International journal of linguistics, literature and culture
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The reconstruction of protolanguage Muna and Kambowa
Get PDFThis article is the result of research that talks about language Muna and language Kambowa in the study of historical linguistics. This article has been shown in an international seminar in Padang with the theme of Language and civilization. But the text only contains a quantitative approach three languages: the language Muna, language Kambowa, and language Busoa. The article will be devoted to the qualitative approach and reconstruction of proto-phonemes and proto-words in two languages, the Muna language, and the kambowa language. This is done in order to find appropriate and accurate reconstruction. Data sought a more complete by adding data derived from previous writings. Muna language is the language used by the people in the district Muna and Kambowa language is the language used by the people in the north Buton regency. The two districts in the province of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research is done in the hope that the status of these two languages can be clearer. This is due to that during this time there is some presumption that both of these is the same language that sets it apart is the dialect. Using the approach synchronic comparative and diachronic comparative and with lexicostatistics method for quantitative data found that the percentage of both languages is 52%. based on the results of the analysis can be found that the Proto-Austronesian language reflected in muna and kambowa as proto-language Muna Kambowa as a proof unifying group is apacope, syncope, Metathesis, Split
Change: the only constant
Get PDFMind struggled the bewildering night. People talking of their sacred book and preaching of love all their life. Youth has nothing to recite, Old is sinking in the modern light. Affectionate heritage has shaped into a wildering sight. Passion has engulfed the world with bruised lullaby. The embered sky could not hue the azured flight, Maa arrayed in the reverie of sight. All night long nothing stirred, the bewildering mind searched for identity unheard
Learning center with self-directed learning: a foundation for TOEFL learning activity
Get PDFAs a proficiency test, TOEFL requires its learners a special learning strategy to master it. In order to find out an appropriate strategy, learners should understand its characteristics, one of which is autonomous learning. The paper attempts to figure out that learning center (LC) can provide adult learners opportunity to learn TOEFL effectively. LC is a learning site where adult learners are engaged in self-directed learning (SDL) activity. At the site, learners could learn TOEFL effectively and efficiently to achieve a better score. Two groups of students from tourism department and civil engineering department of State Polytechnic of Bali were involved in the research. The research participants were semester V students of the two departments. The former group consisted of twenty-two students and the latter consisted of twenty-six students. TOEFL, a standard testing device applied for measuring students’ English competence, has been treating as a challenging device. A lot of students each year had been failing to achieve the passing grade conditioned by the institution prior to their graduation. Ten module sets of TOEFL consisting of ten listening, ten structure & written expression, and ten reading modules have been provided to support LC. The students were informed about the existence of LC and invited to join LC program for a number of meetings. In the future, joiners shall learn TOEFL individually at their preferred opportunity. However, the research participants were guided during the learning at LC as they had not gotten used to the program yet. Of thirty meetings provided, participants had joined fifteen times. The first test (T1) was given prior to their joining LC and last test (L2) was given at the end. During the learning, one staff was in charge to serve participant with the test, answer sheet, and to record their mark in their credit point card. The tests’ result was then analyzed with a descriptive statistic to see how effective LC was to improve students’ TOEFL score. As the result, students were able to improve their TOEFL scores. More obviously, the tourism department students were able to improve their scores more significantly than civil engineering students. In conclusion, self-directed learning with LC model is one of the prospective methods to improve students’ TOEFL scores.  
Maxims of politeness in Cia Cia language
Get PDFThis article is part of the research in language Ciacia. Language Ciacia as one of the local languages in Southeast Sulawesi, especially in Buton has equal status to the languages of other regions in Indonesia results showed that in the language of Ciacia are implementing maxim namely (1) maxim of wisdom or maxims adhili (2) generosity maxim or maxims minculungi (3) maxim praise or maxim kapuji (4) maxim sukughu humility or (5) an agreement or maxim pohokolo (6) sympathy maxim or maxims Konami
Innovation of teaching and learning english applied to animal sciences’ student with the combination of computer media and audio visual
Get PDFCurrently, knowledge era is not only concern on books but also technology use as the product to enhance the intellectual capability. This technology development can support the process of teaching and learning English in the classroom activities and language laboratory. Computer and audio visual is the essential media to assist a lecturer, besides books or hand out distributed to the students which also supported the method of teaching according to their needs. In this research, we have observed and analyzed 94 students from the Faculty of Animal Science in two different classes, 46 students in class A and 48 students in class B, year 2014/2015 by using Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) system for about one semester. Basically, collaborative materials were given on the scope of Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking related to animals and their habits by using videos displayed that combined with ONIC DL-300 plus program provided at the English laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Udayana University as the supporting element in teaching and learning English. The progress of learning English can be observed and analyzed from their result of evaluation in the classroom and language laboratory. In this case, the result of achievement evaluated from their final scores of soft skill including assignments and participation, practicum, mid test and also final test. It showed that 100% students passed the final range scoring in class A and 96% students passed in class B. 
Lexical representations of prototypes of semantic primitives in balinese tradition and their meaning configuration in english
Get PDFVariation of Balinese lexicons, in particular to the field of tradition, needs documenting thoroughly. It can be done through mapping, explicating, and configuring the meaning of lexical representation of prototypes of semantic primitives based upon the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (Wierzbicka, 1996) with its Cultural Scripts model (Goddard, 2002). Data was collected by a participative observation method of which the technique was in form of focus group discussion (Bungin, 2001: 57; Moleong, 2000). A deep interview was then applied in order to collect further information on the use of lexicons. Data was then comprehensively analyzed by a padan method by which relevant theories were employed and an agih method of the language itself (Sudaryanto, 2003). The result of analysis showed that (1) There are 16 prototypes of semantic primitives of which Balinese lexical representations vary and fall into three different categories, namely impolite, neutral, and polite; (2) meaning explication and configuration of each lexical representation can be done with explanation of components of entity, process, manner, instruments, result, time, and cognitive aspects using low-level scripts model with if-when condition in specific Balinese culture
The hindus belief of catur brata penyepian in bali: philosophy socioreligious
Get PDFNyepi ritual had celebrated based on Wuku and Sasih. Unliked it adhered to the Wuku, therefore, the festival day namely Muncal Walung i.e. the ritual had held simply and implemented on Tilem Sasih Kadasa on April 6th, 2016. The Hindu New Year was established on March 9th, 2016 then followed by a year of Baru Isaka 1938. It in the midst celebrations for Hindu there was a special ritual that called Catur Brata Penyepian. In regarding a study that was not all people could do Catur Brata Penyepian, therefore formulated some question that was discussed in this article: [1] How the society ability in implementing brata penyepian. 2). How the implementation process of brata penyepian. [3] What the implications of brata penyepian for society behavior? This article was applied Snow Boll method for collecting the data that involved a key informant. The research location was in Bali province, as well as “Sekular” theory was used that focused on "Hope and Mercy,” (Andrew, 1998). There were 135 informants, who could carry Amati Geni were 20 people (14.81%), who did not do Lelungan were 31 people (22.96%), who could do Lelungan were 36 (26.67%) and were able to do Amati Karya 48 people (35.56%). Amati Geni was implemented about 14.48%, was able to perform up to expectations ninth level implied by Andrew Greeley. Next, that was 22.96% that not do Lelungan i.e. it had reached seven conditions by Andrew Greeley, who could not perform Lelanguan about 26.67%, i.e. merely able to perform five conditions that were set, and who were able to implement Amati Karya about 35.56% i.e. merely could do three conditions. Its implication meant a lower percentage (%) achieved by someone doing Brata Penyepian indicated that the expectation of the peace would be higher, and conversely the higher percentage (%) in doing Amati Karya, it is shown that the expectation for peace was lower
Metaphoric and metonymic conceptualization of LOVE in Indonesian
Get PDFThe present study is aimed at investigating the conceptual metaphors and metonymies contributing to the structure of the LOVE concept in Indonesian, and how are these metaphors and metonymies related to each other through the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, Lakoff & Turner, 1989, Lakoff, 1993, Kövecses, 2002). In addition to conceptual metaphor, Lakoff & Kövecses (1987), Kövecses (2000, 2006, 2008a&b) claim that conceptual metonymy also plays a significant role in providing the structure of emotional concepts, such as love. The conceptual metaphors that structure to the concept of LOVE in Indonesian are: love is a (hot) fluid in a container; love is a unity of two complementary parts; love is fire; love is insanity; love is a rapture; love is natural and physical forces; love is a social superior; love is an opponent; love is a journey; the object of love is a deity; the object of love is a possession; rational is up; emotional is down, and conscious is up; unconscious is down (in the case of jatuh cinta--falling in love). Looking at the conceptual metonymies for emotions, there are two general types: CAUSE OF EMOTION FOR THE EMOTION and EFFECT OF EMOTION FOR THE EMOTION, with the latter being much more common than the former (Kövecses, 2000, 2008a&b). This common form of metonymy can be categorized into two types of responses: physiological and behavioral responses (Kövecses, 2000, 2008a&b). With respect to the concept of LOVE, an example of the former is BLUSHING STANDS FOR LOVE and the latter is PHYSICAL CLOSENESS STANDS FOR LOVE. There is an important and tight connection between emotion metaphors and metonymies; that is “metonymies can be said to motivate the metaphors”, in the linguistic, conceptual, and physical aspects (Kövecses 2008b:382)
Indian and French philosophical literature: in search of wisdom, spirituality, and rationalism
Get PDFThe Indian philosophy is enriched with incredible, spiritual wisdom. Indian history is full of examples where the literature was specially designed to promote “the aim of life”. The French literature is known more for its romanticism in the medieval times, pre or post renaissance whereas the Indian literature reflects spiritual romanticism. To begin with the French literature, we found an influence of Granada on the French spiritual literature. It is often said that probably there is no spiritual French writer who has not read Granada, especially of the 17th century. Based on our initial research, we found that French literature is blessed with extraordinary French philosophers. The wisdom in the French literature in fact worked as a catalyst in French enlightenment. Shruti, as per the Indian mythology are the words of god passed on to the mortals and spread verbally through generations. The four Vedas come under this category. Smriti means the literature which must be remembered after listening or reading and can be written. The works like Upanishads, Brahmanas and Puranas come under this category. The very essence of the Indian philosophical wisdom is to transform the metaphysical agony into spiritual peace
Creative thinking of English language teaching to the secondary language learners
Get PDFTraditionally, giving lecture was the most widely used method of teaching. Teaching through chalk and talk method seems boredom and vague for the students. To teach English to the EFL/ESL students, Language teachers adapt novel and innovative ideas to create passion and to enhance the language skills of their wards. Creative teaching means using creative ways to encourage and motivate slow learners. Creative teaching helps for active participation of the students in the classroom. The implementation of creative classroom activities makes learning language an easy one for second language learners. Creative activities such as teaching through blogs, podcasting, and games provide an opportunity to the students to use their imagination and draw their interest in English. This paper proposes to analyze the various creative methods available and how to use it to the maximum in an English Classroom