials and Methods: Using a descriptive-analytical Likert questionnaire measuring awareness and attitudes in two genders, different fields of study, and academic levels (N=580), the study was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests, regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient with a 95% confidence interval (P<0.05). Ethical considerations were observed throughout all stages of the study.
Results: The level of knowledge and attitudes differed significantly by gender, education level, and type (P<0.05). Also, the internet and social networks were the most effective sources of information for individuals.
Conclusion: Data analysis showed that gender, education level, and field of study influence students’ awareness and attitudes towards antibiotic use; specifically, men, students in biological sciences, and higher academic levels had greater awareness, and the internet was the main source of information. Combating antibiotic resistance requires public education interventions and reforming policies on antibiotic prescription and sales. These measures not only help reduce antibiotic resistance but also prevent more serious public health issues.زمینه و اهداف: دانش مربوط به واکنشهای خطرناک و بیماریهای ناشی از مصرف آنتیبیوتیک در توسعه ارتقاى سبک زندگى ضرورى است. دانشجویان نیز بخش مهمی از جمعیت سالم کشور هستند. اين مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی دانش عمومی درمورد مصرف آنتیبیوتیکها، بهبود و ارتقاء خودكارآمدى سبك زندگى دانشجویان مراکز آموزشی استان کرمانشاه بعنوان بخشی از جامعه هدف ایران انجام گرفت.
مواد و روشها: با استفاده از پرسشنامهای توصیفی- تحلیلی لیکرت سوالات سنجش سطح آگاهی و نگرش در دو جنس و رشتههای تحصیلی و مقاطع متفاوت (N=580)، بررسی شد. آنالیز آماری با استفاده از آزمونهای ناپارامتری تحلیل رگرسیون و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون با فاصله اطمینان ۹۵% انجام شد (P<0.05). رعایت ملاحظات اخلاقی در تمام مراحل اجرای مطالعه درنظر گرفته شد.
یافتهها: سطح دانش و نگرش افراد با تفاوت در جنسیت، سطح و نوع تحصیلات معنیدار بود (P<0.05). همچنین اینترنت و شبکههای اجتماعی موثرترین منابع اطلاعاتی افراد بود.
نتیجهگیری: تحلیل دادهها نشان داد که جنسیت، سطح و گرایش تحصیلی بر آگاهی و نگرش دانشجویان نسبت به مصرف آنتیبیوتیک مؤثرند؛ به ویژه مردان، دانشجویان علوم زیستی و مقاطع بالاتر آگاهی بیشتری داشتند و اینترنت منبع اصلی اطلاعات بود. مقابله با مقاومت آنتیبیوتیکی مستلزم مداخلات آموزش عمومی، اصلاح سیاستهای تجویز و فروش آنتیبیوتیکها است.این اقدامات نه تنها به کاهش مقاومت آنتیبیوتیکی کمک میکند بلکه از بروز مشکلات جدیتر در سلامت عمومی نیز پیشگیری خواهد کرد
Comparing the Effectiveness of Compassion Focused Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the Pain Metaphorical Perception in Patients with Musculoskeletal Pain: Comparing the Effectiveness of Compassion Focused Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the Pain Metaphorical Perception in Patients with Musculoskeletal Pain
No full textBackground and Aim: Pain is expressed in conceptual metaphors, because it has abstract nature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of compassion focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on pain metaphorical perception in patients with musculoskeletal pain.
Materials and Methods: The method of this study was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all patients with musculoskeletal pain who were referred to physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics in Tehran from January to the end of June 2024. Based on this, 45 patients with musculoskeletal pain were selected as candidates, and available, and two experimental groups and one control group (15 people in each group) were chosen by matching randomized method. All three groups responded to the Pain Metaphorical Perception Questionnaire (2024) in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. The compassion focused therapy program was implemented in eight sessions on the first experimental group and acceptance and commitment therapy conducted in nine sessions on the second experimental group, for an hour and a half weekly. The control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS-26.
Results: The findings indicated that compassion focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy promote the pain metaphorical perception of patients with musculoskeletal pain (F=43.34), and the effect of both treatments continues over time (P=0.001).
Conclusion: It seems; Third-wave cognitive therapies such as compassion focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy can alter the psychological and cognitive-verbal aspects of pain
Association between motor skills and executive functions in elementary school children.: Association between motor skills and executive functions
No full textIntroduction
Motor skills and executive functions are key components in child development and affect cognitive and physical growth. Understanding how these skills are connected is important for children’s development. While previous studies have primarily focused on preschool-aged children, this study aims to investigate the correlation between motor skills and executive functions in elementary school children.
Methods and Materials
This study was a cross-sectional study with utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach. The sample consisted of 225 students from regular schools in Tehran, with an average age of 115/85 months. In this study, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition short form (BOT-2 SF) was used to assess gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and upper limb coordination, while the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) was employed to evaluate students' executive functions.
Results
The results indicate that motor skills (fine and gross motor skills) significantly correlate with executive functions in elementary students. Improving motor skills leads to better executive functioning, with bilateral coordination showing the strongest association (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
This study emphasizes the important relationship between motor skills, particularly bilateral coordination, and executive functions in elementary school children. It suggests that factors like age can affect how these skills are related. The results could help create customized educational and physical education programs that focus on the unique needs of each child, ultimately aiming to improve both their motor skills and executive functions simultaneously
Unilateral Optic Disc Pseudo-duplication with Contralateral Chorioretinal Coloboma: A Case Report
Full text linkOptic disc pseudo-duplication (ODPD) is a rare condition presumed to be a form of retinal coloboma. In this report, we present the case of a child with ODPD in one eye and diffuse chorioretinal coloboma, along with microcornea in the fellow eye. This case supports the hypothesis that ODPD may be linked to the colobomatous nature of the condition
Comparison Comparison of Isotonic Versus Hypotonic Fluids in Neonates on Maintenance Fluid Therapy
No full textIntroduction:
In neonates, the use of hypotonic fluids is a widely accepted practice to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance, particularly after surgery. However, this approach can increase the risk of hyponatremia due to the lower sodium content in hypotonic solutions compared to blood plasma. This makes neonates more vulnerable to sodium imbalances if not properly monitored. While hypotonic fluids are commonly used, there is growing consideration of isotonic alternatives to reduce the risk of electrolyte disturbances and improve safety in neonatal care.
To evaluate and compare the outcomes of using isotonic versus hypotonic fluids in neonates receiving maintenance fluid therapy following surgery.
Study place and duration: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi from January 2023 to December 2023.
Material and Methods: Total 84 cases were enrolled in the study who underwent surgery and admitted in neonatal intensive care unit. Infants were randomly divided in two groups. Group I was given isotonic/normal saline with 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline. Group H was given hypotonic saline with 5% dextrose in 0.45% saline. Neonates were followed up and hyponatremia was noted. Data analysis will be done by using SPSS software version 25.0.
Results: In Isotonic saline solution, the mean age of neonates was 6.21 ± 6.19 days. In Hypotonic saline solution, the mean age of neonates was 3.84 ± 3.50 days. In Isotonic saline solution, hyponatremia was developed in 2 (4.8%) cases, hypernatremia in 9 (21.4%) cases, while 31 (73.8%) neonates maintained normal serum sodium level. In Hypotonic saline solution, hyponatremia was developed in 11 (26.2%) cases, hypernatremia in 0 (0%) cases, while 31 (73.8%) neonates maintained normal serum sodium level. The difference in both groups was found to be significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The risk of hyponatremia is higher with hypotonic saline solution when used as maintenance fluid after surgery in pediatric population
Correlation between the Thickness and Anterior-Posterior Width of the Masseter Muscle in Ultrasonography with the Intermolar Width in Maxilla and Mandible
Full text linkObjective(s): The interplay between masticatory muscle function and dental arch size holds considerable significance within the discipline of orthodontics. This research endeavored to quantify masseter muscle dimensions via ultrasonography (USG) and subsequently analyze their correlative relationship with dental arch width. Methods: 45 participants were enrolled in this cross sectional study, stratified by gender and age cohorts. Bilateral USG assessments, utilizing a 7.5 MHz linear transducer, were conducted to quantify masseter muscle thickness and anterior-posterior (AP) width during both relaxed and clenched states. Intermolar width was determined through direct measurement with a metal caliper on dental casts of the maxillary and mandibular arches. Independent samples t-tests were employed to analyze mean differences between male and female subjects. The association between masseter muscle dimensions (thickness and width) and intermolar width was evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient, as appropriate at p<0.05. Results: The study cohort comprised 20 females and 25 males within the age range of 16 to 30 years. Statistically significant sexual dimorphism was observed, with males demonstrating substantially greater masseter muscle thickness and AP width compared to females in both relaxed and clenched states (p < 0.001). Consistent with expectations, males demonstrated statistically significant greater intermolar widths in both the maxilla and mandible (p < 0.001). Across the entire study population, a statistically significant positive correlation was identified between masseter muscle thickness and intermolar width (p < 0.05). Specifically, individuals exhibiting larger masseter muscle dimensions presented with correspondingly increased intermolar widths in both the maxillary and mandibular arches. However, when these variables were stratified by gender or age group, no statistically significant correlations were observed (p > 0.05).
Conclusion:USG is validated as a safe and reproducible technique for the objective measurement of masseter muscle thickness
Observational Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Rituximab in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights from North-Eastern Iran: Rituximab Efficacy and Safety in MS: Iran
No full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease that affects young people and causes demyelination and axon loss in the central nervous system. According to several studies, rituximab (RTX) reduces inflammation and relapse in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RTX in patients suffering from MS. MS patients were treated in the comprehensive MS clinic of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, and RTX administration was approved for them (1000 mg). Before initiating the study, demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, and type of MS disease), clinical variables (e.g., annual relapse rate [ARR] in the year before the intervention, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] findings), laboratory variables (e.g., complete blood count [CBC], liver and kidney function tests) for the patients were recorded. After the intervention, the variables were checked and re-recorded, and the patients were followed up at 6 and 12 months. In total, 50 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), or secondary progressive MS (SPMS) with mean age and treatment duration of 37.60±8.91 and 6.72±5.28 years, respectively, were included in the study. The results showed no significant difference among the three time periods regarding the mean disability level (P=0.73). Moreover, the mean ARR decreased significantly after the intervention (P=0.007). This study showed that RTX administration effectively reduces the ARR, and no significant safety issues were recorded. However, the results of this study could not prove RTX's efficacy in preventing confirmed disability progression