Latin American Archives of Animal Production
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Degradabilidade e cinética ruminal in situ de dietas com silagem de milho forrageiro (Zea mays) e resíduos de banana verde (Musa paradisiaca) para ovinos tropicais
No full textEn la producción agropecuaria, la alimentación del ganado requiere suplementación más allá del pastoreo, especialmente durante todo el año. Los alimentos concentrados son esenciales para cubrir las necesidades nutricionales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la degradabilidad y la cinética ruminal in situ del ensilaje de maíz forrajero con residuos de banano verde (RB) en diferentes proporciones, dentro de una dieta base. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos: T1 (50% maíz, 0% RB), T2 (45% maíz, 5% RB), T3 (40% maíz, 10% RB), T4 (35% maíz, 15% RB) y T5 (30% maíz, 20% RB), aplicando un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Para la comparación de medias se utilizó la prueba de Tukey (P>0,05). El ensilaje se elaboró con materiales recolectados a los 90 días (etapa vegetativa V8), incluyendo residuos de banano verde, polvillo de arroz, pasta de soya y sales minerales. La fermentación anaeróbica duró 30 días. Las muestras se secaron en estufa a 65 °C durante 48 horas y se molieron con criba de 2 mm. Para evaluar la digestibilidad in situ de la materia seca (DISMS) y materia orgánica (DISMO), se utilizaron bolsas de nylon en bovinos fistulados, evaluando tiempos de incubación de 0 a 72 horas. Los resultados mostraron que la inclusión de hasta un 20% de residuos de banano verde mejoró la digestibilidad in situ de la MS y MO, alcanzando una degradación efectiva del 57,23% y 57,05%, respectivamente, a una tasa de pasaje (k) de 0,02. Se concluye que el uso de ensilaje de maíz forrajero con hasta 20% de RB es una alternativa viable por su favorable dinámica de degradación ruminal, mejorando la eficiencia en la alimentación del ganado
Elaboração de um modelo matemático para estimar a demanda de milho na suinocultura do Rio Grande Do Sul, Brasil
No full textO objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo matemático determinístico para estimar a demanda de ingredientes alimentares na suinocultura do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). A estrutura do rebanho considerou o número total de fêmeas produtivas, a taxa de reposição anual, o percentual de fêmeas avós, a taxa de descarte entre partos e o intervalo entre partos. A evolução do peso vivo das fêmeas foi estimada com base nos ganhos maternos e reprodutivos. O modelo calculou o número e o peso médio de leitões ao nascimento, conforme a ordem de parto. O desempenho dos leitões do nascimento ao abate foi estimado pela equação de Gompertz. A mortalidade aplicada em cada fase permitiu estimar o número total de animais vivos até o abate. As exigências nutricionais foram calculadas com base em algoritmos reconhecidos. Para verificar a consistência do modelo foi estimada a demanda de milho considerando dados de 2024. Foi considerado o número total de matrizes produtivas divulgados pela associação de criadores de suínos do RS. O número e peso médio de leitões nascidos, desmamados e o peso de abate foram obtidos em relatórios técnicos e dados da Embrapa. Considerou-se um programa alimentar com duas fases na gestação, uma fase para fêmeas vazias e lactantes, e três fases para crescimento e terminação. A proporção de milho nas dietas foi mantida constante. A demanda total de milho em 2024 foi estimada em 1,54 milhão de toneladas. As fases de crescimento e terminação responderam por cerca de 70% desse total. O modelo indicou que reduções no peso de abate podem gerar economia progressiva de 0,8 a 1% por quilo vivo reduzido, embora isso impacte diretamente a produção total de carne. Conclui-se que a modelagem permite estimar a demanda de milho e simular cenários produtivos, apoiando o planejamento nutricional e estratégico da cadeia suinícola
Avaliação do comportamento de ovelhas doentes e da sua resposta imunitária à administração de lipopolissacárido como modelo de infecção
No full textEvaluar la respuesta inmunitaria causada por una enfermedad aguda ante la administración de lipopolisacárido y caracterizar los cambios de comportamiento y temperatura rectal en los ovinos. Doce ovejas Katahdin-Dorper (diez meses y de 38.5±1.6 kg) fueron asignadas a dos grupos para evaluar el comportamiento, temperatura y recuento de glóbulos blancos ante la administración de lipopolisacárido durante seis días. Grupo-LPS (n=6) fue tratado con 0.1mg de LPS de E. Coli liofilizado/KgPv diluido en 2ml de solución salina, mientras que el Grupo-Control (n=6) fueron 2ml de solución salina, en ambos grupos solo una dosis y por vía intravenosa en el día 2 experimental. El consumo de alimento durante los seis días en Grupo-LPS fue: 1,387.5±118g y de 1,918.0±51g para Grupo-Control, con diferencias significativas a las 24,48 y 72 horas. Las conductas en el día del tratamiento fueron en Grupo-LPS: 91.9% inactividad, 6.8% jadeando, 0.8% rumiando y 0.4% comiendo; mientras que en el Grupo-Control: 40.5% inactividad, 1.6% jadeando, 25.4% rumiando y 32.4% comiendo. La temperatura rectal promedio durante los seis días fue normal, pero durante el tratamiento el Grupo-LPS tuvo una máxima de 40.9°C a las 8 horas y para Grupo-Control una máxima de 39.4°C; hubo diferencias significativas a las 3,6,8 y 24 horas post tratamiento. Los glóbulos blancos del Grupo-LPS fueron: 6,489 neutrófilos/mm3, 7,053 linfocitos/mm3, 591 monocitos/mm3, 533 eosinófilos/mm3 y 14,832 total-células/mm3. En el Grupo-Control: 4,414 neutrófilos/mm3, 6,097 linfocitos/mm3, 431 monocitos/mm3, 525 eosinófilos/mm3 y 11,464 total-células/mm3. Hubo diferencias significativas durante 24 horas, teniendo máximos a 8 horas post-tratamiento en neutrófilos y monocitos. Eosinófilos y linfocitos se mantuvieron en rango fisiológico. La administración de lipopolisacárido produjo una respuesta inmunitaria aguda con un aumento de fiebre durante 24 horas. Durante ese periodo los animales LPS prácticamente no realizaron ninguna actividad. Posteriormente restablecieron su consumo de alimento
Evaluación multivariada de la respuesta fisiológica y la emisión de calor en caballos Cuarto de Milla suplementados con aceite de Tucumã Amazónico (Astrocaryum vulgare)
No full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate, through multivariate analysis, the effects of supplementation with Amazonian tucumã oil (Astrocaryum vulgare) on physiological and thermal variables in Quarter Horses. A total of 17 Quarter Horses (9 males and 8 females) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments: 1) CON (no supplementation), 2) TUC (supplemented with 20 mL/day of tucumã oil), and 3) LAC (supplemented with 20 g/day of a probiotic blend based on Lactobacillus spp.). The animals received a 50:50 roughage-to-concentrate diet composed of Cynodon spp. hay and a commercial concentrate (CP = 13%, DE = 3.2 Mcal/kg, DM = 89%, Fat = 5%). Physiological and thermal parameters were measured at 7:00 a.m. post-supplementation, including rectal and skin temperatures (RT, ST), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and infrared heat emission from the eyes, ears, muzzle, and face. Data were analyzed using the PROC PRINCOMP procedure (SAS 9.2). Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted using ten physiological and thermal variables measured on days 0 and 15. The first two principal components explained 55.2% of the total variance, with 32.8% attributed to PC1 and 22.4% to PC2. Distinct grouping patterns were observed, influenced by both treatment and time, with a clear shift in Day 15 observations—particularly in the TUC and LAC groups—along the PC1 and PC2 axes. The variables that contributed most to PC1 were RR, ST, and right eye emission, whereas PC2 was mainly driven by RT and left eye emission. These findings suggest that the combination of physiological and surface thermal parameters effectively distinguishes metabolic responses according to supplementation type and evaluation period. Overall, PCA proved to be a sensitive tool for detecting physiological changes related to supplementation. Infrared thermography, combined with basic physiological measurements, may be an efficient method for monitoring metabolic responses in horses.
 
Efeito do clorpirifós adicionado à cera de abelha em abelhas Apis mellifera
No full textChlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphate insecticide for controlling insects and mites in economically important crops. In honey bees, it reduces foraging efficiency and delays the acquisition of olfactory memory. In larvae exposed to contaminated food, it increases mortality rates. Chlorpyrifos can be detected in field-collected resources such as honey, as well as incorporated into beeswax within the combs.However, there are few studies investigating beeswax as a potential route of exposure and contamination of the hive by this insecticide. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of chlorpyrifos, at an environmentally relevant dose, added to beeswax and how it affected colony population development and adult bee mortality. For this purpose, the wax was melted in a water bath (70°C), and chlorpyrifos was added at a concentration of 24,95 µg/kg (environmentally relevant dose). Wax sheets were prepared using a manual sheet and cell mold press and inserted into standard American brood frames. These frames, either with contaminated or uncontaminated wax, were placed in the experimental colonies (5 with chlorpyrifos and 5 control colonies). After the combs were built and the queen began laying eggs, colony population development was monitored weekly over a 60-day period. The brood frames were photographed, and the areas of open and sealed brood were measured (cm²). To assess adult bee mortality, “underbasket” type dead bee collectors were installed below the entrance of the experimental hives, and dead bees were counted daily over the 60-day period. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Student’s t-test (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed between control and treated colonies in open brood area (116.4±148.4 vs. 101.2±135.6 cm²), sealed brood area (360.8±273.2 vs. 345.2±270.4 cm²), or adult bee mortality (6.4±4.3 vs. 6.5±4.8 bees/day). These results suggest that, at the tested concentration, chlorpyrifos did not affect colony population development or adult bee mortalit
Carne de búfalo-de-água (Bubalus bubalis) produzida na América Latina I: Uma revisão da literatura sobre aptidão produtiva, rendimento em carne, características texturais e sensoriais
No full textThis literature review provides an expanded synthesis of knowledge on production suitability, carcass and meat quality traits of buffalo produced in Latin America, critically comparing selected traits with Bos indicus-influenced (Indicine type) cattle from regional studies. A comprehensive Google Scholar search, including publications from 1980 onwards, identified 37 relevant studies, predominantly from Brazil and Venezuela. Water buffalo are highly adaptable to extensive, pasture-based systems in Latin America\u27s tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in flooding savannas. Thisexceptional amphibious grazing capability suggests a more profitable and sustainable red meat production model than traditional cattle systems in these ecosystems. Buffalo carcasses exhibit low marbling scores, with variable carcass yield (46.9–58.4%) and generally thicker backfat (2.96–13.8 mm) compared to Indicine- type cattle. Textural analysis showed buffalo longissimus muscle to be "tender" or "intermediate in tenderness" (shear force < 4.6 kgf). Sensory panels reported "slightly" to "moderately tender" meat. Notably, consumers preferred 19-month-old buffalo meat over Indicine beef counterpart for tenderness, flavor, and overall liking. Future research should focus on fair comparative studies under similar raising conditions, detailed flavor profiling, and examining endogenous tenderizing enzymatic systems. The compiled evidence underscores the potential of young buffalo to yield palatable meat, comparable to or even surpassing Indicine-type beef in tropical environments.Esta revisión de literatura sintetiza el conocimiento sobre la aptitud productiva, las características de la canal y la calidad textural y sensorial de la carne de búfalo en América Latina; además, comparando críticamente estos rasgos con el ganado con influencia Bos indicus (tipo cebuíno) en estudios regionales. Una búsqueda exhaustiva en Google Scholar (1980 en adelante) identificó 37 estudios relevantes, principalmente de Brasil y Venezuela. Los búfalos de agua son altamente adaptables a sistemas pastoriles extensivos en regiones tropicales y subtropicales latinoamericanas, especialmente en sabanas inundables. Esta capacidad anfibia de pastoreo excepcional sugiere un modelo de producción de carne roja más rentable y sostenible que los sistemas bovinos tradicionales (tipo cebuíno) en estos ecosistemas. Las canales de búfalopresentan bajo nivel de marmoleado, rendimiento en canal variable (46.9–58.4%) y grasa dorsal generalmente más gruesa (2.96–13.8 mm) que el ganado tipo cebuíno. El análisis de textura (fuerza de corte < 4.6 kgf) clasificó el músculo longissimus como "tierno" o "intermedio en terneza". Paneles sensoriales reportaron su carne como "ligeramente" a "moderadamente tierna". Resalta la preferencia del consumidor por la carne de búfalo de 19 meses sobre la de res en terneza, sabor y aceptación general. La investigación futura debe enfocarse en estudios comparativos bajo condiciones de cría similares, perfiles de sabor detallados y el análisis de sistemas enzimáticos de ablandamiento endógenos. La evidencia actual subraya el potencial del búfalo joven para producir carne palatable, comparable o superior a la carne de ganado tipo cebuíno en ambientes tropicales.Esta revisão de literatura sintetiza o conhecimento sobre a aptidão produtiva, as características de carcaça e a qualidade textural e sensorial da carne de búfalo na América Latina, comparando criticamente esses atributos com os do gado com influencia Bos indicus (tipo Zebu) em estudos regionais. Uma busca exaustiva no Google Scholar (a partir de 1980) identificou 37 estudos relevantes, principalmente do Brasil e da Venezuela. Os búfalos-de-água são altamente adaptáveisa sistemas pastoris extensivos em regiões tropicais e subtropicais latino-americanas, especialmente em savanas inundáveis. Essa excepcional capacidade de pastejo em ambientes úmidos/aquáticos sugere um modelo de produção de carne vermelha mais rentável e sustentável do que os sistemas bovinos tradicionais nesses ecossistemas. As carcaças de búfalo apresentam baixo escore de marmoreio, rendimento de carcaça variável (46,9–58,4%) e espessura de gordura dorsal geralmente maior (2,96–13,8 mm) do que o gado tipo Zebu. A análise de textura (força de cisalhamento < 4,6 kgf) classificou o músculo longissimus como "macio" ou "intermediário em maciez". Painéis sensoriais reportaram a carne como "ligeiramente" a "moderadamente macia". Destaca-se a preferência do consumidor pela carne de búfalo de 19 meses em relação à carne bovina quanto à maciez, sabor e aceitação geral. Pesquisas futuras devem focar em estudos comparativos justos sob condições de criação similares, perfis de sabor detalhados e a análise de sistemas enzimáticos endógenos de amaciamento. A evidência atual ressalta o potencial de búfalos jovens para produzir carne palatável, comparável ou superior à carne de gado tipo Zebu em ambientes tropicais
Estimativa da digestibilidade jejunal e ileal de dietas completas para frangos de carne utilizando um método in vitro
No full textThe development of in vitro techniques allows for rapid and cost-effective feed evaluation, but validation through in vivo trials is essential. In this study, we compared in vitro digestibility data of broiler chicken diets with apparent jejunal and ileal digestibility. A randomised block design experimental trial was conducted with 180 Ross female broilers housed in metabolic cages and fed six diets based on one maize variety or two sorghum varieties, either dry or reconstituted (5 birds/cage, 6 cages/diet). At 29 days of age, digesta was collected from the jejunum and ileum to determine apparent dry matter and organic matter digestibility (ADMD, ADOMD). In parallel, in vitro DM and OM digestibility (IVDMD, IVOMD) were assessed by incubating the diets in a DaisyII-ANKOM system at 39°C with pepsin-HCl solution (30 min), followed by pancreatin solution at various incubation times (15–1440 min). For the different diets, IVDMD was comparable to ADMD between 40–240 min in the jejunum and 90–360 min in the ileum; IVOMD was similar to ADOMD between 40–90 min in the jejunum and 90–360 min in the ileum (p>0.05), with shorter incubation times observed for reconstituted grains. Specifically, for dry maize grain, 240 min of incubation closely approximated jejunal ADMD (63.4% vs 59.5%, SEM=1.94), whilst 480 min was required for ileal ADMD (72.5% vs 76.1%, SEM=2.23). For dry sorghum, 90 min of incubation (sorghum-1: 57.4%; sorghum-2: 54.5%) achieved values comparable to jejunal ADMD (sorghum-1: 56.9%; sorghum-2: 57.4%; SEM=2.57 and 2.12, respectively). In the ileum, 360 min were needed (sorghum-1: 74.1%; sorghum-2: 73.3%) to match ADMD (sorghum-1: 74.4%; sorghum-2: 77.1%; SEM=2.57 and 2.12, respectively). These findings highlight the necessity of adjusting in vitro protocols based on diet digestibility and the specific absorption site being evaluated.El desarrollo de técnicas in vitro permite una rápida y económica evaluación de alimentos, pero es necesario validar sus resultados mediante pruebas in vivo. En este estudio comparamos datos de digestibilidad de dietas para pollos de engorde obtenidos in vitro con la digestibilidad aparente en yeyuno e íleon. Se realizó un ensayo experimental de bloques al azar con 180 hembras Ross en jaulas metabólicas alimentadas con 6 dietas basadas en 1 variedad de maíz o 2 de sorgo, secos o reconstituidos (5 aves/jaula, 6 jaulas/dieta). A los 29 días de edad, se extrajo la digesta de yeyuno e íleon para determinar la digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca y orgánica (DAMS, DAMO). Paralelamente, se evaluó la digestibilidad in vitro de la MS y MO (DIVMS, DIVMO) incubando las dietas en un equipo DaisyII-ANKOM a 39 °C con solución de pepsina-HCl (30 min), seguido de una solución de pancreatina en diferentes tiempos (15-1440 min). Para las diferentes dietas, la DIVMS fue similar a la DAMS entre 40–240 min en yeyuno y 90–360 min en íleon; la DIVMO se asemejó a la DAMO entre 40–90 min en yeyuno y 90–360 min en íleon (p>0,05), con tiempos más reducidos en los granos reconstituidos. Específicamente, en grano de maíz seco, 240 min de incubación se acercaron a la DAMS yeyunal (63,4% vs 59,5%, SEM=1,94), y 480 min en íleon (72,5% vs 76,1%, SEM=2,23). En sorgo seco, 90 min de incubación (sorgo-1: 57,4%; sorgo-2: 54,5%) alcanzaron valores similares a la DAMS yeyunal (sorgo-1: 56.9%; sorgo-2: 57,4%; SEM= 2,57 y 2,12, respectivamente). En íleon se necesitaron 360 min (sorgo-1: 74,1%; sorgo-2: 73,3%) para igualar la DAMS (sorgo-1: 74,4%, sorgo-2: 77,1%; SEM=2,57 y 2,12, respectivamente). Existe la necesidad de ajustar los protocolos in vitro según la digestibilidad de la dieta y el sitio de absorción evaluado
A suplementação de magnésio em borregos terminados aos pés das suas mães diminui a resposta ao stress pré-abate ao afetar a temperatura muscular e o pH post-mortem?
No full textEl objetivo fue evaluar si la suplementación con magnesio previa a la faena modifica la respuesta de estrés al test de aislamiento social (TAS) y el pH y la temperatura muscular post mortem en corderos terminados al pie de sus madres. Durante 20 días previos al TAS, se aplicaron dos tratamientos nutricionales en un sistema de creep feeding a 20 corderos lactantes. Se suplementaron 10 corderos con sulfato de magnesio (10g/animal/día) mezclado con ración (0,8% del peso corporal; grupo Mg), y otros 10 corderos recibieron la misma alimentación sin sulfato de magnesio (grupo Control). Los tratamientos se aplicaron con tres repeticiones bajo diseño de bloques al azar. A los 100 días de edad, 45 min previo a la faena, los corderos se aislaron individualmente durante 10 min en un área de 4 m². Se registraron las temperaturas rectal y superficial máxima del ojo derecho por termografía infrarroja antes de separar los corderos de sus madres, inmediatamente antes y después del TAS, y a los 20 y 45 min después. Se midió el pH y la temperatura del Longissimus lumborum, Semitendinosus y Supraspinatus a los 15, 45, 180 y 1440 min post mortem. Los corderos Mg tendieron a tener una menor temperatura superficial del ojo que los Control (p=0,077). Las temperaturas rectal y superficial del ojo variaron con el tiempo (p<0,0001 y p=0,0019), indicando que el TAS desencadenó una respuesta de estrés. El grupo Mg presentó mayores valores de pH (p=0,037) y menores de temperatura muscular (p=0,026) respecto al grupo Control. Hubo efectos de tiempo (p<0,0001) y tipo de músculo (p<0,0001), con mayores valores de pH y temperatura en el Supraspinatus. La suplementación con magnesio afectó el pH y la temperatura muscular postmortem, lo que probablemente derivó de una menor respuesta de estrés y actividad muscular pre-faena en los corderos suplementados.
 
Artigo convidado O papel social da carne e do gado: uma necessidade de responsabilidade científica e de boa comunicação
No full textWe explore the evolving societal role of meat and livestock, emphasizing a critical need for rigor, transparency, and communication in a polarized global discussion. We draw from proceedings of the 2022 Dublin and 2024 Denver International Summits, which united international experts from over 20 countries to examine the intersection of science with public health, environmental sustainability, societal values, and communication practices related to livestock and meat. With over 1,200 scientists now endorsing the Dublin Declaration, evidence supports that livestock systems provide essential contributions to nutrition, ecosystems, livelihoods, and cultures. Currently, tension exists in society as scientists attempt to inform policy development, suggesting that a renewed commitment to objectivity, integrity, convergence of results, rigor, and communication are needed. In cases, science is being manipulated by activism. Science is the systematic pursuit of new knowledge and/or the existing body of knowledge. Activism attempts to undermine society’s understanding of science. Differing types of science, reproducibility, and ethical standards behavior remain important in the quest for new evidence regarding the role of livestock and meat. Misuse of agenda-driven science in global health and environmental policy, erosion of public trust due to biased or manipulated findings, and the rise of misinformation through media and social platforms are discussed. Communication is examined, with emphasis on challenges of presenting nuanced, probabilistic findings to a public that often seeks certainty but does not understand the scientific method or jargon. Through examples, the presentation reveals flaws in over-simplified or politically motivated science. It concludes by affirming roles: scientists must share objective knowledge without advocacy-based distortion, while society must safeguard the integrity of the scientific method and allow values to emerge democratically. Globally, sustained public engagement, improved science literacy, and collective responsibility are needed to ensure that science serves society, not ideology
Efeitos da ureia de libertação lenta microencapsulada em matriz lipídica de cera de carnaúba e da suplementação com uma mistura de aminoácidos nas características da carcaça de borregos
No full textControlled-release urea provides a gradual nitrogen supply, improving microbial protein synthesis and reducing ammonia toxicity in growing lambs. Supplementing with methionine and lysine ensures essential amino acids that can reach the intestine for efficient tissue growth. This combination enhances nitrogen utilization and supports muscle development. Together, they promote better weight gain and feed efficiency. This research investigated carcass traits in 40 male lambs of mixed breed, with an average body weight of 18.3 ± 3.0 kg and four months old. The slow-release urea (SRU) was produced by microencapsulation through a fusion-emulsification process using carnauba wax (Copernicia prunifera) as the coating material. Lambs were distributed into five dietary groups from a completely randomized design (eight animals per treatment): control (without SRU or added amino acids); 4% SRU alone; 4% SRU combined with 1.5% lysine (SRU + L); 4% SRU combined with 1.5% methionine (SRU + M); and 4% SRU combined with 1.5% lysine plus 1.5% methionine (SRU + L + M). The lambs were fed total mixed rations for 60 days, comprising 30% roughage, a silage mixture of Sorghum bicolor and Panicum maximum, and 70% concentrate, including ground corn, soybean meal, mineral supplements, and the specified additives according to each treatment, before being slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Hot (P = 0.001) and cold carcass weight (P = 0.011), cold (P = 0.012), and hot carcass yield (P = 0.013) differed significantly between treatments. The hot and cold carcass weights were higher (16.6 and 16.2 kg, respectively) in animals slaughtered while consuming the control diet (without SRU or amino acids) compared to lambs fed the SRU + methionine diet (12.4 and 12.1 kg, respectively). The association of SRU with the amino acid levels proposed here is not recommended as it does not contribute to the carcass traits of lambs