Hoedspruit Development Publication
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Challenging Voice: Study of the Connections Between Sylvia Plath's Poetry and Betty Friedan's Theory" The Feminine Mystique"
Full text linkThis paper analyzes the psychological and societal limits imposed on women in the mid-20th century, concentrating on Plath's poems "The Colossus," "Daddy," and "Lady Lazarus". This study demonstrates commonalities between Sylvia Plath's poetry and Betty Friedan's creative feminist work "The Feminine Mystique" (1963). Friedan's analysis of the feminine mystery which represent the societal myth asserting that women's fulfillment is exclusively linked to household responsibilities which reverberated profoundly with Plath's poetic depictions of enmeshment, degeneration and pantheistic dread. This research illustrates how Plath's depictions of suffocation patriarchal subjugation and fragmented identity resound with Friedan's sociological insights regarding women's constrained aspirations as evidenced in Plath's novel like "The Bell Jar, "as well as her poem's "Daddy," and "Lady Lazarus." By underscoring the psychological and social limitations faced by women in the mid-20th century, this paper examines the connection between Sylvia Plath's poetry and Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique. This study examines the concepts of entrapment and identity fragmentation in Plath's work namely The Bell Jar, Daddy, and Lady Lazarus, in relation to Friedan's critique of the domestic ideal
Detection of Human-Transmissible Animal Viruses in Meat Markets: A Survey Using PCR Techniques
Full text linkThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of animal viruses transmissible to humans in meat products traded in Iraqi markets, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Sixty equal samples were collected from three types of meat: poultry, red meat, and fish (20 samples for each type). The study focused on detecting hepatitis E viruses, adenovirus, and rotavirus, as these are among the viruses most associated with foodborne illnesses.
The results showed a high percentage of contaminated samples, with 71.7% of samples testing positive for viruses, particularly HEV, AdV and RV reflecting the seriousness of markets with poor sanitary conditions. Analysis revealed differences in contamination rates depending on the type of meat, with poultry and red meat being more susceptible to contamination. PCR was also proven effective as a sensitive and accurate method for the early detection of foodborne viruses.
The study concluded that markets that lack regular health supervision represent a fertile environment for the transmission of viruses from animals to humans, posing a threat to public health. The findings were supported by comparison with similar studies in Brazil and Laos, which emphasized the seriousness of open markets as a major source of viral epidemics. The study recommends strict market controls, the implementation of periodic PCR testing programs, and increased health awareness among consumers and food chain workers
Challenges of Accessibility and Quality of Public Services in the Papuan Mountains
Full text linkThis study examines the challenges of accessibility and quality of public services in the Papuan Mountains, with particular focus on regions within Highlands Papua Province. Despite Indonesia’s decentralization reforms and special autonomy policies, significant disparities in service delivery persist in mountainous Papua compared to more developed provinces. Using a qualitative research design, this study analyzes structural, institutional, and socio-cultural factors that shape public service outcomes in sectors such as education, healthcare, and civil administration. The findings indicate that extreme geographical conditions, including rugged terrain and limited transportation networks, substantially restrict physical access to essential services. Infrastructure gaps increase logistical costs and reduce service continuity, especially in remote villages. In addition, limited human resource capacity characterized by shortages of qualified teachers, medical personnel, and administrative staff undermines service quality and institutional stability. High turnover rates and challenging living conditions further weaken professional performance. Institutional and governance challenges, including coordination gaps, fiscal management constraints, and weak accountability systems, also limit the effectiveness of public service implementation despite significant fiscal transfers under special autonomy arrangements. The study concludes that accessibility and quality issues in mountainous Papua are multidimensional and interdependent. Addressing these challenges requires integrated strategies that combine infrastructure development, human resource strengthening, institutional reform, and context sensitive governance approaches to ensure equitable and sustainable public service delivery
The Role of Strategic Communication in Public Policy Advocacy: a Literature Review
Full text linkStrategic communication has emerged as a critical determinant of effectiveness in public policy advocacy, yet its role within management practice remains underexplored. This literature review critically examines the conceptualizations, strategies, and mechanisms through which communication shapes policy advocacy, drawing on a diverse body of scholarship spanning communication studies, public administration, and management research. The study synthesizes findings from 2010 to 2024, highlighting the evolution of strategic communication from traditional message dissemination toward a relational, networked, and digitally mediated process. Key themes identified include message framing, narrative construction, stakeholder engagement, coalition-building, evidence-based messaging, and the integration of digital platforms to expand reach and responsiveness. The review emphasizes that strategic communication functions not merely as a technical tool but as a multidimensional managerial capability, influencing organizational legitimacy, policy influence, and adaptive capacity. Ethical considerations, trust-building, and context sensitivity emerge as essential determinants of advocacy success, particularly in complex, networked policy environments. The study further identifies gaps in the literature, including the need for integrative frameworks that link communication strategy to organizational processes and policy outcomes, as well as the underexplored long-term impact of digital advocacy. By positioning strategic communication at the core of organizational strategy, this review contributes to management scholarship by framing communication as a central mechanism for shaping stakeholder relationships, enhancing credibility, and sustaining policy impact. The findings provide both theoretical insights and practical guidance for managers, policymakers, and advocacy organizations seeking to leverage communication as a strategic asset in contemporary policy ecosystems
Assessment of Serum Interleukin 40 and 41 Levels in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Full text linkMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, gliosis, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Interleukin 40 and 41 are novel immune-modulatory cytokines associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The study aims to evaluate novel cytokines in MS patients and their role as a potential biomarker for JCV reactivation in MS patients. Five millilitres of blood were taken from 165 individuals (age range 18–53 years), divided into 109 samples from MS patients (37 males and 72 females) who enrolled at Dr. Saad AlWitry Hospital for Neurosciences in Baghdad and 56 healthy volunteers (18 males and 38 females). The patients were distributed into three groups: MS patients, JCV-associated MS patients, and MS patients without therapy. ELISA has been used to measure the cytokine levels in the blood of MS patients and healthy volunteers. The serum level mean of IL-40 decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.001) in the three groups of patients: MS patients (20.005±1.346 ng/ml), JCV-associated MS patients (24.520±1.454 ng/ml), and MS patients without therapy (24.686±3.008 ng/ml) compared to controls (42.287±4.742 ng/ml). For IL-41, its mean level also decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.001) in MS patients (1.397±0.224 ng/ml), JCV-associated MS patients (1.545±0.175 ng/ml), and MS patients without therapy (1.161±0.276 ng/ml) compared to controls (3.044±0.321 ng/ml). Newly discovered cytokines (IL-40 and IL-41) were negatively associated with the severity of the disease and may have a role as a potential biomarker for MS
Effectiveness of Food Security Program Policy in Bone District, Bone Bolango Regency
Full text linkThis study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Food Security Program policy funded by Village Funds in Bone District, Bone Bolango Regency. The main focus of the study is on the understanding of the program by stakeholders and beneficiary communities. The research approach used is descriptive qualitative with a case study method in three villages, namely Moodulio, Ilohuuwa, and Permata Villages. The assessment of program effectiveness refers to five main indicators according to Sutrisno's theory (2007): program understanding, target accuracy, timeliness, goal achievement, and real change. The results of the study indicate that the level of understanding of the program among village officials and implementers is relatively good, reflecting an understanding of the program's regulations and objectives. However, at the beneficiary community level, a significant gap in understanding was found. Many residents do not fully understand the program, some are even unaware that they are part of the program. This affects community participation in program implementation and hinders optimal achievement of goals. From these results, it is concluded that the effectiveness of the Food Security Program policy has not been fully achieved. It is necessary to strengthen the strategy of socialization, education, and more intensive and participatory assistance so that all parties have a harmonious understanding and involvement. Thus, the program can contribute more optimally in supporting food security and sustainable economic empowerment of rural communities
Government Strategy in Increasing Human Development Index through Population Policy in Samarinda
Full text linkIt is a study of how the government of Samarinda incorporates population policy as an instrument to develop the Human Development Index (HDI) in the perspectives of enhancement in domain of education, health and income. In a qualitative descriptive design, the study explores how strategies relating to population are formulated, implemented and coordinated in different institutions. The data were gathered using in-depth interviews of the important actors, the analysis of documents of planning patterns, and the fieldwork observations at government offices and community health centers. The results indicate that in the findings, the population policy is no longer given as an independent demographic agenda, but as a part of the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) of the city. Collaboration between agencies, especially their exchange of digital platforms, such as SIAK and SIPD, has enhanced the precision of planning as well as the delivery of services. Reproductive health and family planning initiatives have been central in saving maternal/ infants lives and ensuring more women access education and labor market. The programs have been improved by the effect of community participation through the help of local cadres and religious authorities which promotes awareness and the acceptance of the programs by the community. The study however finds out some of the persisting challenges such as gap in coordination, scarcity of human resource, and some aspects of resistance due to socio-cultural factors. Nevertheless, these obstacles do not discard the fact that, on the one hand, Samarinda has a driving case of localized policy innovation of enhancing HDI based on population governance. This paper can be used to support the already existing knowledge on subnational development strategies in Indonesia and serve as a guidance to other cities aiming to match their demographic policy to their human development agenda
Management of Village-Owned Enterprise Business Units on the Village Economy in Lelato Village, North Gorontalo Regency
Full text linkThis research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results of the research state that the BUMDes business units in Lelato Village Sumalata District has contributed to improving the community's economy. This was obtained through capital participation for the establishment of agricultural Kiosk which makes it easier for the community to find agricultural materials, and the supply of BUMDes income to Village Original Income (PADesa). Apart from these various benefits, BUMDes in Lelato Village facing several obstacles, namely the lack of capital owned by BUMDes, the lack of human resource capacity in managing BUMDes, the lack of public knowledge about BUMDes and the lack of community participation in advancing BUMDes business units
Transformation of Conventional Business Strategy to Digital Model: Literature Study in Africa
Full text linkThe transformation of conventional business strategies into digital models represents a critical pathway for enhancing competitiveness and sustainability in African enterprises. This study presents a systematic literature review examining 68 peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and policy papers published between 2013 and 2024, with a focus on understanding the drivers, barriers, strategic approaches, and outcomes of digital transformation across diverse African contexts. The findings reveal that technological advancements, economic pressures, institutional frameworks, and socio-cultural dynamics serve as key drivers of digitalization, while infrastructural limitations, digital skills gaps, financial constraints, and organizational resistance act as significant barriers. African enterprises adopt varied strategies, including hybrid models, digital-first approaches, and platform-based ecosystems, which enable them to navigate resource constraints, market volatility, and evolving consumer demands. The review also indicates that successful transformation extends beyond technological adoption to encompass strategic reorientation, customer-centric value creation, and ecosystem collaboration. Despite progress, the pace and depth of digital transformation remain uneven, highlighting the need for coordinated efforts among businesses, governments, and other stakeholders to foster sustainable and inclusive digital growth. This study contributes to the literature by synthesizing contemporary evidence on digital business transformation in Africa and providing insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to understand and accelerate the continent’s digital economy
The Influence of Financial Literacy, Financial Inclusion, and Digital Payments on the Financial Performance of MSMEs in Pontianak City
Full text linkMicro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a key pillar of the Indonesian economy, contributing to income equality, job creation, and national economic growth. This study aims to determine the effect of financial literacy, financial inclusion, and digital payments on the financial performance of MSMEs in Pontianak City. An associative quantitative approach was used with a sample of 150 respondents determined through stratified random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that the three independent variables, namely financial literacy, financial inclusion, and digital payments, had a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of MSMEs, both simultaneously and partially. Financial literacy proved to have the largest influence, followed by financial inclusion, while digital payments had a smaller effect. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.543 indicates that 54.3% of the variation in MSME financial performance can be explained by these three variables. All research instruments were declared valid and reliable, and the data were normally distributed and free from multicollinearity. These findings underscore the importance of improving financial literacy, expanding financial access, and adopting digital payment technologies in supporting the sustainability and growth of MSMEs