Journal of Science and Inclusive Development (JSID)
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The impact of tax revenue on economic growth: time series evidence from Ethiopia
Get PDFTax revenue is believed to provide developing countries with a stable and predictable fiscal environment to promote growth and to finance their social and physical infrastructural needs. However, the prior empirical results across different countries witness that the relationship between government tax revenue and economic growth can be negative, positive or neutral depending on countries economic exposure and stabilization policy experiences. Thus, this study examined the effect of tax revenue on economic growth of Ethiopia, from 1980 to 2018 by employing Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The enquiry also used Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) in order to observe how fast the co-integrated variables convergence in long-run and found expected negative sign. The stationarity properties of the data were detected using ADF and PP test statistics and the result confirms all the variables are stationary at level and first difference evidencing the effectiveness of ARDL model. The ARDL bound test result indicates that there is long run relationship between RGDP and independent variables. The empirical results are indication of long- and short-run positive impacts of government tax revenue on economic growth in Ethiopia. The result suggests that tax revenue exerted a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth both in the long run and short-run implying that tax revenue enhances economic growth in Ethiopia. Furthermore, government expenditures on education and health as proxy of human capital and rate of inflation variables show a statistically significant and expected effect on real GDP in Ethiopia. Hence, the policy maker needs to give more effort to expand the tax base and should increase the efficiency of collection to stimulate overall economic growth in long and short run. JEL code: H2; O4; C2
Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of five sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties from Wolaita area, Ethiopia
Get PDFSesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual herbaceous plant cultivated as a cash crop, export commodity and raw materials for industries. However, there is lack of information on chemical composition and fatty acid profile of sesame varieties from Wolaita, Ethiopia. In this study, therefore, the proximate and mineral contents and fatty acid profiles of five sesame varieties collected from Wolaita area were analyzed. The results revealed that the crude protein content of the plant ranged from 18.03% (Tate) to 20.51% (Mehado-80). Crude fiber content ranged from 10.71% (Serkamo, S) to 14.38% (Kelafo-74). The variety Kelafo-74 had the highest crude fat content (41.84%) while Tate had the lowest crude fat content (36.42%). The total ash content of the same plant ranged from 6.09% (Mehado-80) to 6.35% (Kelafo-74). The carbohydrate content ranged from 11.62% (Kelafo-74) to 22.66% (Tate). The mean energy value of the studied sesame varieties was 501.37 kcal/100 g. The Fe content was significantly different among the sesame varieties and ranged from 46.26 to 91.74 mg/100g with the highest Fe content in the variety Kelafo-74. The highest Ca content (1388.6 mg/100g) was recorded from variety Mehado-80 whereas the highest total P content (648.84 mg/100g) was recorded from the variety S. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid, ranged from 23.27% (Tate) to 19.38% (S) followed by oleic acid, which was ranged from 20.49 (Tate) to 17.06 % (S). The analyzed sesame varieties could be a good source of protein, fiber, minerals (Fe, Ca and P) with good fatty acid profile
Impacts of Private and Public Physical Capital Accumulation on Economic Growth of Ethiopia
Get PDFThe main objective of this research was to examine the impacts of private and public physical capital accumulations on economic growth in Ethiopia for the period ranging from 1974/75- 2017/18 by using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach to Co-integration and Vector Error Correction Model. The result showed that real private capital accumulation had statistically insignificant impact while public capital accumulation had negative and statistically significant impact on economic growth of Ethiopia in the long -run. The result also revealed that human capital and labor force had positive and statistically significant impact while trade openness, macroeconomic instability and foreign aid had negative and statistically significant impact in determining economic growth of Ethiopia in the long- run. In addition, in the short -run private and public capital stocks had negative and statistically significant impact on economic growth of Ethiopia at first lag while human capital, labor force, trade openness, macroeconomic instability and foreign aid had positive and significant impact on economic growth of Ethiopia with lag. Overall, the policy implication of this study is that, given the long -run insignificant impact of private capital and negative significant impact of public capital stocks on economic growth, it is recommendable to reduce public capital investment in different sector investments rather better to encourage private sector participation on economic activities in Ethiopia
Determination of heavy and essential elements in tap water using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in Kembata Tembaro Zone: SNNPR, Ethiopia
Get PDFAn appropriate level of concentration of elements in the human body is vital for its proper functioning. The measurement of both heavy and essential elements determines the quality of the water that tremendously correlated with the health of the consumers. In this study, the concentration levels of five essential metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Zn) and three heavy metals (Pb, Hg and Cd) were determined in the tap water by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique after pre-concentration and acid digestion. The result of the study had revealed that the concentrations of metals in the tap water samples (in mg/L) were in the ranges of: Ca (16.52-24.74), K (8.43-11.44), Mg (5.10-11.30), Na (18.89-28.62), Pb (0.02- 0.03), Zn (1.22-2.44), Cd (0.01) and Hg ( 0.04-0.05). The concentrations of essential elements were very small as compared to their recommended value by USEPA/WHO while the concentration of heavy metals were above the maximum levels recommended by EPA, WHO and USEPA. Thus, it can be concluded that this water requires treatment for heavy metals before used by the community
Knowledge, attitude and associated factors towards COVID-19 among healthcare providers at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, 2020
Get PDFHealthcare providers are involved in caring for and treating patients with highly transmittable diseases. Coronavirus-2019 has posed serious health risks to healthcare providers because of their repeated exposure to many infections. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and associated factors towards COVID-19 among h healthcare providers at Wolaita Sodo Teaching Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, 2020.Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted using 326 healthcare providers for the assessment of the knowledge, attitude and associated factors towards COVID-19 from August 30, 2020 to September 01, 2020, at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching Referral Hospital. A pretest and structured self-administered questionnaire were used to collect the data from the participants. A simple random sampling method was employed. Data were entered, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 25 and the binary and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with the knowledge and attitude of healthcare providers towards COVID-19. The statistically significant association at P< 0.05 was employed for the comparisons. The results for the overall knowledge of the healthcare providers towards the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) was good (68.1%) and the overall attitude of health care providers was also positive (74.8). Experience>= 10 years (AOR=0.23; 95% CI=0.13, 0.79. P-value=0.01), Midwives qualification (AOR=0.39, 95% CI=0.10, 0.83, P-value=0.02), and positive attitude (AOR: 0.19; 95% CI=0.10, 0.36) were statistically associated with knowledge whereas experience >=10 years (AOR=2.1 95% CI=1.29, 2.10. P-value=0.01), laboratory profession (AOR=0.80; 95% CI=0.01, 0.47), P-value=0.02), and good knowledge (AOR=0.29; 95% CI=0.11, 0.46, P-value=0.0001) were statistically associated with attitude of the health care providers. This study showed that healthcare providers had good knowledge and attitude regarding COVID-19. Thus, promoting awareness through mass media and creating public health education is an important approach to address the reduction to the transmission of COVID-19 Pandemic in Ethiopia
University-Government relationship in Ethiopian public universities in the Framework of information asymmetry and goal conflicts
Get PDFThis study examined the university-government relationship with a focus on Ethiopian public universities in the framework of information asymmetry and goal conflicts. Agency theory was used to examine organizational thinking and behavior of the agents and the relationship between agent and principal to highlight goal conflicts and information asymmetries. The study employed a parallel convergent mixed research design. A self-developed survey questionnaire was administered to 1474 participants. Those participants were selected using puprsive and random sampling techniques from the nine public universities. Data on legal issues were collected from purposefully selected legislative documents. Both descriptive (percentage, frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Principal Component Analysis, Regression, Factor loading) were employed. Results show that public universities in Ethiopia experience strong government interference and control in internal affairs that has resulted in information asymmetry problems and goal conflicts. The Ethiopian government fails to materialize steering from distance and self-governance of public universities. It is concluded that the control system of the government did not conceive the loosely coupled, multidimensional features of public universities and failed to institutionalize a sound government-universality relationship. Outcomebased funding and performance indicators be adopted, a balanced autonomy and accountability with clear boundaries be granted, effective governance structures be institutionalized, and a strong supervisory mechanism as major policy implications be established to create an effective university-government relationship
Sericulture value chain analysis in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Get PDFSilk is a premium priced agricultural commodity. Both Eri and Mulberry silkworms has been reintroduced into the country twenty years ago. Still method of rearing, handling, and harvesting of the cocoons is at an infant stage while the quality of cocoons produced in Ethiopia is in the range of commercial silk produced in major silk producing countries. Value chain analysis may contribute to an increase in marketable surplus by scaling-down the losses arising due to inefficient production, processing, storage, and transportation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze sericulture value chain, production and financial performance in Arba Minch Zuria and Mirab Abaya Woredas of Gamo zone. Three sericulture producer groups were addressed namely; rural sericulture producer youth enterprises; smallholder sericulture producer women and sericulture private limited company. Both primary and secondary data were collected and used to achieve the designed objectives. Undiscounted benefit cost ratio analysis were undertaken to conduct profitability analysis and Cobb-Douglas production function was employed to analyze productivity contribution of production factors used for cocoon production. Value chain analysis result shows that sericulture producer rural enterprises, smallholder women and Bere sericulture private limited company were main chain actors of the study area. Undiscounted BCR analysis result depicted that sericulture business operation in study area was profitable. Among seven variables considered in Cobb-Douglas production function model five variables namely; sericulture production experience, frequency of sericulture production training, number of polythene bags used for bedding silkworm feeding, human labor used and amount of credit used were found to be significant at 1%, 5% and 10% level, respectively. High silkworm egg mortality and absence of competitive market were reported as constraints of sericulture production and marketing, whereas government and Non-governmental organizations’ support were considered as opportunity by sericulture producer enterprises. Building marketing information delivery system and value chain upgrading were recommended for improvement of sericulture value chain of Gamo zone
The abundance, diversity and distribution pattern of avian species in the Fentie Community Conservation Area, Ethiopia
Get PDFThis study aimed to investigate the species abundance, diversity, and distribution pattern of avifauna in the Fentie Community Conservation Area, East Gojjam, surrounded by farmlands, settlements and mountain ranges. The study carried out in both dry and wet seasons. The study area was stratified based on the four habitat types: forest, woodland, farmland, and shrubland. The point count method was employed in the forest and woodland habitats, and the line-transect used for farmland and shrubland. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. In this study, 92 avian species belonging to 38 families were identified during both dry and wet seasons. The highest avian diversity was observed in the forest habitat (H= 4.101 and H= 4.056), followed by shrubland (H=3.874 and H= 3.848), during both dry and wet seasons, respectively. The highest number of birds was recorded in the dry season (n=703) than the wet season (n=439). There was a significant difference in abundance between the habitat types in the dry season (α=0.05, H’=4.142, df=3 and P=0.038) as well as in the wet season (α=0.05, H’=4.113, df=3 and P=0.109). The fewer bird species diversity and abundance discovered in the farmland could be caused by the cleansing of the vegetation for cultivation as it was seen in the study area. Thus, protection of the area is crucial for wildlife conservation especially for birds to enrich their diversity, abundance, and to maintain the natural ecological balance
Determination of Essential and Non-essential Elements in Moringa stenopetala Leaves and Flowers Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in Dawuro Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Get PDFThis study aimed at determining concentration levels of essential elements (K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni) and non-essential elements (Pb, and Cd) present in leaves and flowers of Moringa stenopetala. Dry ash digestion method was deployed. The absorption intensity of the elements in Moringa stenopetala leaves and flowers were recorded by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Results indicate that the mean concentration of the elements in Moringa stenopetala leave samples are (in mg/kg): Ca (5,713.86 - 6621.14), K (27,587.10 - 28,315.40), Pb (0.73 - 0.81), Zn (41.17 - 47.00), Cd (0.05 - 0.83), Cu (2.41 - 4.74), Ni (0.54 - 0.80), Mn (26.75 - 26.92), Fe (61.05 - 65.30). Moreover, the mean concentration of the elements in Moringa stenopetala flower samples are (in mg/kg): Ca (2,796.97 - 3,028.67), K (28,358.30 - 36,008.60), Pb (0.54 - 0.68), Zn (24.48 - 30.66), Cd (ND - 0.03), Cu (1.83 - 4.69), Ni (0.53- 0.61), Mn (12.37- 14.52) and Fe (108.97 - 114.03). Results show that the levels of elements are higher in the leaves than in the flowers, except K. The levels of most elements analyzed in M. stenopetala plant samples of this study were compared well with those reported for different medicinal plants from some other parts of the world and standards set by FAO/WHO. Leaves of M. stenopetala, commonly consumed part in Southern Ethiopia, showed appreciable mineral contents and thus are good source of essential nutrients while toxic elements are found less than permissible limits set by FAO/WHO and are safe for human consumption
Assessment of plasma D-dimer level and its correlation with disease severity among hypertensive patients
Get PDFIt has been reported that inappropriate acute thrombus formation is the pathophysiological substrate underlying increased risk and severity of target organ damage in hypertension. However, the relationship between severity of hypertension and D-dimer has not been well characterized. This study was aimed to assess plasma D-dimer level and its correlation with disease severity among hypertensive at Yikatit 12 Hospital Medical College (Y12HMC), Ethiopia. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Y12HMC among 100 participants (60 hypertensive and 40 controls). The correlations between variables were determined using correlation coefficients, regression analysis, and different parametric and nonparametric tests. We observed higher D-dimer levels among hypertensive compared to the healthy controls (P<0.001). The D-dimer levels were found to be increased significantly with the severity of hypertension (P<0.001). D-dimer was found to have a diagnostic power of 86.9% in differentiating complicated from uncomplicated hypertension at 0.83mg/l cut-off value. This study suggests that D-dimer level was higher among hypertensive than control groups and it was also increasing significantly with the severity of hypertension. This suggests that hypercoagulability of fibrin plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders and thromboembolic complications of hypertensive patients. Further studies need be done on larger scale and using more robust study designs such as cohort to establish the causality of the association between severity of hypertension and D-dimer level