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A Generalized Approach for Sensitive Analysis of Four- Bar Mechanism and Identifying Sensitive Link/s Tolerances Using Relative Velocity Method
Get PDFThe performance of a mechanism is defined as ratio of difference between calculated angular velocity ratio and ideal angular velocity ratio to the ideal angular velocity ratio. The angular velocity ratio can be calculated from velocity diagram. The paper uses a crank – rocker mechanism, a type of simple four bar mechanism in which crank rotates 3600 and rocker oscillates. In the presence of manufacturing errors like manufacturing tolerances, thermal deformation, deflection of links, human errors, machine defects, etc., it is impossible to maintain a constant performance of the mechanism in bulk manufacturing. There will be slight variation in the performance due to variation in one or more links. Any manufacturing process is associated with dimensional tolerances that leads to variation in part dimensions and generally cost of manufacturing increases exponentially for closer tolerances to all links of the mechanism. The aim of the paper is to discuss an approach to determine maximum and minimum performance variation and identify links which causes maximum performance variation. The closer tolerances should be given to that link/s only which will permit to designer to give slightly loose tolerances on remaining links
USE OF FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING PROCESS IN INVESTMENT PRECISION CASTING AND RISK OF USING SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING PROCESS
Get PDFInvestment Castings (IC) is one of the most economical ways to produce intricate metallic parts when forging, forming and other casting processes tend to fail. However, high tooling cost and long lead time associated with the fabrication of metal moulds for producing IC wax (sacrificial) patterns result in cost justification problems for customized single casting or small-lot production. Generating pattern using rapid prototyping (RP) process may be one of the feasible alternatives. For this purpose present study assessed the suitability of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process for creating sacrificial IC patterns by studying FDM fabricated part thermal response at various temperatures. A series of experiments with RP patterns are conducted and a set of test castings are also made in steel for establishing feasibility. The build material used is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). As an annexe to this work a concurrent attempt is also made to quantify the risk in using Selective Laser Sintering patterns for Investment Castings. Authors hope this work might establish applicability of ABS in IC and also lead the investigations to theoretically tone down the shell cracking tendency with Selective Laser Sintering patterns when Proprietary Duraform is used as the build material
Finite Element Analysis of LPG Gas Cylinder
Get PDFThe present work involved the Finite Element Analysis of existing LPG gas cylinder to verify the burst pressure. The LPG gas cylinder is manufactured from low carbon steel. The LPG tanks are subjected to incremental internal uniform pressure in the FEA model. 2D nonlinear plane models are developed and evaluated under non-uniform and axis symmetric boundary conditions. For the analysis, the required actual shell properties including weld zone and thickness variation are investigated. Therefore the stress distribution has been analyzed using ANSYS 11 software for which maximum shear stress, equivalent shear stress at critical area has been calculated. Therefore 3D solid model has been chosen in order to predict the detailed stress
Recharge Free Electric Vehicles
Get PDFElectric vehicles are the transportation machines which uses electric energy as power source for movement. The objective of this technical journal is to propose an idea to solve the electric automobile problems which are causing the back-log for sales and demand of electric automobiles in the Indian market. This is a technical journal consisting of a case study of electric vehicle problems in India, applications and advantages of electric vehicles, simple analysis of problems one by one based on common thinking abilities, disadvantages in electric vehicles, discussion of preferable solutions for the electric vehicle problems and its disadvantages, field survey, listing the situation in order systematically, different types of batteries that can be used, motors that can be preferred for electric automobiles, preferred solution discussion including result discussion with an example of electric automobile and finally conclusions. We have discussed on batteries and motors that are suitable for electric vehicles. We have tried to solve the problems of electric vehicles after listing the problems that can be faced in electric vehicles one by one. The main concept of this paper is having the battery exchange stations to exchange the charge dried batteries to fully charged batteries. In battery exchange stations, a customer using electric vehicles should pay some amount and can exchange his used batteries to fully charged batteries. We have discussed the way of working of battery exchange stations. Hydrogen fuel cell concepts are also detailed in this paper
A NOVEL MIXED METHOD FOR THE MODEL ORDER REDUCTION OF LINEAR SYSTEMS USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION AND POLYNOMIAL METHOD
Get PDFIn this paper, a novel mixed method is used for reducing the higher order system to lower order system. The denominator polynomials are obtained by the PSO Algorithm and the numerator coefficients are derived by the polynomial method. This method is simple and computer oriented. If the original system is stable then reduced order system is also stable. The proposed method is illustrated with the help of typical numerical examples considered from the literature
NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF REGULAR CELLULAR SOLIDS
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to present a sensitivity analysis of geometric variables on the mechanical behavior of regular cellular solids. The cellular solids studied are named “spherical” and “elliptical”, if there is part of an empty sphere inside or if there is part of an empty revolved ellipse, respectively. Pure loads are applied separately, namely compression and shear, in order to study the influence of the variables on axial stress and axial displacement (compression) and shear stress and shear strain on shear. The sensitivity analysis is useful to establish limits for the studied variables in an optimization process and to know the influence of the variables on the results. In the case that a variable has little or no influence on the results; it must be evaluated if it is worth using it. In this work, the influence of two geometric variables, namely stacking and radius were studied for two types of regular cellular solids. The solids are composed by 7*7*7 base cells. The maximum axial stress and axial displacement were measured on compression for each model. On shear, the maximum shear stress and the maximum shear strain on the plane that is sensitive to the variation of the studied variable were taken. Three models were studied in each case. The influence of the studied geometric variables on the results are presented and discussed. It is found that all the variables have influence on the results, although in a different manner
ANALYTICAL MODELING OF PLANETARY GEAR AND SENSITIVITY OF NATURAL FREQUENCIES
Get PDFThis work develops an analytical model of planetary gears and uses it to investigate their natural frequencies and vibration modes. The model admits three planar degrees of freedom for each of the sun, ring, carrier and planets. Vibration modes are classified into rotational, translational and planet modes. The natural frequency sensitivities to system parameters are investigated for tuned (cyclically symmetric) planetary gears. Parameters under consideration include support and mesh stiffnesses, component masses, and moments of inertia. Using the well-defined vibration mode properties of tuned planetary gears, the eigen sensitivities are calculated and expressed in simple exact formulae. These formulae connect natural frequency sensitivity with the modal strain or kinetic energy and provide efficient means to determine the sensitivity to all stiffness and inertia parameters by inspection of the modal energy distribution
OPTIMIZATION OF EDM PARAMETERS USING INTEGRATED APPROACH OF RSM, GRA AND ENTROPY METHOD
Get PDFThis paper presents a hybrid optimization approach for the determination of the optimal process parameters which maximize the material removal rate and minimize surface roughness & the tool wear rate. The input parameters of electrical discharge machining considered for this analysis are pulse current (Ip), pulse duration (Ton) & pulse off time (Toff). The influences of these parameters have been optimized by multi response analysis. The designed experimental results are used in the gray relational analysis & the weight of the quality characteristics are determined by the entropy measurement method. The effects of the parameters on the responses were evaluated by response surface methodology, which is based on optimization results. On the basis of optimization results it has been found that pulse current (Ip) of 5A, a pulse duration (Ton) of 60μs & pulse off time (Toff) 45μs, which are the best combination of this analysis
Advanced Method For Sewage Water Treatment
Get PDFSewage is waste water carrying wastes removed from residences, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments, together with such groundwater, surface water, and storm water as may be present. It is more than 99.9% pure water and is characterized by its volume or rate of flow its physical condition, its chemical constituents, and the bacteriological organisms that it contains. Increasing volumes of domestic, hospital and industrial wastewater are being produced in cities around the world. Cities in developing countries lack resources to treat wastewater before disposal. Even where expensive wastewater treatment plants are installed, only a small percentage of the total wastewater volume is treated before discharge resulting in rivers, lakes and aquifers becoming severely contaminated. So there is great need to treat waste water. We can treat such water by various methods. The contaminants in wastewater are removed by physical, chemical, and biological means. The individual methods usually are classified as physical unit operations, chemical unit processes, and biological unit processes, Although these operations and processes occur in a variety of combinations in treatment systems, it has been found advantageous to study their scientific basis separately because the principles involved do not change. We can achieve desire results with the help of PLC. Using PLC we want to develop an automated continuous process system for treating the waste water. Though the process seems to be simple but degree of automation is higher for proper operation of a system. In this paper we are discussing how we are going to develop this system, what is the basic theme of this system and how our ideas will be applicable to the theme. We have designed a control system particularly a batch process