Journal of Science and Inclusive Development (JSID)
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Ethiopian hate speech and freedom of expression: an examination of hate speech and disinformation suppression laws
Get PDFFreedom of expression is a fundamental human right for every person around the world. It is recognized by the United Nations as the most important instrument in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). As with most human rights, there are limitations and restrictions on freedom of expression. Domestically, the 1995 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) Constitution in its Article 29 describes the "Right of Thought, Opinion, and Expression. SubArticle 6 of Article 29 has limitations on freedom of expression through laws. Hate speech is one of the most globally recognized restraints on freedom of expression. Thus, there is intolerance and hostility among certain societal groups that is caused by the spread of hate speech and false information. In combating these, the Ethiopian parliament passed the bill: Hate Speech & Disinformation Suppression Proclamation No. 1185/2020. The goal of this paper was to investigate the legitimate grounds for restricting freedom of expression and to analyze the Ethiopian hate speech and disinformation suppression proclamation through the lens of international human rights law in order to provide knowledge on the anticipated challenges and opportunities in the proclamation's implementation. The research employed doctrinal methods. Accordingly, the study found that although the law is in conformity with the Ethiopian constitution, it does not conform to international hate speech law standards and principles. The law is necessary in Ethiopia's current situation, but it has flaws. Hence, genuine implementation by judicial bodies and non-legal means, including creating awareness among societies, is crucial in mitigating the limitations of the law
Determinants of farmers’ utilization of improved agricultural technologies in Ethiopia
Get PDFFew studies assessed the determinants of improved agricultural technologies on farmers’ utilization of improved agricultural technologies. Hence, the objective of this study was to analyze rural farmers’ utilization of improved agricultural inputs in Ethiopia. Data were collected through household survey/interviews with 141 sample respondents using multi-stage sampling techniques. The result of the logistic model regression output shows that education status of the household head, sex, age, family size and access to credit is significantly associated with the utilization of improved agricultural technologies. Farmers’ utilization of improved agricultural technologies was determined by different demographic socio-economic, institutional and psychological factors. Finally, for further utilization of improved agricultural technology and development of the sector, the Ministry of Agriculture, policy makers and other stakeholders should participate in rural areas
Magnitude of unintended pregnancy and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Durame Maternal and Child Health Center, Southern Ethiopia
Get PDFUnintended pregnancy is the major sexual and reproductive health problem which carries a higher risk of morbidity and mortality for women, often due to unsafe abortion. Even though family planning services are effective and available than ever before, unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion are the major public health problems in the study area. Therefore, this study aims to assess the magnitude of unintended pregnancy and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Durame Maternal and Child Health center, Southern Ethiopia. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 385 participants. The results revealed that among the total participants, 26.8% with 95% CI (0.229-0.307) had unintended pregnancies. Mothers who were not knowledgeable about family planning methods (AOR=2.541, 95% CI=1.953, 6.101), family size of six or more (AOR=2.8, 95% CI=1.19, 6.60), a history of greater than six pregnancies (AOR=7.323, 95% CI=3.987, 10.056), and mothers who had a historyof 3-4 pregnancies (AOR=3.210, 95% CI=1.678, 4.721) were among significantly associated factors with an unintended pregnancy. The magnitude of unintended pregnancy in Durame town was optimal compared to other studies. The number of pregnancies, knowledge about family planning methods, and family size were among the significantly associated factors with an unintended pregnancy. Therefore, special attention could be taken to these high-risk groups in terms of increasing accessibility and availability of maternal health services and counselling. By doing this, the chance of unintended pregnancy could be reduced
Assessment of human-wildlife conflict in the Central Omo River Basin, Ethiopia
Get PDFHuman-wildlife conflict is a global issue for wildlife provisional due to crop damage and livestock depredation by wild animals. Developing effective human-wildlife conflict mitigation strategies requires understanding the conflict patterns, species involved, and attitudes of local people living along protected area boundaries. The human-wildlife conflict was investigated via an emphasis on crop damage and livestock depredation in the Central Omo River from 2019 to 2020. Cross-sectional study designs were used to assess human–wildlife conflict. A total of 300 household heads were selected using systematic random sampling techniques. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire survey and focus group discussion. The responses were compared using a non-parametric Pearson Chi-square test after the data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Anubis baboon (38.75%) and porcupine (26.07%) contributed to higher crop loss cases. The most common types of crop damaged by the wild animals were sweet potatoes (38.34%) and maize (19.14%). The average estimated loss of crops and livestock cost was US 185.4 per year per household, respectively. The highest livestock loss was: cattle (n = 336), followed by goats (n = 241). The most frequently reported predator responsible for livestock depredation was the spotted hyena (40.3%) and leopard (34.4%). More crop loss and livestock depredation incidents occurred in the villages close to the forest. The local people utilized various traditional methods to mitigate these problems, which includes guarding (26.0%). The findings suggest the need to address the issue of human-wildlife conflict in the context of sustainable conservation practice through a combination of indigenous and conventional rationales to demonstrate that wildlife can co-exist with people
Response of Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) to intra-row spacing and blended NPS fertilizer rates at Wolaita Sodo Zuria district, Southern Ethiopia
Get PDFBeetroot [(Beta vulgaris L.), Detroit Dark Red] is one of the root crops that is widely cultivated in the Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia. The crop is utilized as a vegetable to contribute the food and nutritional security of the farmers. Despite its economic importance, the crop yield productivity is very less in the study area due to inappropriate row spacing and lack of ideal fertilizer application rate. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the effect of blended NPS fertilizer and intra-row spacing on red beetroot growth, yield components, and root yield in the study area. A total of 15 treatments were used as factorial combinations of three intra-row spacing’s (10, 15 and 20 cm) and five blended NPS fertilizer rates (0, 60.5, 121, 181.5 and 242 kg NPS ha-1) in three replications. Selected growth, yield components, and root yield parameters were collected and analyzed procedurally. The result revealed that blended NPS fertilizer rate application and intra-row spacing had shown a significant effect on growth, yield component, root yield, and marketable and unmarketable root yield of the Detroit dark red beetroot variety. The interaction had shown a significant effect on fresh and dry shoot weight. The highest total fresh and dry root weights were obtained from plants at 15 and 20 cm intra-row spacing and a 181.5 kg blended NPS ha-1 fertilizer application rate. The highest marketable root yield (32.74 t ha-1) was obtained at 15 cm intra-row spacing and by 181.5 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer application rate. The highest marginal rate of return (4219.5) coupled with the highest net benefit of 93717.08 Birr per hectare was obtained from plants received 181.5 kg ha-1 NPS at 15 cm intra-row spacing. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the growing of the Detroit dark red beetroot variety with an application of 181.5 kg ha-1 blended NPS fertilizer and using 15 cm intra-row spacing at the study area had a significant effect on the production of Detroit dark red beetroot
Population status of Anubis baboons and Grivet monkeys and their conflicts with humans in Humbo Community Managed Forest: implications for primate conservation, Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia
Get PDFApproximately 60% of the non-human primate species have been threatened with extinction and many species have also persisted in small populations in forest fragments. The aim of this study was to estimate the population size of Anubis baboons and grivet monkeys and their conflicts with the local people around Humbo community managed forest. The study area was classified into two habitat types: dense forest and open forest. The total counting method was implemented to determine the number of the non-human primates in the area coverage of 29km2. Identification of sex and age categories was carried out based on body size, pelage, and external genitalia. A questionnaire was used to collect the data among the households about the human–primate conflicts. The estimated number of Anubis baboon was 424 individuals with a population density of 14.6/km2 and the estimated grivet monkeys were 256 individuals with a population density of 8.8/km2. The major types of Anubis baboon and grivet monkey conflicts in the area include crop raiding and livestock predation. The majority (59.01%) of the farmers faced crop raiding. More than half of the respondents replied that guarding was an effective measure to protect the crop damage by the primates. Although the estimated population size of the Anubis baboons and grivet monkeys was lower in the present study area as compared with the studies in other parts of Ethiopia, the frequencies of conflicts of the Anubis baboons and grivet monkeys were increased. Therefore, it is essential to increase the involvement of the local people for the implementation of effective conflict avoiding strategies and primate conservation
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield and quality as influenced by cultivar and nitrogen fertilizer levels at Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
Get PDFDespite the food and nutritional contribution of potatoes, their production and productivity are faced with major constraints such as selection of an appropriate cultivar and fertilizer rates. A field experiment was conducted at Wolaita Soddo, in Southern Ethiopia, to identify adaptable cultivars and optimum levels of nitrogen fertilizer for potato production. The treatments consisted of three cultivars (Bellete, Gudene, and one local check) and four levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 55.5, 111, and 166.5 kg N ha-1) to give a total of 12 treatments arranged in factorial combinations and laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Data was collected on growth, yield, and yield components. Results revealed that days to 50% flowering and maturity, number of marketable tubers, unmarketable tubers, marketable tuber yield, and total tuber yield were significantly influenced by the interaction effect. As the level of N increased from 0 to 166.5 kg ha-1, the days to physiological maturity were extended. The maximum marketable yield (34.15 t ha-1) was recorded from cultivar Bellete with 166.5 kg N ha-1, whereas the least (7.48 t ha-1) was obtained from local check with 0 kg N ha-1, indicating a 356.55% yield advantage with proper cultivar and fertilizer combination. In the tuber quality parameters, Bellete had the highest dry matter (23.28%) and specific gravity (1.094 g cm-1), whereas the lowest (17.65% and 1.070 g cm-1) were recorded from local. Partial budget analysis also confirmed that the Bellete cultivar with 166.5 kg N ha-1 had the highest MRR (1850), which was the most economically feasible regarding potato yield and quality. Thus, the cultivar Bellete with 166.5 kg N ha-1 can be used for potato production in the study area. 
Population Status and Habitat Association of Waterbuck (Kobus Ellipsiprymnus Ellipsiprymnus Ogilby, 1833) in Maze National Park, South Western Ethiopia
Get PDFThe population status and habitat association of the waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus) were studied in Maze National Park (MzNP) during the wet and dry seasons in the year 2018–2019. The study aimed to investigate the population status, distribution and habitat association of waterbuck in the Park. Eight representative transects were randomly laid down across the main four habitat types; four for the savannah grasslands with scattered trees, two for the riverine forest, and one for the open grassland and one for the bushland habitat. Counts were carried out in around 20% of the total area of the Park. The estimated mean population size of waterbuck in the Park was 527±47 individuals. Male to female sex ratio was 1.00:1.36. Sub-adults (55.70%) were the dominant population followed by adults and calves. A herd size was larger during the wet season, while smaller in the dry season with the mean group size of 16.8±3.16 and 9.4±1, respectively. The larger groups were observed in the riverine forest between 1–2 km distances from the permanent water source. Availability of water, abundance of food, vegetation cover, and topographic features for predator avoidance were the major factors influencing the distribution of waterbucks in the study area. Therefore, the Park management and other concerned bodies should give more attention on the access of water and forage by digging artificial water hole and controlled burning of the grassland area of the Park
Response of Nantes Carrot (Daucus Carota L.) variety to blended NPS and K fertilizers in Sodo Zuria Woreda of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Get PDFCarrot is the cheap source of carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals and has the potential to tackle chronic Vitamin A malnutrition in Ethiopia and generate income for resource-poor farmers. However, its productivity was low due to low soil fertility as one of the many constraints. Therefore, this field experiment was conducted to assess the response of Nantes carrot variety to blended NPS and KCl fertilizer rates at Sodo Zuria Woreda. The experiment consisted of four rates of NPS (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha1) and four rates of KCl (0, 71, 142 and 213 kg/ha1) fertilizers in factorial arrangement and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of analyses of variance revealed that NPS and KCl fertilizers as well as the interaction effects of the two fertilizers had significant effects on yield components and root yield of the commercial variety except root length, which was not significantly influenced by interaction effects of the two fertilizers. The highest total and marketable root yield of 30.5 and 24.6 t ha-1, respectively, was obtained by the combined application of 150 kg/ha1 NPS and 213 kg/ha1KCl fertilizers. The highest marginal rate of return (MRR %) (2755.97%) was obtained from 150 kg NPS ha-1 without KCl fertilizer application. However, the combined application of 150 kg ha-1 NPS and 213 kg ha-1 KCl fertilizers bear the highest total net benefit of 118881 Birr per hectare with MRR of 1385%, which was above the minimum acceptable range. This could be used to obtain high root yield and better economic return to producers in the study area
Educational aspiration and the standing of academic achievement in the value system of school-going adolescents in Shashemene town, Ethiopia
Get PDFEducational aspiration plays an important role in terms of both reinforcing and discouraging future academic achievement of students. The present research aimed at assessing the level of educational aspiration of school-going adolescents in selected primary schools of Shashemene town, Ethiopia. Using the survey method, quantitative data were collected by self-administered questionnaires from randomly selected 500 grade 8 students. Data were entered into SPSS version 20 and both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data presentation. It was found that 97.5% of respondents reported having planned to directly join secondary schools after completing 8th grade and 85.8% of them aspire to join higher education in the future. Results of correlation statistics revealed that educational aspiration is associated with age and academic performance of students. In addition, coefficients of regression analysis showed that age (0.184, 0.000) and academic performance (0.153, 0.001) of students significantly determine what the students intend to pursue after completing 8th grade under circumstances in which they are free to decide without external influence. Above all, students’ aspiration to join higher educational institutions has been found to be significantly associated with the age (0.168, 0.000) of the students. School-going adolescents in the study area were found to have a very high level of educational aspiration. Converting such potential into an opportunity for Ethiopia’s future development requires family, school, and government institutions to provide the necessary support to the students